Experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni of Biomphalaria straminea from different parts of the Northeast of Brazil

In the western part of the State of Bahia Biomphalaria straminea and B. glabrata both occur, but in the majority of cases they do not share the same habitat. In the State of Ceará, however, B. straminea is the sole snail host of Schistosoma mansoni. In this survey, no naturally infected B. straminea was found among snails collected from Bahia and Ceará, evidently because of the very low infection rates. The susceptibility of laboratory-reared specimens to infection with a Puerto Rican strain of S. mansoni was then tested experimentally. In general, the snails showed very low susceptibility. The infection rates were 1.1% among snails from Redenção (Ceará); 2.3% in those from Pentecoste (Ceará); 2.9% in snails from São Desidério (Bahia), while they were very high among an albino strain (NIH) of B. glabrata used as control. Another group of B. straminea from São Desidério was exposed to a Bahian strain of S. mansoni and the infection rate was still very low (3.6%) Apparently, the very low susceptibility of B. straminea, despite high snail density, is correlated with moderate infection rates with S. mansoni among humans, as shown by the results of stool examinations conducted by SUCAM in the municipalities of Redenção and Pentecoste, in Ceará.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo (São Paulo, Brazil) where the Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host: I - Prevalence in human population (

Due to the scarce information about the epidemiological features of schistosomiasis in which the vector is Biomphalaria tenagophila, an investigation was carried in Pedro de Toledo in 1980 where such peculiarity is observed. Stool examinations (Kato-Katz method) were performed in 4,741 individuals (22.8% positive to Schistosoma mansoni eggs) of this 583 had previously received chemoterapy and 4,158 remainders, untreated. The schistosomiasis prevalence in those two groups where respectively 31.7% and 21.6%. Epidemiological investigation showed that 83.6% were autochthonous cases from the studied area: the autochthonous prevalence rate, and the intensity of infection in the untreated autochthonous cases were higher in males than in females; the intensity in the latter untreated group was low, 58.5 eggs/g feces (geometric mean). Moreover, according to the age groups the intensity of infections correlated well (r s = 0.745) with the prevalence rates. Schistosomiasis was verified to occur mostly during the leisure time and by the use of water streams for housework in rural zone. Only 0.4% out of 1,137 snails was positive for S. mansoni cercariae, apparently unchanged from the 1978 study when the human prevalence was 12.0%. The studied area presented differences and similarities in relation to the other Brazilian areas were the main intermediate host is B. glabrata.

Immunoelectrophoretic study on common antigens of São Lourenço da Mata and Belo Horizonte strains of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and Biomphalaria snails

Immunoelectrophoretic studies on common antigens were carried out by using rabbits sera immunized against São Lourenço da Mata and Belo Horizonte strains of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and antigens of Biomphalaria glabrata pigmented (Jaboatão - PE); B. glabrata albino (Belo Horizonte - MG) and B. straminea (São Lourenço da Mata, PE). Furthermore, the reverse approach was proceeded, namely, sera anti Biomphalaria snails produced in rabbits were tested against both strains of Schistosoma adult worm antigens. The analysis of the common antigens between the SLM strains of S. mansoni adult worm and B. glabrata pigmented showed 8 to 9 precipitin bands, 3 bands with B. glabrata albino and only 1 band with B. straminea crude extracts. On the other hand, the BH strain of S. mansoni adult worm antisera produced 6 to 7 bands with B. glabrata pigmented, 5 bands with B. glabrata albino and 1 band with B. straminea antigenic extract. Biomphalaria snails crude extracts were fractionated by Sephadex G-100 column and three fractions were collected from each snail strain. The fractions were tested with anti SLM and BH strains of S. mansoni adult worm sera by immunoelectrophoresis. The common antigens fractionated from Biomphalaria snails crude extracts and those found for both strains of S. mansoni adult worm mostly existed in the first fraction and they were estimated to have molecular weight over 158,000 daltons. In our laboratory, it was found a relationship between the antigenic similarities and experimental infection rates of S. mansoni towards Biomphalaria snails so that more bands were seen with increasing infection rates of S. mansoni.

Natural and experimental infection of planorbids from the Island of Santa Catarina (Brazil)

Studies on eight localities on the Island of Santa Catarina revealed the presence of three species of the molluscan family Planorbidae: Biomphalaria tenagophila, Drepanotrema cimex and Biomphalaria oligoza, the first one being naturally infected by Cercaria ocellifera, a furcocercaria with morphological characteristics of Cercaria caratinguensis, and by an unknown furcocercaria. Drepanotrema cimex was infected by a furcocercaria with characteristics of C. caratinguensis and by C. macrogranulosa. No natural infection was found in B. oligoza. B. tenagophila showed no susceptibility to the experimental infection by the BH-MG strain of Schistosoma mansoni from Belo Horizonte and maintained at laboratory in B. glabrata snails.

Suscetibilidade de planorbídeos da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG (Brasil) ao Angiostrongylus costaricensis (Nematoda, Angiostrongylidae

Lotes de Biomphalaria glabrata (controle), B. tenagophila e B. straminea (com respectivamente 139, 77 e 149 exemplares) criados em laboratório a partir de espécimes coletados na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, MG (Brasil), foram infectados experimentalmente com larvas L1 de Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Decorridos aproximadamente 25 dias, os moluscos foram digeridos individual e artificialmente para exame. De 87 B. glabrata examinadas, 62 (71,3%) estavam positivas e apresentaram de uma a 61 larvas L3; de 42 B. tenagophila, 21 (50,0%) possuíam de uma a cinco L3; e de 89 B. straminea, 69 (77,5%), de uma a 72 L3. As três espécies de planorbídeos mostraram-se suscetíveis à infecção pelo A. costaricensis, sendo a B. glabrata e a B. straminea as mais eficientes para manutenção do ciclo do nematódeo em laboratório.

The prolonged use of niclosamide as a molluscicide for the control of Schistosoma mansoni

Applications of niclosamide at three-monthly intervals were undertaken for 14 years in foci of Biomphalaria glabrata in the water sources of Peri-Peri (Capim Branco, MG). All the residents of the area were submitted to an annual fecal examination (Kato/Katz) and those individuals eliminating Schistosoma mansoni eggs were treated with oxamniquine. A malacological survey was undertaken at three-monthly intervals by means of ten scoops with a perforated ladle each ten metres along the two banks of the ditches and streams of the region. Where snails were found, molluscicide was applied by means of dripping or aspersion using a 3 ppm aqueous suspension of niclosamide. Initially, a mean of 14.3% of snails in the region were found to be eliminating cercariae. Following the first four applications of molluscicide, this was reduced to 0.0% and maintained at about 1.5% throughout the program. Thus, there was a continued possibility of schistosomiasis transmission in the area and it was observed that the population of snails reestablished itself within three months of molluscicide application. The results obtained in this study do not encourage the continual use of niclosamide as the only method of control of schistosomiasis.

O uso da casca da castanha do caju, Anacardium occidentale, como moluscicida alternativo

Bioensaios usando extratos hexânicos de cascas da castanha do caju, Anacardium occidentale, coletadas no Ceará em 1972 (amostra 1) e em 1987 (amostra 2) foram feitos sobre moluscos adultos e desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila e B. straminea, no laboratório e no campo. As cascas, 18,5 g, sem triturar amostra 1, também foram testadas sobre moluscos adultos e desovas das três espécies. A toxidez do extrato foi testada ainda sobre peixes (Poecilia reticulata) e girinos. As concentrações letais CL90, amostra 1, foram de 2,0 a 2,2 ppm para os moluscos das três espécies. Para B. glabrata adultos, recém-eclodidos e desovas as CL90, amostra 2, foram de 2,0, 0,5 e 30,0 ppm respectivamente. As cascas causaram mortalidade de 40 a 80% dos moluscos e de 22 a 35% dos embriões, ocasionando redução de 40 a 55% na oviposição das três espécies. O extrato hexânico, amostra 2, foi inócuo para girinos e peixes até 2 ppm. No campo, em poços com água parada, tratados com 20 ppm do extrato, amostra 1, ocorreu 97,1% de mortalidade de B. straminea e 100% de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila. Com a niclosamida a 3 ppm ocorreu 100% de mortalidade das três espécies.

A municipal level approach to the management of schistosomiasis control in Peri-Peri, MG, Brazil

A schistosomiasis control program was implemented between 1974/87 in Peri-Peri,. MG (622 inhabitants). Molluscicide (niclosamide) was applied at three monthly intervals in water sources with Biomphalaria glabrata, and individuals eliminating Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the feces were treated annually with oxamniquine. From 1974 to 1983 the control measures were undertaken by staff of the "René Rachou" Research Center FIOCRUZ (CPqRR), and from 1984 to 1987 these measures were included in the Capim Branco basic health network activities. During both periods, the prevalence, incidence, intensity of infection and hepatosplenic form as well as the number of infected snails decreased significantly. The prevalence decreased from 43.5 to 4.4%, the incidence from 19.0 to 2.9%, the overall intensity of S. mansoni from 281 to 87 and of the hepatosplenic form from 5.9 to 0.0%. The results obtained suggest that the municipal management of control measures was as effective as the vertical program conducted by CPqRR staff.

Ensaios preliminares do Guaiacum officinale L. como moluscicida

Suspensões aquosas do pericarpo do fruto, da casca da raiz, das folhas e das sementes de Guaiacum officinale foram testadas como moluscicida, cercaricida e piscicida em diferentes concentrações. Em laboratório, a suspensão do pericarpo do fruto apresentou 100% de mortalidade a 100 ppm para desovas de B. glabrata, a 20 ppm para caramujos adultos de Biomphalaria glabrata, B. straminea e B. tenagophila, a 5 ppm para Lebistes reticulatus (peixes) e a 1 ppm para cercárias de Schistosoma mansoni. O extrato etanólico do pericarpo do fruto não foi ativo para caramujo adulto de B. glabrata. As doses letais para 90% dos caramujos adultos (DL90), após 24 horas de exposição, usando a suspensão do pericarpo do fruto foram de: 15 ppm para B. glabrata; 14 ppm para B. straminea e 18 ppm para B. tenagophila. As DL90 das suspensões das casca da raiz, sementes e folhas contra B. glabrata foram de 57, 33 e 15 ppm, respectivamente. No campo, coma suspensão do pericarpo do fruto a mortalidade de caramujos adultos de B. glabrata foi de 68% a 20 ppm e 100% a 40 ppm

Levantamento malacológico da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Soledade, Ouro Branco, (Minas Gerais, Brasil)

Em estudo malacológico realizado na Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Soledade, Ouro Branco, MG, no período de setembro de 1986 a março de 1991, foram coletados 46.579 moluscos, representados por 07 espécies de 05 famílias. Foram coletados 39.176 exemplares de Biomphalaria tenagophila, 1.296 de B. glabrata, sete exemplares de Drepanotrema cimex, 2.527 de Physa sp, 417 de Lymnaea sp, 92 de Pomacea haustrum e, a partir de março/1990, 3.064 exemplares de Melanoides tuberculata (Melanniidae = Thiaridae). Dos moluscos que apresentaram positividade para diversas larvas de trematódeos, quatro exemplares de B. tenagophila estavam positivos para S. mansoni.

Identificação Molecular de Candidoses invasivas no Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, E.P.E Métodos Convencionais vs. Métodos Moleculares

As leveduras são fungos oportunistas responsáveis pela maior parte das infecções fúngicas nos seres humanos. Este tipo de infecções é mais comum em indivíduos com o sistema imunitário comprometido e têm vindo a aumentar ao longo dos anos. A espécie Candida albicans é a mais frequentemente identificada, como sendo responsável por este tipo de infecções, no entanto, o número de infecções provocadas por outras espécies do género Candida ocorre cada vez com mais frequência. As infecções hospitalares fúngicas constituem uma causa crescente de morbilidade e mortalidade em hospitais, afectando tanto doentes internados, como profissionais de saúde. Do ponto de vista etiológico, a grande maioria das infecções fúngicas hospitalares é causada por espécies do género Candida, principalmente Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis e C.glabrata. A sua identificação taxonómica, geralmente exige o seu isolamento inicial em meios de cultura, a realização de provas bioquímicas de assimilação in vitro, com a utilização de “kits” comerciais, ou a sua repicagem para meios cromogénios. O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi a identificação rápida e eficaz de candidoses invasivas através de uma metodologia molecular de diagnóstico que fosse simples e fácil de implementar em laboratórios de diagnóstico microbiológico. Para tal, foram seleccionados 100 isolados clínicos de leveduras obtidas a partir de amostras clínicas enviadas para o Laboratório de Patologia Clínica do Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira E.P.E. para o diagnóstico laboratorial de infecção fúngica durante um período de 8 meses, desde Novembro de 2008 até Junho de 2009. O trabalho baseou-se na identificação molecular por PCR-RFLP de espécies do género Candida, e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pelos métodos de diagnóstico tradicionais (CHROMagar® Candida e VITEK® - bioMérieux) utilizados no laboratório hospitalar. Foi ainda efectuado o estudo da sensibilidade in vitro de espécies do género Candida aos antifúngicos fluconazol, voriconazol, através dos métodos, de difusão em disco e E-Test®, segundo os procedimentos padronizados e publicados pelo CLSI, tendo-se verificado elevada sensibilidade dos isolados para ambos os fármacos. Com este trabalho concluiu-se que a eficiente e rápida identificação dos fungos clinicamente relevantes por parte dos laboratórios de patologia clínica deve ser uma tarefa fundamental para o controle das infecções. A identificação ao nível da espécie é importante para determinar a etiologia da infecção, para detectar novos agentes da doença, para prever resistências intrínsecas a agentes antifúngicos e para detectar causas de infecções nosocomiais. Face ao exposto, os estudos epidemiológicos são de extrema importância, assim como o diagnóstico das infecções fúngicas. O diagnóstico das infecções fúngicas continua a ser efectuado por métodos tradicionais, que avaliam características fisiológicas e bioquímicas dos elementos fúngicos, mas que apesar de serem eficazes são, na sua maioria, demoradas impedindo um início rápido e atempado da terapêutica. Como tal, os métodos moleculares podem constituir uma alternativa mais viável ao diagnóstico micológico, nomeadamente de leveduras do género Candida, como se pode comprovar pelos resultados obtidos neste trabalho.

Schistosoma mansoni: the sex ratios of worms in animals infected with cercariae from three species of Biomphalaria

The ratios of male to female worms of Schistosoma mansoni were determined in mice infected with cercariae from LE, SJ and AL strains shed by mollusc hosts of the parasite in Brazil. The sex ratios of worms in the animals were similar with cercariae from Biomphialaria glabrata and B. tenagophila varying from 1.1:1 to 1.6:1 with LE and AL strains and 1:1.1 with SJ. In the animals infected with cercariae from B. straminea the ratio of male to female worms was similar to those obtained using cercariae shed from the other two species of molluscs, 1.5:1 with LE strain. Inoculations by AL and SJ cercariae resulted in sex ratios of 3.1:1 and 6:1 respectively. The normal sex ratios of worms established in Brazil in animals inoculated with cercariae from B. glabrata and B. tenagophila is from 1:1 to 2:1. The higher number of male worms that developed from cercariae of the AL and SJ strains obtained from B. straminea indicate a lower compatibility of the snail concerning these strains of S. mansoni.

Susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria straminea to Schistosoma mansoni infection detected by low stringency polymerase chain reaction

In order to determine Schistosoma mansoni infection rates in Biomphalaria tenagophila and B. straminea, low stringency polymerase chain reaction (LS-PCR) technique was used as a complementary method to light exposure technique. LS-PCR has already been standardized in our laboratory to detect the trematode DNA in B. glabrata. Higher S. mansoni infection rates were detected using conventional method and LS-PCR. The parasite DNA profile was detected in both species after 7-day exposure to miracidia, using LS-PCR. This technique enables early detection of schistosomiasis transmission focuses, in endemic areas, before the beginning of cercariae shedding.

Candidemia in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns

Recent studies have shown differences in the epidemiology of invasive infections caused by Candida species worldwide. In the period comprising August 2002 to August 2003, we performed a study in Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar, Brazil, to determine Candida species distribution associated with candidemia and their antifungal susceptibility profiles to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole. Antifungal susceptibility was tested according to the broth microdilution method described in the NCCLS (M27A-2 method). Only one sample from each patient was analyzed (the first isolate). Most of the episodes had been caused by species other than C. albicans (51.6%), including C. parapsilosis (25.8%), C. tropicalis (13.3%), C. glabrata (3.3%), C. krusei (1.7%), and others (7.5%). Dose-dependent susceptibility to itraconazole was observed in 14.2% of strains, and dose-dependent susceptibility to fluconazole was found in 1.6%. Antifungal resistance was not found, probably related to low use of fluconazole. Further epidemiological surveillance is needed.

Candidemia in a Brazilian hospital: the importance of Candida parapsilosis

The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of cases of candidemia in a Brazilian hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. A total of 50 blood cultures were analyzed from 40 candidemic patients. The mycological diagnosis was based on the phenotypical analysis and the patients' data were recorded in appropriate files. The most frequent species were Candida parapsilosis (n = 18), followed by C. albicans (n = 14), C. tropicalis (n = 8), C. guillermondii (n = 6), C. glabrata (n = 2), and Candida spp. (n = 2). A detailed descriptive study was undertaken with 21 patients whose medical records were complete. The candidemia episodes occurred in eight male patients and 13 female patients. The most representative risk factors implicated in candidemia were prior antibiotic therapy, central venous catheters, parenteral nutrition, gastric probes and mechanical ventilation. Death occurred in 13 of the 21-candidemic patients. This study demonstrated the emergence of candidemia caused by C. parapsilosis in a Brazilian hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará.