Virgin olive oil phenolics extract inhibit invasion of HT115 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

The decreased cancer risk associated with consumption of olive oil may be due to the presence of phenolics which can modulate pathways including apoptosis and invasion that are relevant to carcinogenesis. We have previously shown that a virgin olive oil phenolics extract (OVP) inhibited invasion of HT115 colon cancer cells in vitro. In the current study we assessed the in vitro effects of OVP (25 μg mL(-1)) on HT115 cell migration, spreading and integrin expression. Furthermore, the anti-metastatic activity of OVP - at a dose equivalent to 25 mg per kg per day for 2, 8 or 10 weeks - was assessed in a Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency (SCID) Balb-c mouse model. After 24 h OVP did not inhibit cell migration but significantly reduced cell spreading on fibronectin (65% of control; p < 0.05) and expression of a range of α and β integrins was modulated. In vivo, OVP by gavage significantly (p < 0.05) decreased not only tumour volume but also the number of metastases in SCID Balb-c mice. Collectively, the data suggest that - possibly through modulation of integrin expression - OVP decreases invasion in vitro and also inhibits metastasis in vivo.

Comparison of in vivo and in vitro digestion on polyphenol composition in lingonberries: potential impact on colonic health

The composition of polyphenols in ileal fluid samples obtained from an ileostomy subject after lingonberry intake was compared with lingonberry extracts obtained after simulated in vitro digestion (IVDL) and subsequent faecal fermentation (IVFL). HPLC-PDA-MS/MS analysis confirmed similar patterns of lingonberry (poly)phenolic metabolism after the in vivo and in vitro digestion, with reduced recovery of anthocyanins and a similar pattern of recovery for proanthocyanidins observed for both methods of digestion. On the other hand, the IVFL sample contained none of the original (poly)phenolic components but was enriched in simple aromatic components. Digested and fermented extracts exhibited significant (P < 0.05) anti-genotoxic (Comet assay), anti-mutagenic (Mutation Frequency assay), and anti-invasive (Matrigel Invasion assay) effects in human cell culture models of colorectal cancer at physiologically-relevant doses (0-50 μg/mL gallic acid equivalents). The ileal fluid induced significant anti-genotoxic activity (P < 0.05), but at a higher concentration (200 μg/mL gallic acid equivalents) than the IVDL. Despite extensive structural modification following digestion and fermentation, lingonberry extracts retained their bioactivity in vitro. This reinforces the need for studies to consider the impact of digestion when investigating bioactivity of dietary phytochemicals.

Efficacy of condensed tannins against larval Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) in vitro and in the intermediate host Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) in vivo

Natural anti-parasitic compounds in plants such as condensed tannins (CT) have anthelmintic properties against a range of gastrointestinal nematodes, but for other helminths such effects are unexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CT from three different plant extracts in a model system employing the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, in its intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor. An in vitro study examined infectivity of H. diminuta cysticercoids (excystation success) isolated from infected beetles exposed to different concentrations of CT extracts from pine bark (PB) (Pinus sps), hazelnut pericarp (HN) (Corylus avellana) or white clover flowers (WC) (Trifolium repens), in comparison with the anthelmintic drug praziquantel (positive control). In the in vitro study, praziquantel and CT from all three plant extracts had dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cysticercoid excystation. The HN extract was most effective at inhibiting excystation, followed by PB and WC. An in vivo study was carried out on infected beetles (measured as cysticercoid establishment) fed different doses of PB, HN and praziquantel. There was a highly significant inhibitory effect of HN on cysticercoid development (p = 0.0002). Overall, CT showed a promising anti-cestodal effect against the metacestode stage of H. diminuta.

Inhibitory activity of limonene against Leishmania parasites in vitro and in vivo

Limonene is a monoterpene that has antitumoral, antibiotic and antiprotozoal activity. In this study we demonstrate the activity of limonene against Leishmania species in vitro and in vivo. Limonene killed Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 252.0 +/- 49.0 and 147.0 +/- 46.0 mu M, respectively. Limonene was also effective against Leishmania major, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. The treatment of L. amazonensis-infected macrophages with 300 mu M limonene resulted in 78% reduction in infection rates. L. amazonensis-infected mice treated topically or intrarectally with limonene had significant reduction of lesion sizes. A significant decrease in the parasite load was shown in the lesions treated topically with limonene by histopathological examination. The intrarectal treatment was highly effective in decreasing the parasite burden, healing established lesions and suppressing the dissemination of ulcers. Limonene presents low toxicity in humans and has been shown to be effective as an agent for enhancing the percutaneous permeation of drugs. Our results suggest that limonene should be tested in different experimental models of infection by Leishmania. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activities of Risedronate and Its Interference with Protein Prenylation in Plasmodium falciparum

The increasing resistance of malarial parasites to almost all available drugs calls for the identification of new compounds and the detection of novel targets. Here, we establish the antimalarial activities of risedronate, one of the most potent bisphosphonates clinically used to treat bone resorption diseases, against blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] of 20.3 +/- 1.0 mu M). We also suggest a mechanism of action for risedronate against the intraerythrocytic stage of P. falciparum and show that protein prenylation seems to be modulated directly by this drug. Risedronate inhibits the transfer of the farnesyl pyrophosphate group to parasite proteins, an effect not observed for the transfer of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Our in vivo experiments further demonstrate that risedronate leads to an 88.9% inhibition of the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei in mice on the seventh day of treatment; however, risedronate treatment did not result in a general increase of survival rates.

Violacein Extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum Inhibits Plasmodium Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

Violacein is a violet pigment extracted from the gram-negative bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum. It presents bactericidal, tumoricidal, trypanocidal, and antileishmanial activities. We show that micromolar concentrations efficiently killed chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains in vitro; inhibited parasitemia in vivo, even after parasite establishment; and protected Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi-infected mice from a lethal challenge.

In Vitro Activity of the Antifungal Plant Defensin RsAFP2 against Candida Isolates and Its In Vivo Efficacy in Prophylactic Murine Models of Candidiasis

We show that RsAFP2, a plant defensin that interacts with fungal glucosylceramides, is active against Candida albicans, inhibits to a lesser extent other Candida species, and is nontoxic to mammalian cells. Moreover, glucosylceramide levels in Candida species correlate with RsAFP2 sensitivity. We found RsAFP2 prophylactically effective against murine candidiasis.

Correlation of the in vitro antifungal drug susceptibility with the in vivo activity of fluconazole in a murine model of cerebral infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii

Forty Cryptococcus gattii strains were submitted to antifungal susceptibility testing with fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were 0.5-64.0 for fluconazole, < 0.015-0.25 for itraconazole, 0.015-0.5 for amphotericin B and 0.062-2.0 for terbinafine. A bioassay for the quantitation of fluconazole in murine brain tissue was developed. Swiss mice received daily injections of the antifungal, and their brains were withdrawn at different times over the 14-day study period. The drug concentrations varied from 12.98 to 44.60 mu g/mL. This assay was used to evaluate the therapy with fluconazole in a model of infection caused by C. gattii. Swiss mice were infected intracranially and treated with fluconazole for 7, 10 or 14 days. The treatment reduced the fungal burden, but an increase in fungal growth was observed on day 14. The MIC for fluconazole against sequential isolates was 16 mu g/mL, except for the isolates obtained from animals treated for 14 days (MIC = 64 mu g/mL). The quantitation of cytokines revealed a predominance of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in the non-treated group and elevation of IL-4 and IL-10 in the treated group. Our data revealed the possibility of acquired resistance during the antifungal drug therapy.

A new nitrosyl ruthenium complex: Synthesis, chemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities and probable mechanism of action

This study describes the synthesis of a new ruthenium nitrosyl complex with the formula [RuCl(2)NO(BPA)] [BPA = (2-hydroxybenzyl)(2-methylpyridyl)amine ion], which was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray crystallography, and theoretical calculation data. The biological studies of this complex included in vitro cytotoxic assays, which revealed its activity against two different tumor cell lines (HeLa and Tm5), with efficacy comparable to that of cisplatin, a metal-based drug that is administered in clinical treatment. The in vivo studies showed that [RuCl2NO(BPA)] is effective in reducing tumor mass. Also, our results suggest that the mechanism of action of [RuCl(2)NO(BPA)] includes binding to DNA, causing fragmentation of this biological molecule, which leads to apoptosis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Novel ruthenium complexes as potential drugs for Chagas`s disease: enzyme inhibition and in vitro/in vivo trypanocidal activity

Background and purpose: The discovery of the pharmacological functions of nitric oxide has led to the development of NO donor compounds as therapeutic agents. A new generation of ruthenium NO donors, cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)L]X(n) , has been developed, and our aim was to show that these complexes are able to lyse Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Experimental approach: NO donors were incubated with T. cruzi and their anti-T. cruzi activities evaluated as the percentage of lysed parasites compared to the negative control. In vivo, trypanocidal activity was evaluated by observing the levels of parasitaemia, survival rate and elimination of amastigotes in mouse myocardial tissue. The inhibition of GAPDH was monitored by the biochemical reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Key results: The NO donors cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)L]X(n) presented inhibitory effects on T. cruzi GAPDH (IC(50) ranging from 89 to 153 mu M). The crystal structure of the enzyme shows that the inhibitory mechanism is compatible with S-nitrosylation of the active cysteine (cys166) site. Compounds cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)imN](PF(6))(3) and cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)SO(3)]PF(6), at a dose of 385 nmol center dot kg-1, yielded survival rates of 80 and 60%, respectively, in infected mice, and eradicated any amastigotes from their myocardial tissue. Conclusions and implications: The ruthenium compounds exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities at doses up to 1000-fold lower than the clinical dose for benznidazole. Furthermore, one mechanism of action of these compounds is via the S-nitrosylation of Cys166 of T. cruzi GAPDH. Thus, these compounds show huge potential as candidates for the development of new drugs for the treatment of Chagas`s disease. This article is commented on by Machado et al., pp. 258-259 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00662.x and to view a related paper in this issue by Guedes et al. visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00576.x.

Interactions of Diorganolead(IV) with 3-(2-Thienyl)-2-sulfanylpropenoic Acid and/or Thiamine: Chemical and in Vitro and in Vivo Toxicological Results

The reactions of PbR(2)(OAc)(2) (R=Me, Ph) with 3-(2-thienyl)-2-sulfanylpropenoic acid (H(2)tSpa) in methanol or ethanol afforded complexes [PbR(2)(tspa)] that electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and IR data suggest are polymeric. X-ray studies showed that [PbPh(2)(tspa)(dmso)] center dot dmso, crystallized from a solution of [PbPh(2)(tspa)] in dmso, is dimeric, and that [HQ](2)[PbPh(2)(tspa)(2)] (Q=diisopropylamine), obtained after removal of [PbPh(2)(tspa)] from a reaction including Q, contains the monomeric anion [PbPh(2)(tSpa)(2)](2-). In the solid state the lead atoms are O,S-chelated by the tspa ligands in all these products, and in the latter two have distorted octahedral coordination environments. NMR data suggest that tspa(2-) remains coordinated to PbR(2)(2+) in solution in dmso. Neither thiamine nor thiamine diphosphate reacted with PbMe(2)(NO(3))(2) in D(2)O. Prior addition of H(2)tSpa protected LLC center dot PK1 renal proximal tubule cells against PbMe(2)(NO(3))(2); thiamine had no statistically significant effect by itself, but greatly potentiated the action of H(2)tSpa. Administration of either H(2)tspa or thiamine to male albino Sprague-Dawley rats dosed 30 min previously with PbMe(2)(NO(3))(2) was associated with reduced inhibition of delta-ALAD by the organolead compound, and with lower lead levels in kidney and brain, but joint administration of both H(2)tspa and thiamine only lowered lead concentration in the kidney.

Reprodutibilidade e validade In Vivo e In Vitro da inspeção visual associada ao exame radiográfico interproximal para a detecção de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares decíduos

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os diagnósticos de lesões de cárie oclusal de molares decíduos obtidos in vivo e in vitro, a partir da inspeção visual associada à radiografia interproximal e avaliar in vivo e in vitro a efetividade destes exames para a detecção de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares decíduos. A amostra foi constituída de 52 molares decíduos superiores e inferiores. Os pacientes foram radiografados com posicionadores que possuíam os registros das mordidas em acrílico dos dentes posteriores aos dentes que seriam examinados. Moldagens dos hemiarcos foram obtidas com silicona de adição. O exame visual associado ao radiográfico da superfície oclusal dos molares decíduos foi realizado. Os dentes foram extraídos e posicionados nas moldagens para obtenção de modelos de gesso simulando as condições in vivo. Os posicionadores com as mordidas em acrílico foram novamente utilizados para as radiografias in vitro. O exame clínico associado ao radiográfico foi repetido in vitro pelo mesmo examinador, depois de em média 120 dias. Os dentes foram avaliados no estereomicroscópio para a obtenção dos diagnósticos definitivos. Através do teste de Wilcoxon, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os exames in vivo e in vitro (p = 0,356). Nas análises de todas as lesões, a sensibilidade foi de 0,95 in vivo e in vitro e a especificidade foi de 0,75 in vivo e 1 in vitro. Quando apenas as lesões em dentina foram validadas, a sensibilidade foi de 0,80 in vivo e in vitro e a especificidade foi de 0,77 in vivo e 0,83 in vitro. Assim, os resultados confirmam que os estudos de diagnóstico de cárie em condições laboratoriais são viáveis e possuem aplicabilidade clínica. Os exames associados foram considerados efetivos na detecção de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares decíduos in vivo e in vitro.

Efeitos in vitro e in vivo da prolina sobre a atividade da creatinaquinase em encéfalo de ratos jovens

Hiperprolinemia tipo II é um erro inato do metabolismo dos aminoácidos causado pela deficiência de ∆1 pirrolino-5-carboxilato desidrogenase, levando ao acúmulo de prolina no plasma e nos tecidos. Embora sintomas neurológicos ocorram em diversos pacientes, a neurotoxicidade da prolina ainda é controversa. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito das administrações aguda e crônica de prolina na atividade da creatinaquinase em córtex, cerebelo e encéfalo médio de ratos Wistar. No tratamento agudo, uma única injeção subcutânea de prolina foi administrada em ratos de 22 dias de vida. No tratamento crônico, a prolina foi administrada quatro vezes ao dia, do 6o ao 21o dia de vida. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade da creatinaquinase foi inibida significativamente nas três estruturas dos ratos submetidos à administração aguda de prolina. Por outro lado, a atividade da enzima aumentou nos animais submetidos à administração crônica. Também foi investigado o efeito in vitro da prolina sobre a atividade da creatinaquinase nas mesmas estruturas encefálicas em ratos de 22 dias não tratados. A prolina inibiu significativamente a atividade da creatinaquinase. Considerando a importância da creatinaquinase na manutenção da homeostase energética encefálica, é possível que a alteração da atividade dessa enzima no encéfalo possa ser um dos mecanismos pelo qual a prolina deva ser neurotóxica.

Efeito in vivo e in vitro da prolina sobre a atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase de cérebro de ratos

A hiperprolinemia tipo II é um erro inato do metabolismo de aminoácido causado pela deficiência na atividade da Ä1 pirrolino-5-carboxilato desidrogenase. O bloqueio dessa reação resulta no acúmulo tecidual de prolina. A doença caracteriza-se fundamentalmente por epilepsia, convulsões e um grau variável de retardo mental, cuja etiopatogenia ainda é desconhecida. No tecido nervoso, a Na+, K+ - ATPase controla o ambiente iônico relacionado com a atividade neuronal, regulando o volume celular, o fluxo de íons e o transporte de moléculas ligadas ao transporte de Na+, tais como, aminoácidos, neurotransmissores e glicose. Evidências na literatura mostram que recém nascidos humanos com baixos níveis de Na+, K+ -ATPase cerebral apresentam epilepsia e degeneração espongiforme. Alterações na atividade desta enzima têm sido associadas a várias doenças que afetam o sistema nervoso central, como isquemia cerebral e doença de Parkinson. Considerando que a inibição da Na+, K+ - ATPase por ouabaína tem sido associada com liberação de neurotransmissores, incluindo glutamato, em uma variedade de preparações neuronais, e que alguns autores sugerem que o efeito da prolina sobre a sinapse glutamatérgica possa ser, pelo menos em parte, responsável pelos sintomas neurológicos encontrados nos pacientes com hiperprolinemia, no presente trabalho verificamos efeitos dos modelos experimentais agudo e crônico de hiperprolinemia tipo II sobre a atividade da Na+, K+ - ATPase de membrana plasmática sináptica de córtex cerebral e hipocampo de ratos. No modelo crônico, a prolina foi administrada a ratos Wistar duas vezes ao dia do 6o ao 28o dia de vida, enquanto que no modelo agudo os animais, com 15 dias de vida, receberam uma única injeção de prolina e foram sacrificados 1hora após a administração da droga. Os animais tratados crônicamente com prolina não apresentaram alterações significativas no peso corporal, do encéfalo, do hipocampo e do córtex cerebral, bem como nas quantidades de proteínas do homogenizado cerebral e da membrana plasmática sináptica de córtex cerebral e hipocampo. Nossos resultados mostraram uma diminuição significativa na atividade da Na+, K+ - ATPase de membrana plasmática sináptica de cérebro de animais tratados aguda e crônicamente com prolina. Foram também testados os efeitos in vitro da prolina e do glutamato sobre a atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase. Os resultados mostraram que os dois aminoácidos, nas concentrações de 1,0 e 2,0 mM, inibiram significativamente a atividade da enzima. O estudo da interação cinética entre prolina e glutamato, sugere a existência de um sítio único de ligação na Na+, K+ - ATPase para os dois aminoácidos. É possível que a inibição na atividade da Na+, K+- ATPase possa estar envolvida nos mecanismos pelos quais a prolina é neurotóxica. Acreditamos que nossos resultados possam contribuir, pelo menos em parte, na compreensão da disfunção neurológica encontrada em pacientes com hiperprolinemia tipo II.