Degradação ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do rio Uberaba: uma abordagem metodológica

O presente estudo trata da avaliação da degradação ambiental da bacia do Rio Uberaba, situada no triângulo mineiro, com área de 241.904,30 ha, abrangendo os municípios de Uberaba, Veríssimo, Conceição das Alagoas e pequena porção de Planura. Neste estudo, foi produzido o mapa de degradação ambiental contendo quatro níveis: baixo, moderado, acentuado e severo. Os parâmetros utilizados nesta avaliação foram: vegetação, topografia, solo/geologia, potencial natural de erosão, mecanização, área agrícola, densidade populacional, pecuarização e área de conflito, aos quais foram atribuídos pesos. Para o nível de degradação “baixo”, foram definidos valores ≤ 13 pontos. Para o nível “moderado”, valores situados no intervalo de 14 a 16. Entre 17 e 19 pontos para o nível “acentuado”, e o nível “severo” com valores ≥ 20 pontos. Este estudo consolida as consequências do uso inadequado das terras, não respeitando a sua aptidão natural. As áreas com nível moderado de degradação representam 47%, áreas de nível acentuado (48%), e severo (4%) representam 52%, o que revela indício muito forte no avanço da destruição dos recursos naturais. As áreas classificadas com nível baixo representam apenas 1%, bastante inexpressiva, destacando o descaso na preservação dos recursos naturais.

A obra de triangulis omnimodis libri quinque de Johann Müller Regiomontanus (1436 1476): uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento da trigonometria

Trigonometry, branch of mathematics related to the study of triangles, developed from practical needs, especially relating to astronomy, Surveying and Navigation. Johann Müller, the Regiomontanus (1436-1476) mathematician and astronomer of the fifteenth century played an important role in the development of this science. His work titled De Triangulis Omnimodis Libri Quinque written around 1464, and published posthumously in 1533, presents the first systematic exposure of European plane and spherical trigonometry, a treatment independent of astronomy. In this study we present a description, translation and analysis of some aspects of this important work in the history of trigonometry. Therefore, the translation was performed using a version of the book Regiomontanus on Triangles of Barnabas Hughes, 1967. In it you will find the original work in Latin and an English translation. For this study, we use for most of our translation in Portuguese, the English version, but some doubt utterance, statement and figures were made by the original Latin. In this work, we can see that trigonometry is considered as a branch of mathematics which is subordinated to geometry, that is, toward the study of triangles. Regiomontanus provides a large number of theorems as the original trigonometric formula for the area of a triangle. Use algebra to solve geometric problems and mainly shows the first practical theorem for the law of cosines in spherical trigonometry. Thus, this study shows some of the development of the trigonometry in the fifteenth century, especially with regard to concepts such as sine and cosine (sine reverse), the work discussed above, is of paramount importance for the research in the history of mathematics more specifically in the area of historical analysis and critique of literary sources or studying the work of a particular mathematician

Resistência de goiabeiras e araçazeiros a Meloidogyne mayaguensis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Decomposição e liberação de nitrogênio de resíduos culturais de plantas de cobertura em um solo de cerrado

A produção de massa seca, a taxa de decomposição e a liberação de nitrogênio (N) foram avaliadas em um experimento com sete tipos de cobertura vegetal: milheto pérola (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), crotalária juncea (Crotalarea juncea) e aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), em pousio e em área de cultivo convencional (testemunha), em solo de cerrado, em Uberaba, região do Triângulo Mineiro. Dentre as coberturas avaliadas, o milheto e a crotalária foram as que apresentaram a maior produção de massa seca, maior acúmulo e a maior liberação de N. A braquiária foi a cobertura que apresentou a maior taxa de decomposição. Todas as coberturas apresentaram a maior taxa de liberação de N até 42 dias após dessecação.

Conversor CC/CA de alta freqüência baseado em inversores ressonantes com comutação seqüencial para excitação de uma tocha indutiva a plasma térmico

This work describes the study, the analysis, the project methodology and the constructive details of a high frequency DC/AC resonant series converter using sequential commutation techniques for the excitation of an inductive coupled thermal plasma torch. The aim of this thesis is to show the new modulation technique potentialities and to present a technological option for the high-frequency electronic power converters development. The resonant converter operates at 50 kW output power under a 400 kHz frequency and it is constituted by inverter cells using ultra-fast IGBT devices. In order to minimize the turn-off losses, the inverter cells operates in a ZVS mode referred by a modified PLL loop that maintains this condition stable, despite the load variations. The sequential pulse gating command strategy used it allows to operate the IGBT devices on its maximum power limits using the derating and destressing current scheme, as well as it propitiates a frequency multiplication of the inverters set. The output converter is connected to a series resonant circuit constituted by the applicator ICTP torch, a compensation capacitor and an impedance matching RF transformer. At the final, are presented the experimental results and the many tests achieved in laboratory as form to validate the proposed new technique

Antenas de microfita com patch quase-fractal para aplicações em Redes WPAN/WLAN

The microstrip antennas are in constant evidence in current researches due to several advantages that it presents. Fractal geometry coupled with good performance and convenience of the planar structures are an excellent combination for design and analysis of structures with ever smaller features and multi-resonant and broadband. This geometry has been applied in such patch microstrip antennas to reduce its size and highlight its multi-band behavior. Compared with the conventional microstrip antennas, the quasifractal patch antennas have lower frequencies of resonance, enabling the manufacture of more compact antennas. The aim of this work is the design of quasi-fractal patch antennas through the use of Koch and Minkowski fractal curves applied to radiating and nonradiating antenna s edges of conventional rectangular patch fed by microstrip inset-fed line, initially designed for the frequency of 2.45 GHz. The inset-fed technique is investigated for the impedance matching of fractal antennas, which are fed through lines of microstrip. The efficiency of this technique is investigated experimentally and compared with simulations carried out by commercial software Ansoft Designer used for precise analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of antennas by the method of moments and the neural model proposed. In this dissertation a study of literature on theory of microstrip antennas is done, the same study is performed on the fractal geometry, giving more emphasis to its various forms, techniques for generation of fractals and its applicability. This work also presents a study on artificial neural networks, showing the types/architecture of networks used and their characteristics as well as the training algorithms that were used for their implementation. The equations of settings of the parameters for networks used in this study were derived from the gradient method. It will also be carried out research with emphasis on miniaturization of the proposed new structures, showing how an antenna designed with contours fractals is capable of a miniaturized antenna conventional rectangular patch. The study also consists of a modeling through artificial neural networks of the various parameters of the electromagnetic near-fractal antennas. The presented results demonstrate the excellent capacity of modeling techniques for neural microstrip antennas and all algorithms used in this work in achieving the proposed models were implemented in commercial software simulation of Matlab 7. In order to validate the results, several prototypes of antennas were built, measured on a vector network analyzer and simulated in software for comparison

Análise de antenas de microfita em rampa com múltiplas camadas dielétricas

The present work deals with the ana1ysis of microstrip patch antennas printed on tapered dielectric substrates. We investigate the influence ofthe substrate height variations on the properties of configurations such as microstrip patch antennas, microstrip patch antennas with overlay and suspendeô microstrip patch antennas. The dielectric substrates can be isotropic or anisotropic ones. This accurate analysis is based on the full-wave formulation. It is carried out initially for the determination of the impedance matrix, through the use of the spectral¬domain immitance approach. We use a model based on a segmentation of the considered line into uniform microstrip line subsections. Normalized phase constants and characteristic impedances are obtained by means of the Galerkin numerical technique. Then, the cascaded combination of the uniform microstrip subsections are analyzed through an interactive procedure. Numerical results are presented for the input reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, resonant frequency, and radiation pattems ofthe E_plane and H-plane diagrams. It is found that the variations in the substrate height profile produce a great influence on the bandwidth of microstrip antennas. This procedure gives bandwidth improvements without altering considerably the resonant frequency. Furthermore, the tapered microstrip antenna can be used as a lightweight altemative for bandwidth control and to eXtend the use of microstiip antenna technology to a wider variety of applications. Finally, suggestions for the continuity of this work are presented

Análise de linhas de fita não-homogêneas com camadas dielétricas anisotrópicas

Abstract

Aplicações de Dispositivos de Microondas utilizando Substrato EBG/PBG para Comunicações Móveis

The modern society depends on an efficient communications system able to of transmitting and receiving information with a higher speed and reliability every time. The need for ever more efficient devices raises optimization techniques of microstrip devices, such as techniques to increase bandwidth: thicker substrates and substrate structures with EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) and PBG (Photonic Band Gap). This work has how aims the study of the application of PBG materials on substrates of planar structures in microstrip, more precisely in directional quadrature couplers and in rat-race and impedance of transformers. A study of the planar structures in microstrip and substrates EBG is presented. The PBG substrates can be used to optimize the radiation through the air, thus reducing the occurrence of surface waves and the resulting diffraction edge responsible for degradation of radiation pattern. Through specific programs in FORTRAN Power Station obtained the frequencies and couplings for each structure. Are used the program PACMO - Computer Aided Design in Microwave. Results are obtained of the frequency and coupling devices, ranging the frequency band used (cellular communication and Wimax systems) and the permittivity of the substrate, comparing the results of conventional material and PBG materials in the s and p polarizations.

Efeito da inclinação do plano de terra para antenas de microfita multicamadas com elementos parasitas fractais

This work presents the analysis of an antenna of fractal microstrip of Koch with dielectric multilayers and inclinations in the ground plane, whose values of the angles are zero degree (without inclinations), three, seven and twelve degrees. This antenna consists of three dielectric layers arranged vertically on each other, using feeding microstrip line in patch 1, of the first layer, which will feed the remaining patches of the upper layers by electromagnetic coupling. The objective of this work is to analyze the effects caused by increase of the angle of inclination of the ground plane in some antenna parameters such as return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The presented results demonstrate that with the increase of the inclination angle it is possible to get antennas with characteristics multiband, with bigger bandwidth, and improving the impedance matching for each case analyzed, especially the larger angle

Projeto de um Transformador utilizado em uma Planta de Plasma

This work discusses the design of a transformer used in a plant plasma. This plant, which is being developed in UFRN, will be used in the treatment of waste. It consists basically of a radio frequency power supply and a inductive plasma torch. The transformer operates at the nominal frequency of 400 kHz, with 50 kW, allowing the adaptation of impedance between the power supply and torch. To develop the project, a study was done on the fabrication technologies and physical effects on the frequency of operation. This was followed by the modeling of this transformer. Finally, simulations and tests were conducted to validate the design

Geometrias não-eucludianas como anomalias: implicações para o ensino de geometria e medidas

This present research the aim to show to the reader the Geometry non-Euclidean while anomaly indicating the pedagogical implications and then propose a sequence of activities, divided into three blocks which show the relationship of Euclidean geometry with non-Euclidean, taking the Euclidean with respect to analysis of the anomaly in non-Euclidean. PPGECNM is tied to the line of research of History, Philosophy and Sociology of Science in the Teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Treat so on Euclid of Alexandria, his most famous work The Elements and moreover, emphasize the Fifth Postulate of Euclid, particularly the difficulties (which lasted several centuries) that mathematicians have to understand him. Until the eighteenth century, three mathematicians: Lobachevsky (1793 - 1856), Bolyai (1775 - 1856) and Gauss (1777-1855) was convinced that this axiom was correct and that there was another geometry (anomalous) as consistent as the Euclid, but that did not adapt into their parameters. It is attributed to the emergence of these three non-Euclidean geometry. For the course methodology we started with some bibliographical definitions about anomalies, after we ve featured so that our definition are better understood by the readers and then only deal geometries non-Euclidean (Hyperbolic Geometry, Spherical Geometry and Taxicab Geometry) confronting them with the Euclidean to analyze the anomalies existing in non-Euclidean geometries and observe its importance to the teaching. After this characterization follows the empirical part of the proposal which consisted the application of three blocks of activities in search of pedagogical implications of anomaly. The first on parallel lines, the second on study of triangles and the third on the shortest distance between two points. These blocks offer a work with basic elements of geometry from a historical and investigative study of geometries non-Euclidean while anomaly so the concept is understood along with it s properties without necessarily be linked to the image of the geometric elements and thus expanding or adapting to other references. For example, the block applied on the second day of activities that provides extend the result of the sum of the internal angles of any triangle, to realize that is not always 180° (only when Euclid is a reference that this conclusion can be drawn)

Efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre variáveis relacionadas com a baixa densidade óssea de mulheres menopausadas tratadas com alendronato

A osteoporose é uma doença crônica que atinge o esqueleto humano. OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre a densidade mineral óssea (DMO), força muscular, equilíbrio e qualidade de vida em mulheres menopausadas em tratamento com alendronato. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 16 voluntárias. Elas foram separadas em dois grupos: que praticaram o treino resistido (n = 9, 49,7 ± 4,2 idade) e que constituíram o grupo controle (n = 7, 53,8 ± 4,4 idade). Os instrumentos de avaliação seguintes foram usados: a absorciometria de dupla energia por raios X -DXA (que mediu a coluna lombar L2-L4, colo do fêmur, triângulo de Wards e trocanter maior), o Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire (OPAQ) e um teste de equilíbrio. O treinamento foi periodizado em 12 meses, divididos em seis ciclos com intensidade de 70-90% da carga máxima (10RM). Testes paramétricos (t ou Wilcoxon), para análise intragrupo e (Anova) para intergrupos, foram usados. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas favoráveis ao grupo que treinou nos sítios da lombar L2-L4 (6,8%, p = 0,001), colo do fêmur (4,8%, p = 0,005) e trocanter (0,76%, p = 0,005). Além de diferenças significativas também para o equilíbrio corporal (21,4%, p = 0,001), qualidade de vida (9,1%, p = 0,001) e todas as medidas de força como na pressão de pernas 45° (49,3%, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que a metodologia aplicada ao treino resistido pode ser recomendada a mulheres menopausadas com baixa DMO.

Perdas na colheita mecanizada de soja no estado de Minas Gerais

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as perdas na colheita de soja em função da idade, velocidade de trabalho, sistema de trilha (axial e radial) e condição de propriedade das colhedoras (própria ou alugada), nas regiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba - MG, durante a colheita de soja da safra 2002-2003. A velocidade de trabalho das colhedoras e a rotação do cilindro de trilha também foram estudadas, à exceção de quando avaliadas como variável-função. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as perdas de grãos independem da velocidade das colhedoras e que as colhedoras com até cinco anos, independentemente da sua taxa de utilização anual, tiveram menores perdas do que as colhedoras com mais de seis anos. As colhedoras próprias apresentaram menores perdas comparadas com as alugadas, e as máquinas com sistema de trilha axial apresentaram menores perdas do que aquelas com sistema de trilha radial.

Orientação espacial em adultos com deficiência visual: efeitos de um treinamento de navegação

O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar se um programa de navegação pode ajudar indivíduos com deficiência visual a melhorar a acurácia na orientação dinâmica. Nove participantes com deficiência visual retornaram a um ponto de partida após percorrer rotas em linha reta e triangular. Pré e pós-avaliações foram feitas entre um período de 4 meses, durante o qual o treinamento com navegação foi realizado. Entre pré e pós-teste, erros relativos de desvios angulares (ERDA) foram diferentes apenas na tarefa em linha reta. O valor de ERDA foi maior na tarefa em linha reta possivelmente por causa da magnitude do giro inicial antes de retornar ao ponto de partida (i.e., 180º) em contraste com a tarefa triângulo (i.e., 45º). Conclui-se que, em tarefas de orientação, os erros no desvio angular dependem da amplitude do giro inicial ao retornar para o ponto de partida. Ainda, a acurácia na manutenção da direção é influenciada por um treinamento específico com navegação.