Les interconnexions électriques entre la France et ses voisins européens depuis 1970 : un vecteur méconnu de l'intégration européenne

Les ouvrages de transport d’électricité ont d’abord été pensés un par un, reliant un excédent de production à un besoin de consommation. Ils ont ainsi parfois très naturellement et dès l’origine traversé les frontières des États pour répondre à leur raison d’être. Les secteurs électriques se structurant fortement lorsque le virage électrique fut pris, les interconnexions entre pays furent conçues par les techniciens comme une mesure élémentaire de sûreté et d’équilibre de ce produit atypique qu’est l’électricité. En France plus particulièrement, lorsque la production électronucléaire se développa à partir des années 1970, ces interconnexions devinrent petit à petit sources de revenus pour l’entreprise nationale, et d’équilibre pour la balance commerciale nationale. L’intérêt grandissant porté au secteur électrique par les institutions européennes à la fin des années 1990 vient ébranler les acteurs économiques géographiques verticaux, et rebat les cartes des enjeux à adresser à une maille plus large que l’État nation. Dans ces transformations successives, les interconnexions aux frontières, et particulièrement aux frontières françaises, jouent ainsi un rôle tout à fait spécifique et de plus en plus structurant pour les économies ouvertes des pays européens. Les réseaux de transport électriques continuent ainsi une mutation entamée dans les années 1970 qui les a conduits de la condition de mal nécessaire à celle de vecteurs indispensables de transformation des économies européennes. L’objet de ce mémoire est d’illustrer la très grande capacité d’adaptation de ces organes industriels, économiques, sociétaux et politiques, dont on pourrait faussement penser qu’ils sont immobilisés par leur nature capitalistique, à travers les enjeux portés par les interconnexions aux frontières françaises. Les sources sont à la fois issues de données des opérateurs techniques, de la documentation – encore peu fréquente – sur ces sujets, ainsi que des statistiques officielles du ministère français. Cette capacité d’innovation et de développement de « couches de services » permet aujourd’hui aux grands réseaux de transport de traverser les époques et la variabilité des orientations de leurs environnements, durablement.

Industrialización y desarrollo en la Argentina pos-“Washington Consensus”: un abordaje crítico desde la perspectiva sectorial, actoral y espacial

Argentina, en 2001, luego de experimentar una de las crisis más profunda de su historia, consecuencia de la primacía de las políticas neoliberales durante la década de 1990 y de los resultados negativos en términos de crecimiento y desigualdad socio-espacial a que estas dieron lugar, comenzó a reconsiderar el rol del Estado en la economía. En dicho contexto se lo sindicó como un actor estratégico para dinamizar un crecimiento inclusivo que viabilice el desarrollo. La promoción estatal a la actividad industrial ocupó un lugar central en la consecución de dicho objetivo. Transcurrida ya más de una década, en el presente trabajo se demuestra, a través del análisis de estadísticas oficiales, cómo la re-intervención del Estado poco ha podido hacer para avanzar en la conformación de un tejido industrial complejo, dinámico y descentralizado –actoral y espacialmente–, que permita viabilizar el desarrollo.

Estudo dos efeitos da aplicação de um programa de promoção da resiliência e de competências sociais e emocionais com crianças em situação de risco da cidade de Tijuana

Artigo teórico: O presente artigo tem como objetivo permitir uma visão global sobre as circunstâncias que podem influenciar, positiva ou negativamente, a vida das crianças e apresentar programas desenhados para promover o seu correto desenvolvimento, mesmo em casos menos favoráveis. Para isto, são revistos os conceitos mais importantes associados às noções de risco, perigo, proteção e resiliência, sintetizadas as relações que estes estabelecem entre si e abordados quais os principais contextos nos quais o profissional pode intervir. Este trabalho foca-se principalmente nas crianças da cidade de Tijuana, pelo que é realizado um trabalho de comparação de estatísticas oficiais entre Portugal e México (quando aplicável, cingido ao estado da Baja Califórnia) de modo a contextualizar os diferentes perigos e proteções que as respetivas culturas providenciam. Para concluir, são apresentados alguns exemplos de intervenções recentes que visam promover a resiliência através de abordagens distintas e em contextos culturais diversos, de modo a deixar no leitor uma ideia das possibilidades e da importância da intervenção nesta área. Artigo teórico-prático: O presente artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto de uma adaptação do programa “Ultrapassar Dificuldades e Vencer Desafios: Manual de Promoção da Resiliência na Adolescência” numa população de crianças em situação de risco, do 1.º ao 6.º ano de escolaridade, da cidade de Tijuana (Baja California, México). Foram realizadas intervenções com dois grupos de crianças que se encontravam em contexto familiar e com um grupo de crianças em contexto institucional. As sessões realizadas, que adaptaram o programa dando-lhe um enfoque psicomotor, compreenderam a duração total de 20 horas e foram realizadas nas instituições de ensino. A intervenção demonstrou ter alguns efeitos positivos ao nível da auto-perceção de competências relacionadas com a resiliência, bem como um efeito de diminuição de alguns fatores de riscos intra-individuais. Na ótica dos prestadores de cuidados, foram ainda encontrados resultados significativos ao nível da diminuição da hiperatividade, dos problemas de comportamento e do total de dificuldades (avaliados pelo instrumento Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire). Este programa apresenta assim resultados encorajadores, num contexto diferente ao que serviu de substrato para o desenho do programa, e reforça a noção de que as competências sociais e emocionais são vitais para o correto desenvolvimento infantil em qualquer cultura.

Pregnancy in Spanish elite sportswomen: A qualitative study

Pregnancy and motherhood have been historically considered as reasons why elite sportswomen may end their sport careers. During pregnancy, the safety of both mother and baby has been identified as a key reason for ceasing sport participation. Recent “official” statistics on how many elite athletes are mothers suggest that pregnancy, motherhood, and sport could be no longer mutually exclusive. The aim of this qualitative phenomenological study was to describe the lived pregnancy of Spanish elite sportswomen. Spanish elite sportswomen (n = 20) aged between 18 and 65 years that had been pregnant during their sporting professional career and after the end of their pregnancy had taken up again their professional sporting career for at least one year were included. Data were collected from May 2010 to April 2012 using in-depth personal interviews, investigator’s field notes, and extracts from the participants’ personal letters. Identified themes included: choosing the right moment; fears and doubts; and justifying physical exercise. By giving voice to these elite Spanish sportswomen, their pregnancy experiences are made visible, which might help to gain a better understanding into their expectations and develop policies and practices focused on elite sportswomen during and after pregnancy.

Factory statistics; the official table appended to the report of the committee on the ten-hour factory bill vindicated in a series of letters addressed to J.E. Drinkwater.

Mode of access: Internet.

Railway statistics of the United States of America compared with the official reports of and recent statistics of foreign railways.

Mode of access: Internet.

Activities report of the initiative group of the working group on environmental statistics

Includes bibliography

Innovations in measurement in the United States official poverty lines

Includes bibliography

Understanding long-term hunting statistics: the case of Spain (1972-2007)

Hunting is assuming a growing role in the current European forestry and agroforestry landscape. However, consistent statistical sources that provide quantitative information for policy-making, planning and management of game resources are often lacking. In addition, in many instances statistical information can be used without sufficient evaluation or criticism. Recently, the European Commission has declared the importance of high quality hunting statistics and the need to set up a common scheme in Europe for their collection, interpretation and proper use. This work aims to contribute to this current debate on hunting statistics in Europe by exploring data from the last 35 years of Spanish hunting statistics. The analysis focuses on the three major pillars underpinning hunting activity: hunters, hunting grounds and game animals. First, the study aims to provide a better understanding of official hunting statistics for use by researchers, game managers and other potential users. Second, the study highlights the major strengths and weaknesses of the statistical information that was collected. The results of the analysis indicate that official hunting statistics can be incomplete, dispersed and not always homogeneous over a long period of time. This is an issue of which one should be aware when using official hunting data for scientific or technical work. To improve statistical deficiencies associated with hunting data in Spain, our main suggestion is the adoption of a common protocol on data collection to which different regions agree. This protocol should be in accordance with future European hunting statistics and based on robust and well-informed data collection methods. Also it should expand the range of biological, ecological and economic concepts currently included to take account of the profound transformations experienced by the hunting sector in recent years. As much as possible, any future changes in the selection of hunting statistics should allow for comparisons between new variables with the previous ones.

Sugar economics, statistics, and documents /

Includes map of the American sugar system.

Statistics of the State of Queensland.

Vols. for 18 -1900, compiled from official records in the Registrar-General's Office; 1901- , compiled from official records in the Government Statistician's Office.

Monthly vital statistics review.

Mode of access: Internet.