999 resultados para agua caliente sanitaria
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The deviations observed in the solubility of ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NAP) in propylene glycol (PG) + water (W) cosolvent mixtures with respect to the logarithmic-linear model proposed by Yalkowsky have been analyzed at 25.00 ± 0.05 ºC. Negative deviations were obtained in all cosolvent compositions for both drugs; they were greater for IBP. Another treatment, based on Gibbs free energy relationships, was also employed showing an apparent hydrophobicity chameleonic effect, because at low PG proportions NAP is more hydrophobic, whereas at high PG proportions IBP is more hydrophobic. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.
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The dissolution enthalpy (ΔH0soln) of sodium sulfacetamide in water was determined by means of isoperibolic solution calorimetry. It was found that ΔH0soln diminishes as the drug concentration increases. Otherwise, the calorimetric values obtained as a function of the drug concentration were significantly different than those predicted by the van't Hoff method. It was demonstrated that the later is not a fully reliable method for the determination of ΔH0soln values in the specific case of highly soluble sodium salts. The observed phenomenon could be explained by the presence of strong solute-solute interactions at high salt concentrations, in addition to solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.
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Peer Reviewed
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in epoxy resin and polycarbonate manufacture. This molecule is considered as an endocrine disruptor that causes different diseases. The human exposition to this non biodegrable substance is increasing in the time; in particular, water is contaminated by industrial remainder flow. In this article heterogeneous photo degradation of a solution of BPA in water solution using a catalytic photo reactor with UV light and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was evaluated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the photo degradation of BPA solutions. The influence of titanium dioxide amount, BPA concentration, reaction temperature and the catalyst state like suspension and immobilized were also determinated. The highest elimination of BPA was 83.2%, in 240 min, beginning with 0.05 mM of BPA and 100 mg/L of TiO2 in suspension.
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Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) developed by Martin et al. was applied to evaluate the solubility of ketoprofen (KTP) in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at 298.15 K. Calculated values of molar volume and solubility parameter for KTP were used. A good predictive capacity of EHSA was found by using a regular polynomial model in order five to correlate the W interaction parameter and the solubility parameters of cosolvent mixtures (δmix). Nevertheless, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubilities with respect to the experimental solubilities were on the same order like those obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the logarithmic experimental solubilities as a function of δmix values.
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Stochastic exploration of the potential energy surface of (ethanol)4-water heteropentamers through simulated annealing calculations was used to find probable structures of these clusters. Subsequent geometry optimization with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approach of these initial structures led to 13 stable heteropentamers. The strength of the hydrogen bonds of the type O"H-O (primary) and their spatial arrangements seem to be responsible for the geometric preferences and the high stability of these heteropentamers. This result is a consequence of the presence of the cooperative effects among such interactions. There is no significant influence of the secondary hydrogen bonds (C"H-O) on the stability of the heteropentamers.
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A flow injection on-line pre-concentration system coupled to thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) for cadmium determination at sub μg L-1 levels in seawater samples was developed. The on-line system was evaluated by analysing cadmium containing in a synthetic seawater matrix (2.5% m/v NaCl, 0.5% m/v MgCl2 and 0.8% m/v CaCl2). A sample volume of 2 mL allows determining Cd with a detection limits of 30 ng L-1 (3* σblank/slope), pre-concentration factor of 34 and repeatability of 1,8% (calculated as RSD, N=8 and containing 200 ng L-1 of Cd ).
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The use of fatty acids (FAs) as amphiphiles is very important because they have a behaving similar to surfactants. The formulation for the preferential partition of these species was studied by varying the amount of salt at constant acid concentration. As the salt concentration increases, a Winsor I→III→II transition is observed for all the systems studied. Furthermore, the electrolyte concentration required to obtain the optimum formulation varies inversely with the chain length of the acid. The partition coefficient of the surfactant allows one to obtain thermodynamic information on the acid transfer process between the phases of the system.
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This paper reports the synthesis of nanostructured hydrogels of acrylamide by a two-step polymerisation process. The first step is performed by inverse microemulsion polymerization (water-in-oil) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), with these particles then added to aqueous solutions of acrylamide (AM), adding a crosslinking agent. The polymerization reaction is then initiated, thereby producing nanostructured hydrogels. We determined the capacity to absorb water, water and / or ethanol when nanostructured hydrogels were immersed in aqueous solutions with different concentrations of ethanol. It was found that the hydrogels were selective in absorbing water in all cases increasing with the ethanol concentration of the solutions.
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The phase behavior of an alcohol polyethoxylated surfactant with decane and dodecane oil phase varying the water proportion from 5 to 90% to determine compositions in which the formation of liquid crystals and microemulsions ocurred was investigated. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were built to represent the regions of liquid crystals, biphases and microemulsions. Polarized light optical microscopy was used for the analysis and characterization of the separate phases. The micrographs obtained showed characteristics of hexagonal and lamellar phases of liquid crystal, isotropic phases, microemulsions and vesicles. This study is important to propose hypothesis regarding the factors determining the formation and stability of phases composed by surfactant/oil/water systems.
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Phase transition and viscosity behavior of emulsified systems were studied after modifying their physicochemical formulation. Effects of concentration and nature of salts and n-alcohols, and water/oil relation on the rheological properties of emulsions were also studied. Pre-equilibrated systems were emulsified according to an agitation procedure, and the viscosity (cP) was measured at different shear rates ranging from 1 to 300 s-1. The phase behavior, as well as the emulsion type based on electrolytic conductivity, was observed. Several interpretations of the flow and viscosity curves of emulsions were made through the estimation of rheological parameters such as consistency index "k" and behavior index "n".
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A pesar de ser una plaga en el cultivo del arroz blanco, el arroz rojo (Oryza sativa L.) es muy apreciado por su valor nutritivo, sabor, textura y propiedades benéficas. Sus propiedades de adsorción de agua aún no han sido elucidadas, por ese motivo, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar las propiedades de adsorción de agua de dos genotipos de arroz rojo PB01 y PB05. Fueron utilizados granos de arroz en cáscara con tenor de agua inicial de 2 daga kgms-1 sometidos a proceso de adsorción en 0.113£Aw£0.973 y temperaturas de 30, 50 y 70 °C. Los modelos de Peleg, GAB y Clausius-Clapeyron fueron usados para predecir las variaciones de la humedad de equilibrio en función del tiempo, las isotermas y estabilidad y el calor isostérico de adsorción de agua, respectivamente. Estos modelos matemáticos se adecuaron bien a los datos experimentales, presentando Raj2>97% y SE<0.7 dag kg-1. La tasa inicial y la capacidad de adsorción de agua aumentaron exponencialmente en función de Aw. Las isotermas, la estabilidad y el calor isostérico del arroz rojo dependen de las características de cada genotipo. El genotipo PB01 es más estable entre 30 y 50 °C y el PB05 entre 50 y 70 °C.
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El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características asociadas con la eficiencia fotosintética y del uso del agua en especies de malezas. Los tratamientos fueron compuestos por las especies Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis y Brachiaria plantaginea, sembradas individualmente en las unidades experimentales. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar en una factorial 3 x 4 con tres repeticiones. Se evaluaron características asociadas con el uso del agua - tasa transpiratoria (E), conductancia estomática (Gs), presión de vapor en la cavidad subestomatal (Ean) y la eficiencia del uso del agua (EUA) - así como la fotosíntesis - concentración interna de CO2 en la hoja (Ci), CO2 consumido durante la evaluación (ΔC), temperatura media de las hojas en el momento de la evaluación (Tleaf) y la tasa fotosintética (A). B. plantaginea presentó menor E, menor EUA y más altos A y Ci, diferiendo de las otras especies. B. pilosa mostró valores más bajos de EUA, A y T en comparación con otras especies. Según los resultados, se puede concluir que la B. plantaginea fue más eficiente en las características relacionadas con la fotosíntesis, es decir, más eficiente en el aprovechamiento de la luz. B. pilosa fue más eficiente en las características relacionadas con el uso del agua.
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Datos de humedad de equilibrio de polvo de pulpa de lulo (PL) con y sin aditivos - 58% de maltodextrina (MD) o 58% de goma Arábiga (GA) - fueran determinados en las temperaturas de 20, 30, 40 y 50 °C utilizando el método estático gravimétrico para un rango de actividades de agua entre 0.06 y 0.90. Las isotermas presentaran formato sigmoidal del tipo III, y el modelo de Guggenhein-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) fue ajustado satisfactoriamente a los datos experimentales de humedad de equilibrio en función de la actividad de agua. La adición de encapsulantes afecto las isotermas de tal manera que en la misma actividad de agua, las muestras PL + GA y PL + MD presentaron un menor contenido de humedad de equilibrio y no fueron afectadas por la variación de temperatura. Los calores isostéricos de sorción de las pulpas en polvo con encapsulantes fueron mayores (menos negativos) con relación a las pulpas de lulo en polvo, sugiriendo la existencia de sitios polares más activos en el producto sin adición de GA o MD. Una relación exponencial empírica fue utilizada para describir la dependencia del calor de sorción con el contenido de humedad del material.
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Gestión del conocimiento