Attributions, cognitions, and coping styles:teleworkers' reactions to work-related problems

Based on the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978) and Lazarus and Launier's (1978) primary-secondary appraisal theory of stress, the present study sought to examine teleworkers' reactions to their work-related problems. The role of attributions about the sources, and cognitions about the consesquences, of these problems in promoting positive adaptation was addressed. In particular, it was predicted that teleworkers who made optimistic attributions and cognitions would be more likely to employ problem-focused coping strategies and, as a result, report more positive psychological and job-related outcomes. Based on a survey sample of 192 teleworkers, the results indicated that a tendency to engage in self-blame was related to the use of emotion-focused coping strategies. In turn, there was evidence linking emotion-focused coping strategies to negative outcomes and problem-focused coping strategies to positive outcomes. The results are discussed in relation to attributional approaches to stress which highlight the importance of cognitions about the consequences of negative events. Finally, implications for the training of teleworkers are presented.

Organisational cultures and management styles in four African countries:a cross-cultural study

DUE TO COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS ONLY AVAILABLE FOR CONSULTATION AT ASTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES WITH PRIOR ARRANGEMENT

Managing change in China:a study of Chinese organisational cultures and management styles

DUE TO COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS ONLY AVAILABLE FOR CONSULTATION AT ASTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES WITH PRIOR ARRANGEMENT

Adaptive E-learning Content Design and Delivery Based on Learning Styles and Knowledge Level

ACM Computing Classification System (1998): K.3.1, K.3.2.

A comparison of the leadership styles of the leaders at New World School of the Arts

The purpose of this study was to determine if the perceived leadership styles of the leaders at New World School of the Arts were different according to their roles in the organization. The study focused on the top leaders of the organization: the Provost who heads the college program, and the Principal who heads the high school program.^ The Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) Self and Observer developed by Kouzes and Posner (1990) was used to examine and compare the perceived differences between the leaders and the programs. The LPI measures five practices of exemplary leadership. The LPI Self and Observer was administered to the leaders, administrative subordinates, and faculty. In addition to the LPI a Demographic Inventory was used to collect data about the respondents.^ This study used a causal-comparative design to determine if differences existed between the leaders at NWSA as perceived by the leaders themselves and their respective administrative subordinates and faculty. T tests were conducted on the mean differences between the five leadership practices measured by the LPI. All tests were declared significant if exceeding the 5% level $(p={<}.05).$^ Significant differences were found within the college program across all five practice areas. To a lesser degree, significant differences were found within the high school in three practice areas: Inspiring, Enabling, and Modeling. Three significant differences were found between the college and high school in two practice areas, Enabling and Encouraging.^ There is little consensus of opinion within the college regarding the operative leadership style. Within the high school there is substantial similarity of perception regarding the operative leadership style. There is substantial similarity of perception between the programs regarding the operative leadership style. ^

A frame analysis of the leadership styles of dental and medical school deans

The purpose of this study was to determine how dental and medical school deans perceived their own leadership styles and how many management/leadership perspectives they used when approaching a problem. A descriptive and correlational study was conducted which examined the leadership orientations or "frames" utilized by these deans. Four frames--the structural, the human resource, the political, and the symbolic--emerged from leadership studies which described the behavior of leaders in organizational actions and problem solving.^ Employing the repeated measures ANCOVA, it was found that there were no significant interactions between type of dean and perceptions or perspectives. However, the main effects of both leadership style perceptions and the use of perspectives were significant. This indicated that over the total sample of deans, both perceptions and perspectives were used differently; the deans perceived themselves and used perspectives the highest for the human resource frame and the lowest for the political frame. Also, dental deans' mean use overall of the four perspective frames was higher than the medical deans. In addition to the ANCOVA, t-tests performed on perceptions revealed that the deans perceived the frames differently in three human resource items. Pearson's correlations indicated that for the combined sample of deans, significant negative correlations existed when the human resource or symbolic frame was compared to the structural frame. All of the deans used multiple frames, allowing them to re-frame or combine frames according to the situation. ^

Food Services Styles in Chinese Hotels: Traditions and Tourism Pressures Merge

Tourist often want to experience their hosts' culture including cuisines. Their reactions can be negatively influenced by vastly different customs which confront them. What can be done, for example, when traditional food serving styles violate the tourist's sanitation standards? The authors discuss a Chinese case study-- and tell what hoteliers in China gace done to make good serving more desirable, with minimal compromise to culinary traditions.

Leadership Styles, Behaviors, and Outcomes of Athletic Training Education Program Directors

Context: With the increase in athletic training education programs, the demand for a highly qualified faculty member to serve as program director (PD) and fill the multiple roles and responsibilities of the position has increased. A successful PD must possess leadership skills crucial for the evolving academic environment. Research suggests that educational leaders must provide both transactional and transformational leadership if athletic trainers are to secure a legitimate place as healthcare providers. Objective: To describe the leadership styles and behaviors of athletic training education PDs and to describe the associations between leadership style, behavior, outcome, and experience. Design: We will utilize a survey design to identify the leadership styles, behaviors, outcomes, and experiences of athletic training education PDs. Setting: On-line questionnaire. Participants: The population of this study will be limited to the academic PDs of the 360 accredited entry-level athletic training education programs in the United States. Intervention: The investigation will utilize the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). The MLQ is a validated tool composed of 45 items that identify and measure key leadership and effectiveness behaviors shown to be strongly linked with both individual and organizational success. In addition to the leader, it is recommended that all persons working above, below, and directly at the same organizational level as the leader rate the leader. Raters evaluate how frequently, or to what degree, they have observed the leader engage in 32 specific behaviors. Main Outcome Measure(s): Statistical analysis will be utilized to describe the associations between leadership styles, behaviors, outcomes, and experiences.

Digital Literacy: A Demand for Nonlinear Thinking Styles

This paper makes a case for a direct relationship between digital literacy and nonlinear thinking styles, articulates a demand for nonlinear thinking styles in education and the workplace, and states implications for a connection between nonlinear thinking styles visual literacy, and intuitive artistic practice.

Policy Consultation and Political Styles : Renewable energy consultations in the UK and Denmark

Peer reviewed

Policy Consultation and Political Styles : Renewable energy consultations in the UK and Denmark

Peer reviewed

Predicting Student Performance and Differences in Learning Styles based on Textual Complexity Indices applied on Blog and Microblog Posts

Social media tools are increasingly popular in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning and the analysis of students' contributions on these tools is an emerging research direction. Previous studies have mainly focused on examining quantitative behavior indicators on social media tools. In contrast, the approach proposed in this paper relies on the actual content analysis of each student's contributions in a learning environment. More specifically, in this study, textual complexity analysis is applied to investigate how student's writing style on social media tools can be used to predict their academic performance and their learning style. Multiple textual complexity indices are used for analyzing the blog and microblog posts of 27 students engaged in a project-based learning activity. The preliminary results of this pilot study are encouraging, with several indexes predictive of student grades and/or learning styles.

Comparing architectural styles for distributed expert knowledge modules in intelligent tutoring systems

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) are computerized systems for learning-by-doing. These systems provide students with immediate and customized feedback on learning tasks. An ITS typically consists of several modules that are connected to each other. This research focuses on the distribution of the ITS module that provides expert knowledge services. For the distribution of such an expert knowledge module we need to use an architectural style because this gives a standard interface, which increases the reusability and operability of the expert knowledge module. To provide expert knowledge modules in a distributed way we need to answer the research question: ‘How can we compare and evaluate REST, Web services and Plug-in architectural styles for the distribution of the expert knowledge module in an intelligent tutoring system?’. We present an assessment method for selecting an architectural style. Using the assessment method on three architectural styles, we selected the REST architectural style as the style that best supports the distribution of expert knowledge modules. With this assessment method we also analyzed the trade-offs that come with selecting REST. We present a prototype and architectural views based on REST to demonstrate that the assessment method correctly scores REST as an appropriate architectural style for the distribution of expert knowledge modules.

Étude des relations entre les styles cognitifs et les productions d’artistes professionnels et d’étudiants universitaires en arts visuels

Les recherches démontrent que les arts plastiques à l’école apportent des bénéfices culturels et psychocognitifs majeurs aux enfants (National Endowment for the Arts, 2012; Hoffmann Davis, 2005, 2008; Karkou et Glasman, 2004; Sylwester, 1998; Goetz Zwirn et Graham, 2005; Greene, 1995). Mais en général, plus les garçons avancent en âge au primaire, plus ils éprouvent de difficultés et démontrent un intérêt moindre que celui des filles pour les arts plastiques à l’école. Au secondaire, l’écart ne fait que s’accentuer (Savoie, Grenon et St-Pierre, 2010, 2012; Octobre, 2004; Dumais, 2002; Blaikie, Schönau et Steers, 2003). Même s’ils ne peuvent garantir la réussite de leurs élèves, les enseignants ont une influence considérable sur des variables qui affectent les apprentissages telles que le choix de matériaux didactiques, des environnements éducationnels et la variable qui nous intéresse particulièrement : La prise en compte des comportements des élèves en lien avec leurs styles cognitifs. Pour mieux les aider, notre recherche veut saisir les liens potentiels qui pourraient exister entre les styles cognitifs des individus créateurs et leurs préférences sur le plan de l’expression graphique, plus spécifiquement au regard du langage plastique. En d’autres mots, nous souhaitons fournir des marqueurs utiles à la différenciation pédagogique adaptée aux styles cognitifs (Baron-Cohen, 2005) des filles et des garçons en classe d’art. Nous empruntons des concepts délimités et mesurables qui constituent notre cadre de référence et proviennent des domaines de la psychologie cognitive et de l’enseignement des arts visuels. Notre recherche se fait auprès d’artistes professionnels et d’étudiants adultes en arts visuels, tous genres confondus. Nous mesurons chez eux, dans un premier temps, leurs styles cognitifs à l’aide du test RMET de Baron-Cohen (Ibid.). En rapport avec ces styles, nous tentons ensuite de dégager des marqueurs dans la démarche et les productions artistiques des individus. En d’autres mots, notre étude vise essentiellement à procurer des indicateurs fiables, aux chercheurs et aux enseignants en arts, quant au lien potentiel entre les styles cognitifs et le langage plastique. Ces précieux indicateurs pourront ensuite leur servir, entre autres, à la construction de modèles pédagogiques, d’environnements éducationnels ou d’activités adaptées aux styles des élèves masculins comme féminins. Au plan méthodologique, notre recherche adopte une approche quantitative, pragmatique, quasi expérimentale et exploratoire (Lefrancois, 1997; Kothari, 2004; Grawitz, 1988; Larose, Bédard, Couturier, Grenon, Lavoie, Lebrun, Morin, Savard et Theis, 2011). Notre mode d’analyse se base sur la vérification de faits observables et sur une prise de décision scientifique se servant de techniques statistiques inférentielles (Saporta, 2011; Field, 2009). Notre approche s’appuie donc sur une variable dépendante liée au style cognitif des participants et sur une vingtaine de variables indépendantes liées au langage plastique. Nos résultats démontrent qu’au moins un indicateur de style cognitif ressort significativement dans le langage plastique, soit la variation chromatique. Suite à notre question : Dans les éléments de langage plastique des créateurs en arts visuels, peut-on observer des indicateurs de styles cognitifs? La réponse s’est avérée positive et fiable sur au moins une variable : la couleur. En effet, suite à nos analyses statistiques inférentielles, la variation chromatique est ressorti comme un indicateur très significatif de style cognitif et celui qui ressort le plus de nos résultats. Nous avons clairement mesuré que les individus qui décodent moins bien les émotions chez les autres démontrent une préférence pour des variations de couleurs plutôt monochromes, alors que les individus plutôt empathiques démontrent une préférence pour des univers surtout multichromes. Nous avons mesuré une forte habileté à reconnaitre et à discriminer les émotions, autant chez nos artistes professionnels que chez nos sujets étudiants universitaires. D’autres variables analysées, comme le genre, l’éducation ou l’âge ne se sont pas avérées des indicateurs fiables de styles cognitifs particuliers.