Research Priorities for seabirds: Improving seabird conservation and management in the 21st century

Seabirds are facing a growing number of threats in both terrestrial and marine habitats, and many populations have experienced dramatic changes over past decades. Years of seabird research have improved our understanding of seabird populations and provided a broader understanding of marine ecological processes. In an effort to encourage future research and guide seabird conservation science, seabird researchers from 9 nations identified the 20 highest priority research questions and organized these into 6 general categories: (1) population dynamics, (2) spatial ecology, (3) tropho-dynamics, (4) fisheries interactions, (5) response to global change, and (6) management of anthropogenic impacts (focusing on invasive species, contaminants and protected areas). For each category, we provide an assessment of the current approaches, challenges and future directions. While this is not an exhaustive list of all research needed to address the myriad conservation challenges seabirds face, the results of this effort represent an important synthesis of current expert opinion across sub-disciplines within seabird ecology. As this synthesis highlights, research, in conjunction with direct management, education, and community engagement, can play an important role in facilitating the conservation and management of seabird populations and of the ocean ecosystems on which they and we depend.

El clima i la producció d'olives a la Catalunya seca: el cas de Cabacés (el Priorat)

[cat] En un context de canvi climàtic cal estudiar les vulnerabilitats del territori a escala local. En aquest treball s'analitza la producció d'oli de qualitat en un indret de la Catalunya seca, Cabacés (el Priorat), i es posa en relació amb la variabilitat climàtica. Els resultats mostren que el clima té una influència important en la producció d'olives, sobretot les temperatures màximes del mes d'abril i les precipitacions del mes més sec, juliol. S'obté un model de regressió múltiple a partir d'aquestes dues variables climàtiques més influents en la producció. No obstant això, els valors del model s'allunyen dels reals a partir de l'any 2003 a causa d'un creixement molt elevat de la producció per l'extensió del reg de suport. Les futures vulnerabilitats no només depenen del canvi climàtic, sinó dels efectes del canvi global, fenomen que també engloba tots aquells canvis en els usos, hàbits i consums del territori.

Lintujen muutto muuttuvassa ilmastossa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Rock outcrop vegetation in Brazil: a brief overview

This paper overviews the special issue of the Brazilian Journal of Botany dedicated to "Rock outcrop vegetation in Brazil". The main topics covered by this issue are phytogeography and vegetation ecology, plant life on shallow soils, plant reproduction and auto-ecology, morpho-physiology and plant adaptation, and finally conservation and global change. This collection of studies, in addition to other recent publications on Brazilian rocky outcrop vegetation, show that measurements of most of the relevant ecological and evolutionary parameters are under way and that scientific attention is now given to most Brazilian regions. However, there are still several gaps to be bridged: 1) inselbergs and high mountains in the Amazon and the Brazilian northeast, in particular, are still largely unknown to science; 2) long-term studies are almost totally unavailable, which hinders global change monitoring and assessment; 3) national and international networking are urgently needed to speed up scientific production about such habitats.

Skenaariomenetelmän käyttö toimialaympäristön analyysissa

Tämän pro gradu – tutkielman tarkoituksena on kuvata miten toimialaympäristöä analysoidaan käyttäen tulevaisuudentutkimukseen tarkoitettua skenaariomenetelmää. Globaali muutosvauhti ja lisääntynyt syklisyys tuovat haastetta toimintaympäristön analysointiin. Yrityksille muutosten huomaaminen ja niiden ymmärtäminen ovat pitkän aikavälin menestystekijöitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa tavoitteena on tunnistaa arvopaperimarkkinoiden keskeiset toimialaympäristötekijät ja niihin sisältyvät arvot. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on ymmärtää strategisen ja ennakoivan toimintaympäristön seurannan merkitys. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä keskityttiin tulevaisuudentutkimuksen lisäksi makrotason toimialaympäristöanalyysiin. Aineistonkeruu suoritettiin sekä kirjoituspöytätutkimuksena että kvalitatiivisena tutkimushaastatteluna johtavia toimiala-asiantuntijoita haastattelemalla. Skenaariotyöskentelymenetelmäksi valittiin morfologinen skenaariotyöskentely. Skenaarioita rakentamalla pyrittiin visioimaan mahdollista tulevaisuuden suuntaa ja kuvattiin eri tulevaisuuspolkujen kehittyminen. Tutkimuksessa luotiin tulevaisuustaulukon pohjalta kolme vaihtoehtoista skenaariota Suomen arvopaperimarkkinoille.

Aurinkosähköjärjestelmä pientaloon

Tässä kandidaatintyössä selvitetään aurinkosähköjärjestelmän rakentamisen kannattavuutta, teknisiä ratkaisuja sekä vaatimuksia pientaloon. Tutkimus suoritetaan tarkasteltavaan kiinteistöön aurinkosähköjärjestelmän teknisten ratkaisumahdollisuuksien sekä taloudellisesti kannattavimman mallin löytämiseksi. Työssä käydään läpi järjestelmän teknisten komponenttien rakennetta ja ominaisuuksia, niille määriteltyjä vaatimuksia sekä hintaa. Työssä myös simuloidaan eri voimalakokonaisuuksien tuotantoa voimalan koon optimoimiseksi kohteelle. Saatujen tulosten perusteella voimalan hankkiminen on vielä kallista ja takaisinmaksuajat pitkiä johtuen järjestelmän kalliista hinnasta. Tulevaisuudessa aurinkosähkö tulee olemaan kannattava investointi samalla, kun yhä enenevissä määrin energistyvässä maailmassa luovutaan fossiilisista polttoaineista niiden ympäristövaikutusten ja resurssien puutteen vuoksi. Aurinkosähkö on yksi potentiaalisista korvaajista tulevaisuudessa ja voimme odottaa järjestelmien hintojen laskevan kilpailun lisääntyessä. Myös valtion tuki tulevaisuudessa on mahdollinen pientuottajillekin.

Globalization and Its Impact on Assessment: Moving Toward a New Story

Globalization has resulted in large-scale international and local assessments closely tied to notions of accountability and competitiveness in a globalized economy. Although policy makers seek to ensure citizens meet the demands of a global knowledge-based economy, such assessments may also impede the development of requisite 21st century skills. While standardization currently is viewed as the most effective measurement of student achievement, several Canadian and international jurisdictions are moving toward assessment for learning (AfL). This conceptual study sought to identify whether AfL or standardized assessment most effectively meets 21st century learning goals in the wake of rapid global change. It applies a Story Model theoretical framework to understand the current, the new emerging, and the future ideal story of education from a personal, cultural, and global lens. The study examines the main critiques and/or challenges of standardized testing, the benefits of AfL for student learning, and new teaching and assessment approaches to the development of 21st century learning goals. The study applies the Story Model’s inside-outside/past-future approach to determine the future direction of assessment. Results show that the new story of assessment will most likely entail a model that integrates both standardized testing and in-class assessments in the form of AfL and PBL.

River ecosystems at risk

Worldwide water managers are increasingly challenged to allocate sufficient and affordable water supplies to different water use sectors without further degrading river ecosystems and their valuable services to mankind. Since 1950 human population almost tripled, water abstractions increased by a factor of four, and the number of large dam constructions is about eight times higher today. From a hydrological perspective, the alteration of river flows (temporally and spatially) is one of the main consequences of global change and further impairments can be expected given growing population pressure and projected climate change. Implications have been addressed in numerous hydrological studies, but with a clear focus on human water demands. Ecological water requirements have often been neglected or addressed in a very simplistic manner, particularly from the large-scale perspective. With his PhD thesis, Christof Schneider took up the challenge to assess direct (dam operation and water abstraction) and indirect (climate change) impacts of human activities on river flow regimes and evaluate the consequences for river ecosystems by using a modeling approach. The global hydrology model WaterGAP3 (developed at CESR) was applied and further developed within this thesis to carry out several model experiments and assess anthropogenic river flow regime modifications and their effects on river ecosystems. To address the complexity of ecological water requirements the assessment is based on three main ideas: (i) the natural flow paradigm, (ii) the perception that different flows have different ecological functions, and (iii) the flood pulse concept. The thesis shows that WaterGAP3 performs well in representing ecologically relevant flow characteristics on a daily time step, and therefore justifies its application within this research field. For the first time a methodology was established to estimate bankfull flow on a 5 by 5 arc minute grid cell raster globally, which is a key parameter in eFlow assessments as it marks the point where rivers hydraulically connect to adjacent floodplains. Management of dams and water consumption pose a risk to floodplains and riparian wetlands as flood volumes are significantly reduced. The thesis highlights that almost one-third of 93 selected Ramsar sites are seriously affected by modified inundation patterns today, and in the future, inundation patterns are very likely to be further impaired as a result of new major dam initiatives and climate change. Global warming has been identified as a major threat to river flow regimes as rising temperatures, declining snow cover, changing precipitation patterns and increasing climate variability are expected to seriously modify river flow regimes in the future. Flow regimes in all climate zones will be affected, in particular the polar zone (Northern Scandinavia) with higher river flows during the year and higher flood peaks in spring. On the other side, river flows in the Mediterranean are likely to be even more intermittent in the future because of strong reductions in mean summer precipitation as well as a decrease in winter precipitation, leading to an increasing number of zero flow events creating isolated pools along the river and transitions from lotic to lentic waters. As a result, strong impacts on river ecosystem integrity can be expected. Already today, large amounts of water are withdrawn in this region for agricultural irrigation and climate change is likely to exacerbate the current situation of water shortages.

Modeling the Transport Sector: The Role of Existing Fuel Taxes in Climate Policy

Existing fuel taxes play a major role in determining the welfare effects of exempting the transportation sector from measures to control greenhouse gases. To study this phenomenon we modify the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to disaggregate the household transportation sector. This improvement requires an extension of the GTAP data set that underlies the model. The revised and extended facility is then used to compare economic costs of cap-and-trade systems differentiated by sector, focusing on two regions: the USA where the fuel taxes are low, and Europe where the fuel taxes are high. We find that the interplay between carbon policies and pre-existing taxes leads to different results in these regions: in the USA exemption of transport from such a system would increase the welfare cost of achieving a national emissions target, while in Europe such exemptions will correct pre-existing distortions and reduce the cost.

Effects of Air Pollution Control on Climate

Urban air pollution and climate are closely connected due to shared generating processes (e.g., combustion) for emissions of the driving gases and aerosols. They are also connected because the atmospheric lifecycles of common air pollutants such as CO, NOx and VOCs, and of the climatically important methane gas (CH4) and sulfate aerosols, both involve the fast photochemistry of the hydroxyl free radical (OH). Thus policies designed to address air pollution may impact climate and vice versa. We present calculations using a model coupling economics, atmospheric chemistry, climate and ecosystems to illustrate some effects of air pollution policy alone on global warming. We consider caps on emissions of NOx, CO, volatile organic carbon, and SOx both individually and combined in two ways. These caps can lower ozone causing less warming, lower sulfate aerosols yielding more warming, lower OH and thus increase CH4 giving more warming, and finally, allow more carbon uptake by ecosystems leading to less warming. Overall, these effects significantly offset each other suggesting that air pollution policy has a relatively small net effect on the global mean surface temperature and sea level rise. However, our study does not account for the effects of air pollution policies on overall demand for fossil fuels and on the choice of fuels (coal, oil, gas), nor have we considered the effects of caps on black carbon or organic carbon aerosols on climate. These effects, if included, could lead to more substantial impacts of capping pollutant emissions on global temperature and sea level than concluded here. Caps on aerosols in general could also yield impacts on other important aspects of climate beyond those addressed here, such as the regional patterns of cloudiness and precipitation.

Earth's Changing Land

Entre el 14 i el 18 de març de 1998 es va celebrar a Barcelona la conferència Earth’s Changing Land sota la tutela dels programes internacionals Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) i Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC). L’objectiu principal de la trobada era presentar les darreres aportacions científiques sobre els efectes presents i previsibles del canvi global sobre els ecosistemes terrestres i la societat. Al mateix temps, es volia afavorir l’establiment de ponts de diàleg entre els professionals implicats en el canvi global

Análisis de la incidencia de la producción de biocombustibles a través de cultivos transgénicos en la seguridad alimentaria. Estudio de caso: Cultivos de soja transgénica en Argentina

La búsqueda de los Estados por mitigar su dependencia energética de las fuentes fósiles, ha traído consigo la búsqueda de energías alternativas, desencadenando en el uso y producción de biocombustibles. A su vez, la producción de estos últimos a través de cultivos transgénicos ha ido cobrando importancia en el escenario internacional. Esta opción se ha considerado como una salida al dilema de utilización de tierras "Biocombustible vs. Alimentos". En este contexto, el caso de Argentina, como uno de los mayores productores de cultivos transgénicos del mundo, entre los cuales se destaca la soja, se analiza en esta investigación por ser importante para determinar cuál es el impacto de los biocombustibles producidos a través de cultivos transgénicos en la seguridad alimentaria de la población.

Aportes de la Unión Europea al desarrollo sostenible de Colombia: diagnóstico de la cooperación en el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el periodo 2006-2010

La presente investigación diagnóstica busca analizar las dinámicas de cooperación al desarrollo entre la Unión Europea y Colombia para el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, específicamente el Objetivo 7 que busca garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente.

Incidencia del cambio climático en la seguridad ambiental de las maldivas. Un desafío para la construcción de un régimen internacional de refugiados ambientales (2000-2012)

El interés de esta investigación diagnóstica es evaluar el tema de los refugiados ambientales en las legislaciones internacionales que se encuentran en vigencia actualmente. Es un elemento de análisis pertinente debido a que durante los últimos años el cambio climático y sus efectos adversos han causado estragos en algunas poblaciones, dando origen a lo que se conoce como refugiados ambientales. Así, la falta de inclusión del concepto en la normatividad internacional, representa una problemática, en tanto que estas personas no tienen ningún tipo de apoyo por parte de la Comunidad Internacional. En este trabajo se centra en el caso de las Islas Maldivas y refleja la necesidad de crear un nuevo régimen internacional que cubra a la figura de refugiados ambientales, para así hacer frente a esta problemática internacional.

La estrategia de liderazgo regional de la India a través de la cooperación sur-sur (2003-2012)

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar en qué medida la estrategia de liderazgo regional de la India ha sido impulsada a través de los programas y proyectos de cooperación sur-sur ofrecidos por este país en el periodo de 2003-2012. De igual forma se pretende indagar sobre el papel histórico que ha jugado la India en el establecimiento y posterior evolución de esta nueva forma de cooperación que ha sido vista por la mayoría de los académicos como un complemento de la cooperación norte-sur, y que responde a una serie de intereses particulares. En este caso en particular, la cooperación sur-sur ha sido utilizada por India como una herramienta para incrementar sus capacidades de poder que le permitan consolidarse como líder regional.