Estudo da formação de sub-produtos da degradação de clorobenzeno e 1,2-dicloroetano a partir da reação com reagente de Fenton em solução aquosa utilizando diferentes fontes de ferro

Poluições da água e do solo são duas das cinco categorias básicas de poluição ambiental. As outras três são do ar, ruído e luz. Poluição ocorre quando um material/produto químico é adicionado ao meio ambiente afetando-o adversamente. Uma vez que a poluição existe, retornar a matriz impactada para o seu estado anteriormente não poluído torna-se muito difícil ou até mesmo impossível em alguns casos. Os compostos organoclorados (OC) representam um importante grupo de poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POP), devido à sua toxicidade e elevada persistência no ambiente. Diferentes técnicas de remediação de solo e água subterrânea têm sido desenvolvidas com o objetivo de reparar as áreas contaminadas em menor tempo e custo possíveis e, assim, a oxidação química in situ tem se mostrado uma técnica cada vez mais atraente devido sua simplicidade e baixo custo. A degradação de dois compostos organoclorados via oxidação química por reagente de Fenton em solução aquosa é o objeto do presente trabalho. Para tanto, foram selecionados dois compostos, sendo um alifático e outro aromático. Assim, foram avaliadas as condições de degradação dos compostos organoclorados em relação às concentrações do oxidante em diferentes tempos reacionais, diferentes fontes de catalisador e, de forma qualitativa, quais foram os principais subprodutos formados. Os ensaios oxidativos foram realizados em meio aquoso com temperatura controlada a 25 C e em 3 configurações de [Fe2+] e [H2O2]. A extração dos compostos de interesse para a fase orgânica também foi estudada. A análise dos extratos revelou que o acetato de etila foi o solvente que melhor extraiu os compostos de interesse da fase aquosa. Além destes ensaios, foram avaliadas outras duas fontes de Fe(II), sendo 11 óxidos de manganês dopados com ferro e a classe de solo predominante no território nacional, que é caracterizada pela sua alta concentração de ferro endógeno (latossolo). O ensaio entre as fontes de ferro revelou que tanto o óxido de Mn quanto o latossolo produziram menos subprodutos em relação à reação com a solução de sulfato Fe(II). Entretanto, em termos quantitativos, a redução na concentração de clorobenzeno foi mais efetiva na reação com a solução de Fe(II) (cerca de 63%). A identificação dos sobprodutos foi realizada a partir da análise em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas e em análise comparativa dos espectros com a biblioteca NIST. Os ensaios oxidativos revelaram que em baixas concentrações de oxidante, há a possibilidade de geração de subprodutos mais tóxicos que os reagentes, sendo produzido bifenilas policloradas e hexaclorociclohexano nas reações com clorobenzeno e 1,2-dicloroetano, respectivamente

Application of an acoustic–trawl survey design to improve estimates of rockfish biomass

Biomass estimates of several species of Alaskan rockfishes exhibit large interannual variations. Because rockfishes are long lived and relatively slow growing, large, short-term shifts in population abundance are not likely. We attribute the variations in biomass estimates to the high variability in the spatial distribution of rockfishes that is not well accounted for by the survey design currently used. We evaluated the performance of an experimental survey design, the Trawl and Acoustic Presence/Absence Survey (TAPAS), to reduce the variability in estimated biomass for Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus). Analysis of archived acoustic backscatter data produced an acoustic threshold for delineating potential areas of high (“patch”) and low (“background”) catch per unit of effort (CPUE) in real time. In 2009, we conducted a 12-day TAPAS near Yakutat, Alaska. We completed 59 trawls at 19 patch stations and 40 background stations. The design performed well logistically, and Pacific ocean perch (POP) accounted for 55% of the 31 metric tons (t) of the catch from this survey. The resulting estimates of rockfish biomass were slightly less precise than estimates from simple random sampling. This difference in precision was due to the weak relationship of CPUE to mean volume backscattering and the relatively low variability of POP CPUE encountered. When the data were re-analyzed with a higher acoustic threshold than the one used in the field study, performance was slightly better with this revised design than with the original field design. The TAPAS design could be made more effective by establishing a stronger link between acoustic backscatter and CPUE and by deriving an acoustic threshold that allows better identification of backscatter as that from the target species.

Health and disease status of Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus cultured in rural ponds of Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus is one of the important aquaculture species in Bangladesh. Over the last few years spectacular development has been taking place in Thai pangas farming in Mymensingh district. Due to availability of easy breeding and culture techniques as well as quick return, more and more people are converting their rice fields into pangas farms overnight. The present study was carried out to examine health and disease status of Thai pangas mainly through clinical, histopathological and bacteriological techniques. In addition, for collecting primary data on disease and health status of Thai pangas and the resultant socioeconomic impacts on rural households, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used with selected farming households in three upazilas of Mymensingh district. The most prevalent diseases as reported by the farmers were red spot, followed by anal protrusion, tail and fin rot, pop eye, dropsy and gill rot. Other conditions like cotton wool type lesion, ulceration and white spot were reported but with lower incidence. Four isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were recovered from kidney and lesion of diseased fish. Hemorrhage over the body especially near mouth and caudal region was noticed in the fishes associated with aeromonad infection. Internally, kidney, liver and spleen became swollen and enlarged. The isolates varied with their pathogenicity. All the four isolates were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, Cotrimoxazole and Tetracycline but were resistant to Amoxycilline. An attempt was made to treat diseased fish with extracts from neem leaf, garlic and turmeric. Recovery of infection was monitored through mortality and histopathology. General histopathological changes of different organs were also studied. Extract from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf gave better result. Telangiectasis, lamellar hypertrophy and hyperplasia hemorrhage, lamellar fusion, necrosis of lamellar epithelial cells, presence of parasites and their cysts were the major pathology of gills. Hemorrhagic lesion, pyknotic nuclei and melanomacrophage centers (MMC) were found in the liver of fish. Major pathologies in kidney of fish included presence of MMC, necrotic and ruptured kidney tubules, severe haemopoietic necrosis, and hemorrhage. The economic loss due to disease in Thai pangas farming was estimated from the difference between expected production and actual production. On an average, Thai pangas farmers of Mymensingh incur a loss of Tk. 23,104/ha/cycle due to fish disease (3.6% of expected total production). The loss, however, varied with location and size of farms, type of farmers and management practices. The study also highlighted fish health management related problems and recommended further work for the development of user-friendly farmer-oriented fish health management packages.

Genetic diversity study of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, 1877) population in five rivers in the southern part of Caspian Sea, Iran

For study the genetic diversity of Caspian brown trout population in five rivers in the southern part of Caspian Sea in Iran 182 number generators in the fall and winter of 1390 were collected in Chalus, Sardab Rud, Cheshmeh Kileh, Kargan Rud and Astara rivers. Then about 3-5 g of soft and fresh tissue from the bottom fin fish removed and were fixed in ethanol 96°. Genomic DNA was extracted by using ammonium acetate, then quantity and quality of the extracted DNA were determined by using spectrophotometry and horizontal electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. The polymerase chain reaction was performed by using 16 SSR primers and sequencing primers (D-Loop) and the quality of PCR products amplified by SSR method were performed by using horizontal electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel. Alleles and their sizes were determined by using vertical electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gel and silver nitrate staining method. Gel images were recorded by gel documentarian, the bands were scored by using Photo- Capt software and statistical analysis was performed by using Gene Alex and Pop Gene software. Also the PCR sequencing products after quality assessment by usinghorizontal electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel were purified and sent to South Korea Bioneer Corporation for sequencing. Sequencing was performed by chain termination method and the statistical analysis was performed by using Bio- Edit, Mega, Arlequin and DNA SP software. The SSR method, 5 pairs of primers produced polymorphic bands and the average real and effective number of alleles were calculated 5.60±1.83 and 3.87±1.46 in the Cheshmeh Kileh river and 7.60±1.75 and 5.48±1.32 in the Karganrud river and the mean observed and expected heterozygosity were calculated 0.44 ±0.15 and 0.52 ±0.16 in the Cheshmeh Kileh river and 0.50 ±0.11 and 0.70±0.13 in the Karganrud river. Analysis of Molecular Variance results showed that significant differences in genetic diversity between and within populations and between and within individuals in the studied rivers (P<0.01). The sequencing method identified 35 different haplotype, the highest number of polymorphic position (251) and haplotype (14) were observed in the Chalus river. The highest mean observed number of alleles (2.24±0.48) was calculated in the Sardabrud river, the highest mean observed heterozygosity (1.00±0.03) was calculated in the Chalus river and the highest mean nucleotide diversity (0.13±0.07) was observed in the Sardabrud river and mean haplotype diversity was obtained (1) in three studied rivers. The overall results show that there are no same population of this fish in the studied rivers and Karganrud and Chalus rivers in the SSR and sequencing methods had the highest levels of genetic diversity.

大源湖虾类种类组成、时空分布及生物量估算

利用“蹦网”(pop-net)采样,调查了龙感湖一个湖汊—大源湖的虾类种类组成、空间分布,估算优势种类的生物量.在2002年冬季的31个采样点和2003年春季42个采样点中共采集到虾类2707尾,属于甲壳纲,十足目的2科5属.秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus Heller)是大源湖虾类的优势种,占采样总数量的84.1%.根据水深分布特征和水生植被的分布格局,划分生境类型,苦草生境是各虾类分布最多的生境,冬季优势种秀丽白虾在苦草生境中的密度是8.14 ind/m2,生物量是1.59 g/m

Determination of PAH, PCB, and OCP in water from the Three Gorges Reservoir accumulated by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD)

Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were measured in the water column from Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) collected in May 2008 using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The sampling sites spanned the whole reservoir from the upstream Chongqing to the great dam covering more than 600 km long distance with water flow velocities ranging from <0.05 to 1.5 m s(-1). This is the first experience of SPMD application in the biggest reservoir in the world. The results of water sampling rates based on performance reference compounds (PRC) were tested to be significantly correlated with water flow velocities in the big river. Results of back-calculated aqueous concentrations based on PRC showed obvious regional variations of PAH, PCB and OCP levels in the reservoir. Total PAH ranged from 13.8 to 97.2 ng L-1, with the higher concentrations occurring in the region of upstream and near the dam. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were the predominant PAH compounds in TGR water. Total PCB ranged from 0.08 to 0.51 ng L-1, with the highest one occurring in the region near the dam. PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180, 118 were the most abundant PCB congeners in the water. The total OCP ranged from 2.33 to 3.60 ng L-1 and the levels showed homogenous distribution in the whole reservoir. HCH, DDT and HCB, PeCB were the major compounds of OCP fingerprints. Based on water quality criteria, the TGR water could be designated as being polluted by HCB and PAH. Data on PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations found in this survey can be used as reference levels for future POP monitoring programmes in TGR. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The recombinant beta subunit of C-phycocyanin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from blue-green algae has been reported to have various pharmacological characteristics, including antiinflammatory and anti-tumor activities. In this study, we expressed the beta-subunit of C-PC (ref to as C-POP) in Escherichia coli. We found that the recombinant C-PC/beta has anti-cancer properties. Under the treatment of 5 mu M of the recombinant C-PC/beta, four different cancer cell lines accrued high proliferation inhibition and apoptotic induction. Substantially, a lower response occurred in non-cancer cells. We investigated the mechanism by which C-PC/beta inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. We found that the C-PC/beta interacts with membrane-associated beta-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Under the treatment of the C-PC/beta, depolymerization of microtubules and actin-filaments were observed. The cells underwent apoptosis with an increase in caspase-3, and caspase-8 activities. The cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 phase under the treatment of C-PC/beta. In addition, the nuclear level of GAPDH decreased significantly. Decrease in the nuclear level of GAPDH prevents the cell cycle from entering into the S phase. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis may potentate the C-POP as a promising cancer prevention or therapy agent. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Monitoring organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Baiyangdian Lake using microbial communities

We used polyurethane foam units (PFUs) to collect persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from four sites in Baiyangdian Lake in July 2003. Following extraction from the PFUs, relative concentrations of seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and ten polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined by gas chromatography. OCPs and PCBs were detected in the microbial communities from all the four sampling stations. In terms of the total concentration of POPs (OCPs+ PCBs), two river estuary stations had more POP (18.45 mu g/L and 9.77 mu g/L) than the two mid-lake stations (4.75 mu g/L and 5.21 mu g/L), indicating that Baiyangdian Lake was significantly impacted by inflow from the Fu River and Baigou River.

Characterization of two membrane-associated protease genes obtained from screening out-membrane protein genes of Flavobacterium columnare G(4)

In order to identify genes encoding the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the myxobacter Flavobacterium columnare G(4), the expression library of the bacterium was screened by using rabbit antisera developed against its OMPs. Positive colonies of Escherichia coli M15 containing fragments encoding the bacterial OMPs were selected for cloning the relevant genes by genomic walking methods. Two genes encoding a membrane-associated zinc metalloprotease and prolyl oligopeptidase are reported in this paper. The membrane-associated zinc metalloprotease gene (map) is 1800 bp in length, coding for 449 amino acids (aa). Despite the presence of a conserved motif HEXXH for all metalloproteases, the special HEXXH similar to 32 aa similar to E motif of the F. columnare G(4) Map and its low level of identity with other reported zinc-containing metalloproteases may imply that the membrane-associated zinc metalloprotease of F. columnare G(4) represents a new family of zincins. The gene encoding prolyl oligopeptidase (Pop), a serine proteinase, is 2352 bp in length, coding for 649 aa. Sequence homology analysis revealed that the Pop is also novel as it has <50% identity with other reported prolyl oligopeptidase family proteins. The present study represents the first to employ anti-fish bacterial OMP sera to screen genes of membrane-associated proteases of fish pathogenic bacteria, and to provide necessary information for the examination of the role of the two genes in the infection and pathogenesis of F. columnare.

模式识别研究含氮环状化合物的结构与改变性相关

本文设计了一个计算机模式识别系统，并对含氮环状化合的结构与改变性相关进行了研究。目的在于用模式识别寻找规律，予测未知。从含氮环状化合物中，我们选出了有代表性的88个化合物作为研究对象。其中56个有致变性，另外32个无致变性。在结构信息的输入及转化的基础上，我们提取了零阶项到四阶项的分子联接性指数9个特征及10个分子拓扑特征。经特征的选择和予处理之后，我们用K－最近邻法、逐步判别和线性判别三种分类法对这些化合物进行分类。以数据集的四分之三作为训练集，另四分之一作予测集，识别能力可达90％以上，予测率也达80％以上。研究结果不仅得到了从一定角度反映含氮环状化合物的结构与致变性相关的模型，理想的分类、予测也表明模式识别技术在此领域研究的切实可行，也为其它领域的研究提供了可借鉴的研究方法。本系统由10个独立程序模块构成，所有程序用FORTRAN语言写成，在POP－11－24机上调试运行。

由二酐的不同异构体合成的聚酰亚胺

本文从3-硝基苯酐出发合成了3-位异构体的聚酰亚胺如：3，3'PTI-PoP，3，3'-PEI-PoP，3，3'-PSI-PoP。并利用本实验室已有的4-位异构体双酐，与3-位异构体双酐按不同比例混合分别与4，4'-二胺基二苯醚（简称PoP）共聚获得一系列共聚产物，此外还合成了尚未完见文献报导的3，4'-PTI-PoP，并对由不同异构体双酐获得的聚酰亚胺的性能进行了全面系统地研究与比较。考察了3-位异构体和4-位异构体所获得的聚酰胺酸溶液的稳定性，发现3-位异构体的聚酰胺酸比4-位异构体降解得快。用热分析法研究了聚酰亚胺的热稳定性，可以发现，PTI-PoP是具有最高的热稳定性。开始分解温度在530 ℃以上，属于最耐热聚合物的一种。PEI-PoP分解温度在500 PoP以上。PSI-PoP的热稳定性低于前二者。另一个现象是热稳定性与异构体无关，3-位和4-位异构体聚合物具有相当一致的稳定性。此外含有硫醚的聚酰亚胺的热稳定性高于含氧醚链的聚合物。PEI-PoP具有相当突击的韧性，且其韧性与异构体无明显关系，而PTI-PoP的韧性却决定于异构体的结构。4，4'-PTI-PoP具有较好的韧性，但3，3'-PTI-PoP就显得较脆，共聚物的韧性随4-位异构体组成的增加韧性增大。有趣的是3，4'-PTI-PoP具有较好的韧性。玻璃化转变温度系PSI-PoP最高，3，3'-PSI-PoP的T_g高于350 ℃，4，4'-PSI-PoP最低，3，3'-PEI-PoP的T-g高于4，4'-PEI-PoP。共聚物的T_g随4-位异构体含量的增加而降低。PEI-PoP耐光水学性能良好，PTI-PoP次之，其中4，4'-PEI-PoP优于3，3'-PEI-PoP；4，4'-PTI-PoP又好于3，3'-PTI-PoP。突出表现在4，4'-PEI-PoP和4，4'-PTI-PoP能够耐氯仿，而3，3'-PEI-PoP和3，3'-PTI-PoP氯仿则是它们的良溶剂。4，4'-PTI-PoP比3，3'-PTI-PoP耐碱。由不同异构体又酐所获得的聚酰亚胺的动态力学行为各异。3，3'-PTI-PoP和3，3'-PEI-PoP在到达玻璃化温度之前无明显的β-次转变峰，而4，4'-PTI-PoP和4，4'-PEI-PoP在50～200 ℃范围内有一个很宽的次转变峰。共聚物的次转变峰面积随异构体组成的不同而规律地变化，4-位异构体含量增加，面积增大。另外随温度升高，在T_g之前，贮能模量下降百分率也有规律可循，3，3'-PEI-PoP和3，3'-PTI-PoP分别比4，4'-PEI-PoP和4，4'-PTI-PoP下降幅度小。共聚物中，随4-位异构体含量的增加，模量下降百分率增大。3，4'-PTI-PoP的动态力学谱类似PTI-PoP共聚物，出现β-次转变峰，而其T_g高于4，4'-PTI-PoP低于3，3'-PTI-PoP.

Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Two Different Soils

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a set of chemicals that are toxic, persist in the environment for long periods of time, and biomagnify as they move up through the food chain. The most widely used method of POP destruction is incineration, which is expensive and could result in undesirable by-products. An alternative bioremediation technology, which is cheaper and environ-mentally friendly, was tested during this experiment. Two different soil types containing high and low organic matter (OM) were spiked with 100 mg/kg each of pyrene and Aroclor 1248 and planted with three different species of grasses. The objective of the study was to determine residue recovery levels (availability) and potential effectiveness of these plant species for the remediation of POPs. The results showed that recovery levels were highly dependent on the soil organic matter content—very low in all treatments with the high OM content soil compared to recoveries in the low OM soil. This indicates that availability, and, hence, biodegradability of the contaminants is dependent on the organic matter content of the soil. Moreover, the degree of availability was also significantly different for the two classes of chemicals. The polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) recovery (availability) was extremely low in the high organic matter content soil compared to that of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In both soil types, all of the plant species treatments showed significantly greater PCB biodegradation compared to the unplanted controls. Planting did not have any significant effect on the transformation of the PAHs in both soil types; however, planting with switchgrass was the best remedial option for both soil types contaminated with PCB.

牙鲆雌核发育分析鉴定与性别决定机制研究

本研究应用同工酶和随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）方法，分析了牙鲆野生种群和雌核发育群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平；应用RAPD方法对比分析了雌核发育牙鲆的亲鱼和子代DNA样品；采用PCR扩增牙鲆SRY同源片段并进行了序列分析；将RAPD扩增产物中性别连锁DNA片克隆与测序。主要结果有：1.牙鲆雌核发育群体同工酶的Ldh-C，Cat两个基因座位发生了重组，基因座位与着丝点之间的重组率分别为52.6％和29.8％；雌核发育群体RAPD分析发现136个DNA片段中有22个发生基因分离，但由于研究方法的局限，不能确定是否发生基因重组。2.牙鲆雌核发育群体的同工酶多态座位比例和平均杂合度分别为6.90%和0.0350；研究中提出了RAPD遗传多样参数修正算法；野生种群RAPD多态片段比例37.57％，多态座位比例20.88％，平均杂合度0.0852；雌核发育群体RAPD多态片段比例16.18％，多态座位比例8.98％，平均杂合度0.03898。同工酶与RAPD方法得出结果基本一致。3.牙鲆雌核发育群体与野生群体之间的RAPD遗传相似度I＝0.9036，遗传距离D＝0.1014，已超过一般鱼类地理种群之间的遗传距离值。雌核发育群体的遗传多样性指数（H＿O＝7.1982）远低于野生群体（H＿O＝28.0986）。雌核发育与野生群体H_(pop)／H_(sp)＝0.9716，（H_(sp)－H_(pop)）／H_(sp)＝0.0284，表明97.16％的遗传多样性是由群体内不同个体间的差异造成的，只有2.84％遗传多样性与群体间分化有关。4.分析过同工酶多态座位比例、同工酶平均杂合度、RAPD多态片段比例、RAPD多态座位比例、RAPD平均杂合度、群体遗传多样性指数H＿O等遗传多样性参数，牙鲆雌核发育群体各参数比野生群体减少55.39％－77.74％，说明它的遗传多样性严重损失。5.采用RAPD对照分析亲本与雌核发育子代胚胎的DNA样品。结果表明，雌鱼有、雄鱼无的基因，雌核发育子代表达；雌鱼无、雄鱼有的基因，雌核发育子代不表达，正常受精二倍体对照组表达正常。证明牙鲆雌核发育子代的遗传物质来自母本，雌核发育诱导使用的精子经过紫外线灭活后，遗传物质已被破坏，其携带的遗传信息没有传给子代，在DNA水平证明了雌核发育诱导方法和结果的可靠性。6.进行了牙鲆性别决定机制研究。PCR分析了哺乳动物性别决定基因SRY同源片段在牙鲆的表达情况。扩产物均无个体差异，也没有性别差异。将扩增产物中信号最强的sry-2片段测序，其648bp序列与人SRY基因相应的419bp片段进行了同源性分析，两者同源性为35％，同源性很低，只有随机的碱基重合。由于牙鲆SRY PCR 扩增带没有全部分析，不能肯定牙鲆没有SRY同源片段。RAPD分析确定3个引物的4条扩增片段与性别相关，分别克隆、测序，S134和S145－S两个片段得到了完整序列。

长江口与胶州湾海水有机碳的分布、来源及与氮、磷的耦合关系

摘 要 作为世界第三大河流的长江，输入到东海巨量的淡水和颗粒物，对东海的碳循环过程影响巨大。近年来，对长江河口海洋学的系统研究有许多重要的发现，其中长江河口的碳源过程以及生源要素的相互耦合关系的探索对深入了解东海－长江这一典型海陆交汇体系的生态环境效应意义重大。本文通过2003年5月枯水期对长江口、2003-2004年胶州湾周年现场调查获得的资料，系统研究了溶解有机碳（DOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）在长江纯淡水到海水这一混合区域的分布、来源特征以及与氮、磷的耦合关系，获得了系列新的认识，具体包括以下两个方面： 1．定量揭示了长江有机碳源的强度，特别是来自除径流输入以外的碳源通量，阐明了控制有机碳分布来源的生物地球化学机制。 长江作为东海有机碳的主要源之一，水体中的 DOC和POC主要由咸淡水的混合程度所控制。定点观测表明，生物作用对上层海水中DOC 和POC的相互转化起着主导作用，而河海水优势的争夺决定了DOC和POC在下层海水中的时序变化。有机碳在河水优势区含量保持相对稳定，由径流携带输入到河海水优势竞争区后，DOC和POC浓度大幅度上升，在海水优势区由于高盐度低有机碳的海水的稀释作用使有机碳的浓度随混合水体中淡水比例的下降而线性降低。 长江径流枯水期输入到东海的DOC和POC的通量分别为5.78×109g/d和1.06×109 g/d， 其它有机碳源带给东海的DOC和POC的通量分别为2.41×109g/d和5.21×109g/d。 河海水优势竞争区POC的其它有机碳源主要是表层沉积物的再悬浮,而大量POC进入水体使得POC向DOC的转化成为了该海区DOC其它碳源。 长江口海区DOC和POC的分布和时序变化受到河海水混合作用、沉积物的再悬浮、DOC和POC的相互转化以及浮游植物的光合作用等多种因素的共同影响。上层海水的DOC和POC受浮游植物的光合作用影响较大，较深的水体中由于入射光的减弱，浮游植物的光合作用对DOC和POC的影响降低，表层沉积物的再悬浮以及POC和DOC的相互转化成为控制水体有机碳的分布的重要因素。 2．系统阐明了胶州湾颗粒有机碳－氮－磷的耦合关系，揭示了颗粒有机碳、氮、磷的的地球化学分布特征。 胶州湾海水PON变化相对不大，但POP含量月际变化明显，上半年浓度略高于下半年，在湾内、湾口及湾外，POP含量的峰值均出现在5月和8月，最小值出现在10月份。三个区域的POC、PON、POP均具有很好的线性正相关性，说明了胶州湾不同区域POP的具有同源性。POC月际变化幅度与POP相似，在湾内和湾口，高值出现在春季，湾外则夏、秋季的浓度较高，这在一定程度上说明胶州湾内海水中的POC受控于生物过程，而湾外还受到外部开阔水体中来自于其它输入如淡水输入携带的颗粒物等的影响。胶州湾调查海区（包括湾内、湾口和湾外）由于初级生产力相对较高，致使大部分时段和海区颗粒碳、氮、磷有机态来源于海洋自生，只有在初级生产力相对较低的湾口和湾外海区，当河流流量大增而初级生产力水平又没有相应提高的个别月份颗粒物中碳、氮、磷有机态来源于陆源输入。总的来看，不论是陆源输入还是海洋自生的颗粒物，对所研究的区域而言，胶州湾湾口和湾外水体中POC、PON和POP有相当部分来自于湾内水体的输出。在胶州湾内POC与POP之间有较好的耦合关系，而POC与PON的耦合关系较差，这在一定程度上说明胶州湾内，POC与POP的来源及影响控制因素一致，而POC与PON的来源及影响因素有所差异。 长江口与胶州湾作为我国乃至世界上的典型河口及海湾，其生源要素的生物地球化学过程研究对阐明人为影响下的近海生态体系的生态环境效应意义重大，由于影响因素的复杂性，许多过程至今未能搞清，长江口与胶州湾生物地球化学过程的研究任重而道远，需要科学家们不懈的努力。 关键词：溶解有机碳（DOC） 颗粒有机碳（POC） 氮与磷 生物地球化学特征 长江口 胶州湾

南沙珊瑚礁生态系的营养动力学过程

本论文首次报道了在珊瑚礁向海坡上投放沉积物捕捉器的结果和若干非生源要素如Mo、W、Re、Os、Ni、Ir等在泻湖内外的垂直通量，并在国内首次报道了珊瑚活体培养的结果。将海水、沉降颗粒物、生物和泻湖表层沉积物统一进行系统的研究，重点讨论了珊瑚礁营养动力学过程和维持高生产力的机制等问题。主要的研究内容和结果包括：1. 物理动力过程对营养物质的循环有重要影响物理因素尤其是海水的动力过程更可能是珊瑚礁生长的限制性因素。南沙珊瑚礁的形态及其相关的沉积环境明显受本海区物理过程（海洋和大气）的控制。与此相适应，珊瑚礁生态系统造就了有效保持和快速吸收营养盐的特性。泻湖海水中营养盐分布明显受到泻湖水运动方式的影响，尤其是PO_4-P。2. 营养物质的循环具有快速高效和不均衡的特点 对渚碧礁生源要素的生物地球化学循环研究表明，快速分解、高效再利用是珊瑚礁总生产力很高，净生产力却较低的主要原因。渚碧礁泻湖内两个站的POC分别有93.55%和95.83%在进入沉积物前被消耗，能真正进入沉积物中的却很少。其中99%左右的生物碎屑POC通过生物捕食或腐解作用转变为无机碳重新进入循环。珊瑚礁生态系的高生产力主要是依靠其系统内部快速而高效的再生循环过程维持的。营养盐的原位再生是珊瑚礁营养盐的主要来源，泻湖内PTN和PON释放率分别超过90%和86%；PTP释放率为58.7%～85.2%，多数站位POP的释放率在90%以上。泻湖水中N:P摩尔比平均值仅为8.1，可能存在着氮限制。而在礁坪区，N:P摩尔比的日平均值为26.7，磷的限制作用非常明显。整体来看，氮在泻湖内进入再循环的速度和效率要高于磷2.5～12.8 倍，由于磷缺乏类似于生物固氮作用的持续的供氮机制，磷在珊瑚礁生态系中的限制作用更为明显，至少在礁坪区是如此。珊瑚活体培养的实验表明，珊瑚也存在着短时间里大量消耗营养盐的“奢侈消费”现象。珊瑚对营养盐的吸收速度与营养盐的浓度和珊瑚的种类均有关系。添加营养盐起始浓度高的组营养盐消耗的速度快，与之相适应，其它的各种溶解性营养盐浓度也产生复杂的变化，对迅速稳定水体营养盐浓度产生协同作用，这一过程有助于珊瑚充分吸收突然输入的营养盐。在此实验条件下，珊瑚对含氮盐类的浓度变化要比对磷酸盐更为敏感，可以认为NH_4-N是珊瑚生长的限制性营养盐。在自然界中，这种情况常发生在有大量营养盐输入之后。实验中还发现，对营养盐的吸收速度比营养盐水平更为重要。吸收速度快于某种形态限制性营养盐的输入速度也会导致珊瑚的死亡。反过来讲，珊瑚礁系统可以通过降低对营养盐的消费速度而摆脱营养盐的限制。3. 非生源要素的循环也与生物过种密切相关 非生源要素在海洋颗粒物、生物和沉积物中的分布主要受两种作用的影响，一是颗粒物在生产、沉降和分解过程中的吸附释放作用，另一种是生物的直接利用。颗粒物对IIA族、过渡族的大部分和La系元素都是分布的制约性因素。而IA族、过渡族的一部分和部分非金属元素分布上属于营养盐型，主要受浮游生物直接吸收溶解的盐类（浮游植物）和捕食作用（浮游动物）的影响。轻元素、第四周期的过渡族元素在含量和性质上往往有别于重元素和其它周期的同族过渡元素，更多的参与生物过程。元素分析进一步显示珊瑚礁泻湖内沉降颗粒物主要是自生碎屑，而礁外沉降颗粒物包含了一部分再悬浮的碎屑矿物，但元素在泻湖内外的转移机制是类似的，造成颗粒物来源差别的主要原因是动力学因素。水动力始终是颗粒物中元素垂直转移的主要的、关键性的因素。对于营养盐型的元素，生物的捕食富集是另一个主要控制因素。4. 多种机制的协同作用维持了珊瑚礁生态系的高生产力 考虑到珊瑚礁营养盐的收支并非总是平衡的，珊瑚礁的高生产力的维持可能是通过以珊瑚礁发育位置的选择为基础，“流网”策略、快速吸收营养盐、营养盐的快速循环和高效利用以及“休渔”策略等的协同作用实现的。“休渔”策略是指捕食因素决定的食物链上游生物迁出和初级生产力的恢复过程，当捕食作用高于生产者的生产速度或营养盐供应严重不足时，许多处于食物链上游的游泳动物将迁徙到生产力更高的珊瑚礁中去。大量的生物碎屑和代谢产物中的营养成分重新释放利用。一段时间后又能够重新繁荣起来。由于生物对磷和金属元素等的富集作用，食物链上游生物及其代谢产物作为营养物质输入的一个经常性来源的作用不可忽视。