Removal of ochratoxin A from contaminated white and red wines using oenological fining agents

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain moulds, being ochratoxin A (OTA) one of the most relevant. Its chemical structure is a dihydro-isocoumarin connected at the 7-carboxy group to a molecule of L--phenylalanine via an amide bond. OTA contamination of wines might be a risk to consumer health, thus requiring treatments to achieve acceptable standards for human consumption [1]. According to the Regulation No. 1881/2006 of the European Commission, the maximum limit for OTA in wine is 2 µg/kg [2]. Therefore, the aim of this work was to know the effect of different fining agents on OTA removal, as well as their impact on white and red wine physicochemical characteristics. To evaluate their efficiency, 11 commercial fining agents (mineral, synthetic, animal and vegetable proteins) were used to get new approaches on OTA removal from white and red wines. Trials were performed in wines artificially supplemented (at a final concentration of 10 µg/L) with OTA. The most effective fining agent in removing OTA (80%) from white wine was a commercial formulation that contains gelatine, bentonite and activated carbon. Removals between 10-30% were obtained with potassium caseinate, yeast cell walls and pea protein. With bentonites, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and chitosan no considerable OTA removal was verified. In red wine, removals between 6-19% were obtained with egg albumin, yeast cell walls, pea protein, isinglass, gelatine, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and chitosan. The most effective fining agents in removing OTA from red wine were an activated carbon (66%) followed again by the commercial formulation (55%), being activated carbon a well-known adsorbent of mycotoxins. These results may provide useful information for winemakers, namely for the selection of the most appropriate oenological product for OTA removal, reducing wine toxicity and simultaneously enhancing food safety and wine quality.

Food safety in wine: removal of ochratoxin A in contaminated white wine using commercial fining agents

The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuff is a matter of concern for food safety. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain molds, being ochratoxin A (OTA) one of the most relevant. Wines can also be contaminated with these toxicants. Several authors have demonstrated the presence of mycotoxins in wine, especially ochratoxin A (OTA) [1]. Its chemical structure is a dihydro-isocoumarin connected at the 7-carboxy group to a molecule of L--phenylalanine via an amide bond. As these toxicants can never be completely removed from the food chain, many countries have defined levels in food in order to attend health concerns. OTA contamination of wines might be a risk to consumer health, thus requiring treatments to achieve acceptable standards for human consumption [2]. The maximum acceptable level of OTA in wines is 2.0 g/kg according to the Commission regulation No. 1881/2006 [3]. Therefore, the aim of this work was to reduce OTA to safer levels using different fining agents, as well as their impact on white wine physicochemical characteristics. To evaluate their efficiency, 11 commercial fining agents (mineral, synthetic, animal and vegetable proteins) were used to get new approaches on OTA removal from white wine. Trials (including a control without addition of a fining agent) were performed in white wine artificially supplemented with OTA (10 µg/L). OTA analysis were performed after wine fining. Wine was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min and 1 mL of the supernatant was collected and added of an equal volume of acetonitrile/methanol/acetic acid (78:20:2 v/v/v). Also, the solid fractions obtained after fining, were centrifuged (4000 rpm, 15 min), the resulting supernatant discarded, and the pellet extracted with 1 mL of the above solution and 1 mL of H2O. OTA analysis was performed by HPLC with fluorescence detection according to Abrunhosa and Venâncio [4]. The most effective fining agent in removing OTA (80%) from white wine was a commercial formulation that contains gelatine, bentonite and activated carbon. Removals between 10-30% were obtained with potassium caseinate, yeast cell walls and pea protein. With bentonites, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and chitosan no considerable OTA removal was verified. Following, the effectiveness of seven commercial activated carbons was also evaluated and compared with the commercial formulation that contains gelatine, bentonite and activated carbon. The different activated carbons were applied at the concentration recommended by the manufacturer in order to evaluate their efficiency in reducing OTA levels. Trial and OTA analysis were performed as explained previously. The results showed that in white wine all activated carbons except one reduced 100% of OTA. The commercial formulation that contains gelatine, bentonite and activated carbon (C8) reduced only 73% of OTA concentration. These results may provide useful information for winemakers, namely for the selection of the most appropriate oenological product for OTA removal, reducing wine toxicity and simultaneously enhancing food safety and wine quality.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in heart failure

Cardiac dysfunction in heart failure is widely recognized as a progressive process, regardless of the clinical signs and symptoms. An increase in cardiac sympathetic drive is one of the earliest neurohormonal responses occurring in patients with heart failure and may be one of the major causes of the progressive remodeling leading to the decline in myocardial function, and responsible for the poor prognosis of patients with heart failure. Therefore, recent data provided by several appropriately designed clinical trials clearly indicate the benefits of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, combined with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and digoxin in chronic heart failure class II to IV due to systolic ventricular dysfunction. The benefits are related to symptoms, functional capacity, remodeling, and improvement in left ventricular function, reduction in cardiovascular hospitalization, a decrease in the overall and sudden cardiac death rate, and are similar in patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy, independent of age, gender, or functional class. In this review we describe the cardiovascular effects of the increase in sympathetic drive, the pharmacological properties of the beta-blockers most evaluated in heart failure therapy (metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol), the major clinical trials related to these agents in heart failure, the recommendations for their appropriate use in clinical practice, the precautions to be adopted, and how to handle the more common adverse reactions.

Agentes deletéreos para Trypanosoma cruzi: Patogenia de la infección de placenta humana en la enfermedad congénita de Chagas, in vitro. Deleterious agents to Trypanosoma cruzi: Pathogenia of the human placenta infection in the congenital Chagas disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causal del Chagas, atraviesa la barrera placentaria y produce la enfermedad congénita. Objetivo general: Analizar si el T. cruzi, agente causal del Chagas, produce alteraciones trofoblásticas de las vellosidades coriónicas mediadas por óxido nítrico (principal agente deletéreo contra T. cruzi) y estrés oxidativo con variaciones que pudieran depender de la disponibiidad de L-arginine, sobre placentas en modelos in vitro de co-cultivos de explantos de vellosidades coriónicas, de sinciciotrofoblasto aislado y de células derivadas del trofoblasto de placentas humanas en interacción con distintas cepas del Trypanosoma cruzi, que pudieran dar alguna luz en la explicación de mecanismos involucrados en la infección placentaria y en algunos síndromes clínicos de la transmisión congénita del Chagas. Objetivos Específicos: a) Describir alteraciones estructurales y presencia de T. cruzi en vellosidades coriónicas de placentas humanas procedentes de co-cultivos con Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro (y sus respectivos controles), mediante técnicas histológicas y PCR analizando secuencias de ADN específicas del parásito.b) Establecer la localización y expresión proteica y la expresión transcripcional de las isoformas II y III de la Öxido Nítrico Sintasa sobre la misma población muestral de (a) mediante técnicas inmunohistoquímica, RT-PCR y semicuantificación con software adecuado. c) Analizar la susceptibilidad a la infección por el T. cruzi del citotrofoblasto (CTB) y sinciciotrofoblasto (STB) placentario aislado in vitro. d) Determinar concentraciones de óxido nítrico y estrés oxidativo del sinciciotrofoblasto (STB) aislado ante la infección por T. cruzi. e) Relacionar concentraciones de L-arginina con infección del trofoblasto aislado. f) Relacionar inhibiciones de la eNOS y de la arginasa con infección trofoblástica y óxido nítrico producido.Se emplearán métodos y técnicas de Biología celular y molecular, mediciones hormonales, enzimáticas, proteicas, parasitarias y bioquímicas en medios sobrenadantes de cultivo, de inmuno-detección de epitopes proteicos en tejidos, expresión de ARN por RT-PCR, Western blot, detección de DNA en tejidos por PCR, Cuantificaciones morfométricas. En general, el presente proyecto podría redundar en beneficios para un sector de la población de las áreas endémicas para esta enfermedad de bajos recursos económicos, sociales y culturales, mediante la obtención de datos que pudieran explicar algunos mecanismos de síndromes clínicos descriptos en esta patología y que pudieran participar en la transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas.

Estudios in vitro e in vivo de agentes fotosensibilizadores y su aplicación en terapia fotodinámica. In vitro and in vivo studies of photosensitizer agents and its application in photodynamic therapy.

Muchos esfuerzos se están realizando en el diseño de nuevos métodos para la eliminación de las células tumorales y así inhibir el crecimiento neoplásico. Entre los métodos no convencionales se encuentran la Terapia Fotodinámica.La Terapia Fotodinámica (TFD) es un tratamiento experimental de algunos tipos de cáncer, basado en el efecto citotóxico inducido en el tejido tumoral, por la acción combinada de una droga (fotosensibilizador) y la luz visible. El fotosensibilizador posee la propiedad de absorber la luz y reaccionar con el oxígeno molecular, produciendo una forma activa del oxígeno: el oxígeno singlete (1O2) que oxida diversas moléculas biológicas, induciendo un efecto citotóxico que se traduce en la regresión tumoral. Los nuevos avances en la dosimetría de la luz, así como la búsqueda de una segunda generación de nuevos fotosensibilizadores más eficaces que los actualmente utilizados, han permitido incluir protocolos de Terapia Fotodinámica en numerosos centros hospitalarios principalmente para el tratamiento de cánceres de pulmón, vejiga, esófago y piel. Plantas fototóxicas, sus metabolitos fotosensibilizantes y sus posibles usos; En general, dentro de las especies vegetales tóxicas existen aquellas denominadas plantas alergénicas, que son las que pueden producir sus efectos indeseables por vía dérmica. También existen aquellas que pueden producir efectos tóxicos por vía sistémica. Sin embargo, coexiste en la naturaleza otro grupo de plantas tóxicas que desencadenan sus efectos nocivos bajo la acción de la luz, por lo que son llamadas plantas fototóxicas, cuyos principios activos son comúnmente denominados agentes fotosensibilizantes La apoptosis como blanco terapéutico contra el cáncer: Los conocimientos moleculares sobre la apoptosis adquiridos en los últimos años están siendo aplicados al desarrollo de nuevos fármacos que puedan modular selectivamente las señales involucradas en la muerte de las células. Una de las razones que justifica el interés en el estudio de este tipo de moléculas, es que una de las características más tempranas en la transformación de la células neoplásicas esta relacionada con la incapacidad de responder a los estímulos de muerte. Esto lleva a una desregulación del proceso de apoptosis desencadenando una proliferación descontrolada. Los otros eventos que desencadenan el cáncer son, la invasión vascular y la metástasis a distanciaLa adquisición de resistencia a los efectos citotóxicos de los tratamientos anticancerígenos ha emergido como un significante impedimento para el efectivo tratamiento de la enfermedad. Por ello, en el presente proyecto se investigará si la adquisición de resistencia a TFD inducida en la línea celular estudiada es conferida por el aumento de la proteína MDRP1 a través de la vía de señalización PI3K/Akt. Además, se estudiará la correlación entre la posible resistencia a drogas y la inducción de apoptosis, analizando los mecanismos involucrados. Los resultados obtenidos contribuirán a dilucidar y entender los mecanismos moleculares implicados en la resistencia y sensibilidad tumoral a la TFD, y de esta manera mejorar la eficacia de dicha terapia antitumoral para sensibilizar a las células a la apoptosis. OBJETIVOS Estudiar el efecto de agentes fotosensibilizadores de origen sintético (ftalocianinas), comercialmente ya aprobadas por la FDA (Me-ALA), de origen natural (antraquinonas), y obtenidas en procesos nanotecnologicos (nanofibras) respecto a su capacidad de inducir la muerte celular en sistemas experimentales in vivo, para el desarrollo de nuevas drogas de aplicación en Terapia Fotodinámica (PDT). Estudiar las señales de apoptosis que se desencadenan, combinando la PDT con iRNA (antisurvivina) con la finalidad de aumentar la eficiencia de la muerte tumoral. Estudiar los mecanismos de resistencia a la Terapia Fotodinámica en carcinoma de células escamosas con fotosensibilizadores permitidos (Me-ALA).

Adaptive methods for user-centered organization of music collections

Zugl.: Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Informatik, Diss., 2011

Multimodal automatic user disposition recognition in human-machine interaction

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Diss., 2013

Emotional and user-specific cues for improved analysis of naturalistic interactions

... ist es nicht möglich, die in dieser Arbeit identifizierten offenen Fragen restlos zu klären. Die Erweiterung der puren akustischen Emotionserkennung durch Berücksichtigung von anderen Modalitäten, Sprechercharakteristiken, Feedbacksignalen und Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen erlaubt es jedoch, länger andauernde natürliche Interaktionen zu untersuchen und dialogkritische Situationen zu erkennen. Technische Systeme, die diese erweiterte Emotionserkennung nutzen, passen sich an ihren Nutzer an und werden so zu seinem Begleiter und letztendlich zu seinem Companion.

Towards effective research-paper recommender systems and user modeling based on mind maps

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Informatik, Diss., 2015

Targeted search engines for children : search user interfaces and information-seeking behaviour

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Informatik, Diss., 2015

User-friendly parallel computations with econometric examples

This paper shows how a high level matrix programming language may be used to perform Monte Carlo simulation, bootstrapping, estimation by maximum likelihood and GMM, and kernel regression in parallel on symmetric multiprocessor computers or clusters of workstations. The implementation of parallelization is done in a way such that an investigator may use the programs without any knowledge of parallel programming. A bootable CD that allows rapid creation of a cluster for parallel computing is introduced. Examples show that parallelization can lead to important reductions in computational time. Detailed discussion of how the Monte Carlo problem was parallelized is included as an example for learning to write parallel programs for Octave.

Efficient and stable collective choices under gregarious preferences

We consider collective choice problems where a set of agents have to choose an alternative from a finite set and agents may or may not become users of the chosen alternative. An allocation is a pair given by the chosen alternative and the set of its users. Agents have gregarious preferences over allocations: given an allocation, they prefer that the set of users becomes larger. We require that the final allocation be efficient and stable (no agent can be forced to be a user and no agent who wants to be a user can be excluded). We propose a two-stage sequential mechanism whose unique subgame perfect equilibrium outcome is an efficient and stable allocation which also satisfies a maximal participation property.

A rapid method for testing in vivo the susceptibility of different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi to active chemotherapeutic agents

A method is described which permits to determine in vivo an in a short period of time (4-6 hours) the sensitivity of T. cruzo strains to known active chemotherapeutic agents. By using resistant- and sensitive T. cruzi stains a fairly good correlation was observed between the results obtained with this rapid method (which detects activity against the circulating blood forms) and those obtained with long-term schedules which involve drug adminstration for at least 20 consecutive days and a prolonged period of assessment. This method may be used to characterize susceptibility to active drugs used clinically, provide infomation on the specific action against circulating trypomastigotes and screen active compounds. Differences in the natural susceptibility of Trypanosoma cruzi strains to active drugs have been already reported using different criteria, mostly demanding long-term study of the animal (Hauschka, 1949; Bock, Gonnert & Haberkorn, 1969; Brener, Costa & Chiari, 1976; Andrade & Figueira, 1977; Schlemper, 1982). In this paper we report a method which detects in 4-6 hours the effect of drugs on bloodstream forms in mice with established T. cruzi infections. The results obtained with this method show a fairly good correlation with those obtained by prolonged treatment schedules used to assess the action of drugs in experimental Chagas' disease and may be used to study the sensitivity of T. cruzi strains to active drugs.

Mobilitat inter-plataforma d'agents software: protocol de migració fragmentada

En aquest projecte s'ha realitzat l'anàlisi, disseny i implementació d'un protocol de migració d'agents software basat en l'enviament del codi dels agents fragmentat en múltiples missatges. Aquest protocol es troba dins d'una arquitectura de migració multi-protocol per a la mobilitat d'agents entre plataformes JADE. Finalment, s'ha realitzat un estudi que compara el rendiment assolit pel protocol i les prestacions que aporta.