Um Modelo de otimização inteira mista na programação de produção de mangueiras hidráulicas

This work deals with a problem of mixed integer optimization model applied to production planning of a real world factory that aims for hydraulic hose production. To optimize production planning, a mathematic model of MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming, so that, along with the Analytic Hierarchy process method, would be possible to create a hierarchical structure of the most import criteria for production planning, thus finding through a solving software the optimum hose attribution to its respective machine. The hybrid modeling of Analytic Hierarchy Process along with Linear Programming is the focus of this work. The results show that using this method we could unite factory reality and quantitative analysis and had success on improving performance of production planning efficiency regarding product delivery and optimization of the production flow

Um Modelo de otimização inteira mista na programação de produção de mangueiras hidráulicas

This work deals with a problem of mixed integer optimization model applied to production planning of a real world factory that aims for hydraulic hose production. To optimize production planning, a mathematic model of MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming, so that, along with the Analytic Hierarchy process method, would be possible to create a hierarchical structure of the most import criteria for production planning, thus finding through a solving software the optimum hose attribution to its respective machine. The hybrid modeling of Analytic Hierarchy Process along with Linear Programming is the focus of this work. The results show that using this method we could unite factory reality and quantitative analysis and had success on improving performance of production planning efficiency regarding product delivery and optimization of the production flow

Linear matrix inequality-based robust model predictive control for time-delayed systems

This work addresses the solution to the problem of robust model predictive control (MPC) of systems with model uncertainty. The case of zone control of multi-variable stable systems with multiple time delays is considered. The usual approach of dealing with this kind of problem is through the inclusion of non-linear cost constraint in the control problem. The control action is then obtained at each sampling time as the solution to a non-linear programming (NLP) problem that for high-order systems can be computationally expensive. Here, the robust MPC problem is formulated as a linear matrix inequality problem that can be solved in real time with a fraction of the computer effort. The proposed approach is compared with the conventional robust MPC and tested through the simulation of a reactor system of the process industry.

Mapping virtual networks onto substrate networks

Network virtualization is a promising technique for building the Internet of the future since it enables the low cost introduction of new features into network elements. An open issue in such virtualization is how to effect an efficient mapping of virtual network elements onto those of the existing physical network, also called the substrate network. Mapping is an NP-hard problem and existing solutions ignore various real network characteristics in order to solve the problem in a reasonable time frame. This paper introduces new algorithms to solve this problem based on 0–1 integer linear programming, algorithms based on a whole new set of network parameters not taken into account by previous proposals. Approximative algorithms proposed here allow the mapping of virtual networks on large network substrates. Simulation experiments give evidence of the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.

De Novo Design of secondary structures: Synthesis and conformational studies

Chemists have long sought to extrapolate the power of biological catalysis and recognition to synthetic systems. These efforts have focused largely on low molecular weight catalysts and receptors; however, biological systems themselves rely almost exclusively on polymers, proteins and RNA, to perform complex chemical functions. Proteins and RNA are unique in their ability to adopt compact, well-ordered conformations, and specific folding provides precise spatial orientation of the functional groups that comprise the “active site”. These features suggest that identification of new polymer backbones with discrete and predictable folding propensities (“foldamers”) will provide a basis for design of molecular machines with unique capabilities. The foldamer approach complements current efforts to design unnatural properties into polypeptides and polynucleotides. The aim of this thesis is the synthesis and conformational studies of new classes of foldamers, using a peptidomimetic approach. Moreover their attitude to be utilized as ionophores, catalysts, and nanobiomaterials were analyzed in solution and in the solid state. This thesis is divided in thematically chapters that are reported below. It begins with a very general introduction (page 4) which is useful, but not strictly necessary, to the expert reader. It is worth mentioning that paragraph I.3 (page 22) is the starting point of this work and paragraph I.5 (page 32) isrequired to better understand the results of chapters 4 and 5. In chapter 1 (page 39) is reported the synthesis and conformational analysis of a novel class of foldamers containing (S)-β3-homophenylglycine [(S)-β3-hPhg] and D- 4-carboxy-oxazolidin-2-one (D-Oxd) residues in alternate order is reported. The experimental conformational analysis performed in solution by IR, 1HNMR, and CD spectroscopy unambiguously proved that these oligomers fold into ordered structures with increasing sequence length. Theoretical calculations employing ab initio MO theory suggest a helix with 11-membered hydrogenbonded rings as the preferred secondary structure type. The novel structures enrich the field of peptidic foldamers and might be useful in the mimicry of native peptides. In chapter 2 cyclo-(L-Ala-D-Oxd)3 and cyclo-(L-Ala-DOxd) 4 were prepared in the liquid phase with good overall yields and were utilized for bivalent ions chelation (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Hg2+); their chelation skill was analyzed with ESI-MS, CD and 1HNMR techniques and the best results were obtained with cyclo-(L-Ala-D-Oxd)3 and Mg2+ or Ca2+. Chapter 3 describes an application of oligopeptides as catalysts for aldol reactions. Paragraph 3.1 concerns the use of prolinamides as catalysts of the cross aldol addition of hydroxyacetone to aromatic aldeydes, whereas paragraphs 3.2 and 3.3 are about the catalyzed aldol addition of acetone to isatins. By means of DFT and AIM calculations, the steric and stereoelectronic effects that control the enantioselectivity in the cross-aldol addition of acetone to isatin catalysed by L-proline have been studied, also in the presence of small quantities of water. In chapter 4 is reported the synthesis and the analysis of a new fiber-like material, obtained from the selfaggregation of the dipeptide Boc-L-Phe-D-Oxd-OBn, which spontaneously forms uniform fibers consisting of parallel infinite linear chains arising from singleintermolecular N-H···O=C hydrogen bonds. This is the absolute borderline case of a parallel β-sheet structure. Longer oligomers of the same series with general formula Boc-(L-Phe-D-Oxd)n-OBn (where n = 2-5), are described in chapter 5. Their properties in solution and in the solid state were analyzed, in correlation with their attitude to form intramolecular hydrogen bond. In chapter 6 is reported the synthesis of imidazolidin-2- one-4-carboxylate and (tetrahydro)-pyrimidin-2-one-5- carboxylate, via an efficient modification of the Hofmann rearrangement. The reaction affords the desired compounds from protected asparagine or glutamine in good to high yield, using PhI(OAc)2 as source of iodine(III).

A farm-level programming model to compare the atmospheric impact of conventional and organic farming

A model is developed to represent the activity of a farm using the method of linear programming. Two are the main components of the model, the balance of soil fertility and the livestock nutrition. According to the first, the farm is supposed to have a total requirement of nitrogen, which is to be accomplished either through internal sources (manure) or through external sources (fertilisers). The second component describes the animal husbandry as having a nutritional requirement which must be satisfied through the internal production of arable crops or the acquisition of feed from the market. The farmer is supposed to maximise total net income from the agricultural and the zoo-technical activities by choosing one rotation among those available for climate and acclivity. The perspective of the analysis is one of a short period: the structure of the farm is supposed to be fixed without possibility to change the allocation of permanent crops and the amount of animal husbandry. The model is integrated with an environmental module that describes the role of the farm within the carbon-nitrogen cycle. On the one hand the farm allows storing carbon through the photosynthesis of the plants and the accumulation of carbon in the soil; on the other some activities of the farm emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The model is tested for some representative farms of the Emilia-Romagna region, showing to be capable to give different results for conventional and organic farming and providing first results concerning the different atmospheric impact. Relevant data about the representative farms and the feasible rotations are extracted from the FADN database, with an integration of the coefficients from the literature.

Efficient certification of feasibility and objective value of linear programs and its applications

The use of linear programming in various areas has increased with the significant improvement of specialized solvers. Linear programs are used as such to model practical problems, or as subroutines in algorithms such as formal proofs or branch-and-cut frameworks. In many situations a certified answer is needed, for example the guarantee that the linear program is feasible or infeasible, or a provably safe bound on its objective value. Most of the available solvers work with floating-point arithmetic and are thus subject to its shortcomings such as rounding errors or underflow, therefore they can deliver incorrect answers. While adequate for some applications, this is unacceptable for critical applications like flight controlling or nuclear plant management due to the potential catastrophic consequences. We propose a method that gives a certified answer whether a linear program is feasible or infeasible, or returns unknown'. The advantage of our method is that it is reasonably fast and rarely answers unknown'. It works by computing a safe solution that is in some way the best possible in the relative interior of the feasible set. To certify the relative interior, we employ exact arithmetic, whose use is nevertheless limited in general to critical places, allowing us to rnremain computationally efficient. Moreover, when certain conditions are fulfilled, our method is able to deliver a provable bound on the objective value of the linear program. We test our algorithm on typical benchmark sets and obtain higher rates of success compared to previous approaches for this problem, while keeping the running times acceptably small. The computed objective value bounds are in most of the cases very close to the known exact objective values. We prove the usability of the method we developed by additionally employing a variant of it in a different scenario, namely to improve the results of a Satisfiability Modulo Theories solver. Our method is used as a black box in the nodes of a branch-and-bound tree to implement conflict learning based on the certificate of infeasibility for linear programs consisting of subsets of linear constraints. The generated conflict clauses are in general small and give good rnprospects for reducing the search space. Compared to other methods we obtain significant improvements in the running time, especially on the large instances.

Run-time Scalable Architecture for Deblocking Filtering in H.264/AVC-SVC Video Codecs

Systems relying on fixed hardware components with a static level of parallelism can suffer from an underuse of logical resources, since they have to be designed for the worst-case scenario. This problem is especially important in video applications due to the emergence of new flexible standards, like Scalable Video Coding (SVC), which offer several levels of scalability. In this paper, Dynamic and Partial Reconfiguration (DPR) of modern FPGAs is used to achieve run-time variable parallelism, by using scalable architectures where the size can be adapted at run-time. Based on this proposal, a scalable Deblocking Filter core (DF), compliant with the H.264/AVC and SVC standards has been designed. This scalable DF allows run-time addition or removal of computational units working in parallel. Scalability is offered together with a scalable parallelization strategy at the macroblock (MB) level, such that when the size of the architecture changes, MB filtering order is modified accordingly

Red Eléctrica de España uses integer programming for annual salary revisions

In this paper, we present a mixed-integer linear programming model for determining salary-revision matrices for an organization based on that organization?s general strategies. The solution obtained from this model consists of salary increases for each employee; these increases consider the employee?s professional performance, salary level relative to peers within the organization, and professional group. In addition to budget constraints, we modeled other elements typical of compensation systems, such as equity and justice. Red Eléctrica de España (REE), the transmission agent and operator of the Spanish electricity system, used the model to revise its 2010 and 2011 salary policies, and achieved results that were aligned with the company strategy. REE incorporated the model into the salary management module within its information system, and plans to continue to use the model in revisions of the module.

Herramientas de gestión de compromiso para trabajadores del conocimiento

El objetivo de la línea de investigación seguida en esta tesis consiste en identificar palancas de gestión de las personas en las organizaciones que permitan mejorar su rendimiento mediante la gestión del compromiso de los profesionales de las organizaciones inmersas en la denominada sociedad del conocimiento. Para identificar dichas palancas se analizan algunos de los factores que, según la literatura científica, tienen como consecuencia cambios en la productividad, como son el compromiso organizacional y las conductas cívicas dentro de la organización. También, por su actualidad y relevancia en las prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos, se han analizado el impacto que tienen en estos factores en las prácticas empresariales que permiten conciliar vida profesional y personal el efecto del género en las distintas variables analizadas. Por todo lo anterior, en la investigación se analizan algunos de los factores de carácter psicosocial que promueven el compromiso en una organización, y se profundiza en dos conceptos: el análisis del compromiso de los profesionales con la organización para la que trabajan, y los comportamientos de ciudadanía organizativa que se exhiben en la organización por sus miembros. Para ello, se realiza un encuadramiento teórico de los siguientes conceptos: el compromiso como eje del trabajo; la ciudadanía organizativa como modelo cultural de la organización que promueve el compromiso; el rol de los líderes; los efectos de las políticas de conciliación; las diferencias de percepciones derivadas del género y un sistema de revisión de retributiva eficiente y coherente con el marco conceptual planteado. La metodología seleccionada para este trabajo ha sido el análisis en profundidad del caso de una empresa española, Red Eléctrica de España a través de tres pilares básicos: el primero consiste en el análisis exhaustivo de los datos obtenidos en las dos encuestas de clima social que dicha empresa realizó en el período 2006-2009; el segundo se centra en el desarrollo de un modelo matemático para el cálculo eficiente de recompensas salariales a través de un modelo de optimización; y el tercero es la consecuencia del conocimiento profundo que el autor tiene de la propia empresa, su cultura y funcionamiento, fruto de su experiencia profesional como directivo en el área de desarrollo de recursos humanos, función que desempeñó en la organización durante nueve años. En el análisis de este caso se ha investigado la influencia del género en el compromiso y la ciudadanía organizativa de los empleados de dicha organización, para identificar las diferencias de percepción que puedan ser explicadas por el género en una empresa muy masculina como es aquella. También, se ha incluido en este estudio de caso el análisis del efecto que presentan las medidas de conciliación en el compromiso de los empleados, por la relevancia que tiene este asunto en el panorama laboral español actual. Este análisis permite conocer hasta qué punto son o no motivadoras estas medidas en la organización analizada y, como consecuencia de ello, el tipo de gestión más oportuna de las mismas para conseguir no sólo los fines sociales que pretenden, garantizar que los empleados puedan compatibilizar sus exigencias laborales con una vida personal adecuada, sino también mejorar el clima, productividad y compromiso de éstos con la empresa. Para completar este análisis del caso, se han identificado de forma analítica los factores que mejor explican el clima de la organización y se ha concluido el papel central de la dirección que se concreta en la actuación de cada jefe, como motor del clima social en el equipo que dirige. Dado que la tesis pivota sobre el papel relevante que tiene la generación de una cultura de ciudadanía organizativa, se ha complementado el análisis con el desarrollo una herramienta de cálculo que facilita la determinación de los incrementos de la retribución fija de acuerdo con los principios de transparencia, equidad y justicia acordes con el modelo de empresa que promueve la virtud cívica de las personas empleadas en ella. Para ello se ha desarrollado un nuevo método de cálculo del incremento de retribución fija mediante un modelo analítico innovador y compacto de programación lineal entera mixta. Este modelo permite a las organizaciones realizar diseños de política retributiva de forma sencilla y rápida, a la vez que facilita la transparencia de las mismas en el proceso de gestión de la compensación. No se ha abordado el asunto de la determinación de la retribución variable, por ser un asunto relativamente menos complejo y profusamente tratado en la práctica directiva de las empresas. La primera de las conclusiones de la investigación realizada se refiere a los aspectos de la cultura organizativa que pueden identificarse como motores del compromiso. Se concluye que en el caso de estudio hay una fuerte relación mutua entre los rasgos que definen el compromiso emocional y los rasgos que determinan un comportamiento caracterizado como de ciudadanía organizativa. Se ha encontrado una correlación significativa y alta entre indicadores de compromiso y factores que recogen comportamientos de ciudadanía organizativa, correlación muy notable tanto para los factores de compromiso racional como para los de compromiso emocional. También se ha evidenciado que la correlación entre compromiso emocional y rasgos de comportamientos de ciudadanía organizacional es mayor que la que aparece entre compromiso racional y rasgos de comportamientos de ciudadanía organizacional. Desde el punto de vista de la práctica de gestión de recursos humanos, estas relaciones indican la conveniencia de promover una cultura organizacional basada en los principios de la ciudadanía organizativa para alcanzar altos niveles de compromiso emocional de los profesionales y mejorar la eficiencia organizativa. La segunda de las conclusiones se refiere al efecto de las políticas de conciliación en las organizaciones. Sobre este asunto se concluye que en el caso de estudio no puede considerarse que las medidas de conciliación tengan una fuerte relación con el compromiso emocional, y menos que puedan considerarse directamente una herramienta de generación de compromiso emocional. Sin embargo, sí que se detecta una cierta relación entre las percepciones de conciliación y de compromiso con la organización, y sobre todo, con el compromiso racional con la organización, que puede tener que ver con que para los empleados de la organización analizada, las medidas de conciliación son consideradas como una parte más de las condiciones laborales que ofrece la organización a los trabajadores. La tercera conclusión se refiere a la relación entre el género de los trabajadores y su nivel de compromiso y de ciudadanía organizativa. En el caso de estudio no se identifica una relación entre el género y el nivel de compromiso de los profesionales ni tampoco con la percepción de ciudadanía organizativa, variando la situación del período 2006 al período 2009. La cuarta conclusión se refiere al impacto que la actuación de los líderes (jefes) tiene en el clima social. En el caso de estudio, la actuación de los directivos y el nivel de compromiso que genera en los profesionales explica por sí sola más de un tercio de la varianza del clima organizativo, entendido como tal el que refleja el conjunto global de preguntas que constituyen la encuesta de clima del caso de estudio. Del análisis realizado se concluye que en el caso de estudio la percepción que los empleados tienen de sus jefes tiene un efecto relevante sobre el resto de percepciones de compromiso, ciudadanía organizativa y otros factores que conforman el clima social de la organización. La quinta y última conclusión supone la aportación de un modelo novedoso de cálculo de la recompensa económica coherente con un modelo de gestión empresarial mediante una cultura de ciudadanía organizativa. La solución que obtiene este modelo es el incremento salarial individual de cada profesional, que tiene en cuenta su rendimiento, posicionamiento salarial y encuadramiento profesional. Además de las restricciones presupuestarias, se consideran los principios de transparencia, equidad y justicia coherentes con el modelo conceptual planteado. La principal contribución de este trabajo es la formulación matemática de los criterios cualitativos que se emplean habitualmente en el proceso de revisión salarial. El método planteado supone una innovación que permite automatizar la metodología tradicional de gestión de incrementos salariales basados en matrices de incremento, así como evitar la aplicación de limitaciones en las valoraciones de desempeño derivadas de las restricciones presupuestarias que toda organización tiene. De esta manera se puede disponer de un mecanismo de revisión salarial que tiene en cuenta el desempeño de los profesionales, pero que permite la gestión “desacoplada” de la evaluación de rendimiento y la actualización de la retribución fija. ABSTRACT The aim of the research pursued in this thesis is to identify some human resources management levers in organizations to improve their performance through individual’s commitment management, focusing in organizations immersed in the so-called knowledge society. In order to find out these levers, the author analysed some of the psychosocial factors that promote engagement to the organizations and, according to the scientific literature, have effects in their productivity. These factors analysed are organisational commitment and citizenship behaviours. Additionally, the investigation also focuses on work-life balance policies and gender considerations, because of their relevance and topicality for the human resources’ policies. In the light of this, the investigation focuses on some of the psychosocial factors that promote organisational commitment, and delves into two concepts: the analysis of the commitment of professionals to the organization for which they work, and the organizational citizenship behaviours exhibited in the organization by its members. For this, a theoretical framework is performed for the following items: the professional’s commitment which is the pillar of this work; the organisational citizenship as a cultural model to promote that commitment; the role of the leaders; the effects of the work-life balance policies; the different perceptions of the professionals because of their gender; and an efficient salary review system, which is coherent with the conceptual framework set. The methodology selected for this work was the analysis in depth of the case of a Spanish company, Red Eléctrica de España, through three basic subjects: the first consists of a thorough analysis of the data obtained in the two work climate surveys made by this company in 2006 and 2009; the second focuses on the development of a mathematical model for calculating efficient salary reviews through an optimization model; and the third is the result of the author’s deep understanding of the company, its culture and its performance because of his professional experience as a manager in the area of human resource development, which was his role in the organization for nine years. The author investigated in the analysis of this case about the influence of gender on the employees’ organizational commitment and citizenship behaviours, in order to find out perception differences that can be explained by the highly masculine organisational culture such Red Eléctrica de España had during the studied period. Additionally, because of the importance of the work-life balance promotion in the Spanish labour scene, the case study analysis includes their effect in the employees’ commitment. This analysis allows to know motivating are these measures in the studied organization and, as a result, the most appropriate type of management thereof for social purposes, not only intended to ensure that employees can balance their work and personal demands, but also improving the work climate, the productivity and the organisational commitment. The investigation identifies the factors which best explain the work climate of the organization and concludes the central role of the leadership, embodied in the performance of every manager, to boost the work climate in their teams. Since this thesis pivots on the important role the generation of a culture of organizational citizenship has, the investigation has been complemented with the development of a analytic tool that facilitates the calculation of the salary review increments according to the principles of transparency, equity and justice in line with a work culture that promotes organisational citizenship behaviours. For this, this works develops a new method for calculating fixed salary increases through an innovative and compact mixed integer linear programming model. This model enables organizations to design compensation policies easily and quickly, and facilitates the transparency of the compensation management system. The method for determining variable remuneration has not been addressed because it is relatively less complex issue and widely discussed. The first conclusion of the conducted investigation concerns aspects of organizational culture that could be identified as commitment drivers. In the case study exists a strong and mutual relationship between the characteristics defining the emotional commitment and the organisational citizenship behaviours. The investigation has found out a meaningful and high correlation between indicators of commitment and the factors collecting organizational citizenship behaviour. This correlation with organisational citizenship is remarkable for both, rational and emotional, commitment. The correlation between organizational citizenship behaviours and emotional commitment and is greater than the one with rational commitment. From the practitioner point of view, these relationships show the importance of promoting an organizational culture based on the principles of organizational citizenship to achieve high levels of emotional engagement of professionals and improve organizational efficiency. The second conclusion relates to the effect of work-life balance policies in organizations. On this matter, the investigation concludes that for the case study, work-life balance measures do not have a strong relationship with the emotional commitment, and unless they can be usually considered as a tool to improve employees’ emotional commitment. However, a certain relationship between perceptions of work-life facilities and organisational commitment exists, especially with the rational commitment to the organization. This relationship appears because for employees of the analysed organization, work-life balance measures could be considered as a part of working conditions offered to them by the organization. The third conclusion concerns the relationship between the gender of workers and their level of commitment and organizational citizenship. In this case study, there is not any relationship between gender and the professional’s commitment level nor the perception of organizational citizenship; and the situation varies during the period studied. The fourth conclusion refers to the impact that the actions of the leaders have on the work climate. In the case study, the performance of management and the level of commitment generated, explains more than a third of the variance of work climate - understood as such reflecting the overall set of questions that constitute the work climate survey -. The analysis concludes that in the case study perception that employees have of their leaders has a significant effect on the rest of perceptions of commitment, organizational citizenship and other factors making the work climate of the organization. The fifth and last conclusion represents the contribution of a new model for calculating the salary increment, coherent with a corporate citizenship management culture. The solution obtained from this model consists of salary increases for each employee; these increases consider the employee’s professional performance, salary level relative to peers within the organization, and professional group. In addition to budget constraints, we modelled other elements typical of compensation systems, such as equity and justice. The major contribution of this work is the mathematical formulation of the criteria that are typically the basis for salary management. The compact formulation and the ease of obtaining the optimal solution facilitate its use in large companies that maintain very high levels of homogeneity across employees. Designing different strategies for specific groups within a company is also possible. A major benefit of this method is that it allows a company to independently manage its salary and assessment policies. Because obtaining salary-revision matrices without using the mathematical model we present in this paper is typically done iteratively by tuning previously defined matrices, managers commonly tune values for assessing employee performance to ensure that salary increases and performance assessments are consistent; however, this distorts the evaluation process and decreases employee motivation. In this MILP model, employee performance is only one parameter of several input parameters used in designing a salary policy that is independent of the results of performance-assessment values.

Impact of artifact correction methods on R-R interbeat signals to quantifying heart rate variability (HRV) according to linear and nonlinear methods.

In the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) are used temporal series that contains the distances between successive heartbeats in order to assess autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system. These series are obtained from the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal analysis, which can be affected by different types of artifacts leading to incorrect interpretations in the analysis of the HRV signals. Classic approach to deal with these artifacts implies the use of correction methods, some of them based on interpolation, substitution or statistical techniques. However, there are few studies that shows the accuracy and performance of these correction methods on real HRV signals. This study aims to determine the performance of some linear and non-linear correction methods on HRV signals with induced artefacts by quantification of its linear and nonlinear HRV parameters. As part of the methodology, ECG signals of rats measured using the technique of telemetry were used to generate real heart rate variability signals without any error. In these series were simulated missing points (beats) in different quantities in order to emulate a real experimental situation as accurately as possible. In order to compare recovering efficiency, deletion (DEL), linear interpolation (LI), cubic spline interpolation (CI), moving average window (MAW) and nonlinear predictive interpolation (NPI) were used as correction methods for the series with induced artifacts. The accuracy of each correction method was known through the results obtained after the measurement of the mean value of the series (AVNN), standard deviation (SDNN), root mean square error of the differences between successive heartbeats (RMSSD), Lomb\'s periodogram (LSP), Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), multiscale entropy (MSE) and symbolic dynamics (SD) on each HRV signal with and without artifacts. The results show that, at low levels of missing points the performance of all correction techniques are very similar with very close values for each HRV parameter. However, at higher levels of losses only the NPI method allows to obtain HRV parameters with low error values and low quantity of significant differences in comparison to the values calculated for the same signals without the presence of missing points.

Análise do aproveitamento múltiplo do reservatório de Barra Bonita - SP, através da aplicação de técnica de programação linear associada a modelo de rede de fluxo

O objeto deste trabalho é a análise do aproveitamento múltiplo do reservatório de Barra Bonita, localizado na confluência entre os rios Piracicaba e Tietê, no estado de São Paulo e pertencente ao chamado sistema Tietê-Paraná. Será realizada a otimização da operação do reservatório, através de programação linear, com o objetivo de aumentar a geração de energia elétrica, através da maximização da vazão turbinada. Em seguida, a partir dos resultados da otimização da geração de energia, serão utilizadas técnicas de simulação computacional, para se obter índices de desempenho conhecidos como confiabilidade, resiliência e vulnerabilidade, além de outros fornecidos pelo próprio modelo de simulação a ser utilizado. Estes índices auxiliam a avaliação da freqüência, magnitude e duração dos possíveis conflitos existentes. Serão analisados os possíveis conflitos entre a navegação, o armazenamento no reservatório, a geração de energia e a ocorrência de enchentes na cidade de Barra Bonita, localizada a jusante da barragem.

Impactos de regulações ambientais sobre o transporte de cargas no Brasil: uma análise para o transporte de soja

O aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera levou a uma preocupação de como se reduzir as emissões destes gases. Desta preocupação surgiram instrumentos de regulação a fim de reduzir ou controlar os níveis de poluição. Dentro deste contexto, esta pesquisa analisou o setor de transportes de cargas, com ênfase no transporte de soja. No Brasil, o setor de transportes é um dos principais responsáveis pelas emissões de gases de efeito estufa provenientes da queima de combustíveis fósseis. No setor de transportes, as emissões diferem entre os modais, sendo que as ferrovias e hidrovias poluem menos que as rodovias. Desta forma, simulou-se por meio de um modelo de programação linear se a adoção de medidas regulatórias sobre as emissões de CO2 traria uma alteração no uso das ferrovias e hidrovias. Uma das constatações, ao se utilizar o modelo de Minimização de Fluxo de Custo Mínimo para o transporte de soja em 2013, foi que a capacidade de embarque nos terminais ferroviários e hidroviários desempenha um papel fundamental na redução das emissões de CO2. Se não houver capacidade suficiente, a adoção de uma taxa pode não provocar a redução das emissões. No caso do sistema de compra e crédito de carbono, seria necessária a compra de créditos de carbono, numa situação em que a capacidade de embarque nos terminais intermodais seja limitada. Verificou-se, ainda, que melhorias na infraestrutura podem desempenhar um papel mitigador das emissões. Um aumento da capacidade dos terminais ferroviários e hidroviários existentes, bem como o aumento da capacidade dos portos, pode provocar a redução das emissões de CO2. Se os projetos de expansão das ferrovias e hidrovias desenvolvidos por órgãos governamentais saírem do papel, pode-se chegar a uma redução de pouco mais de 50% das emissões de CO2. Consideraram-se ainda quais seriam os efeitos do aumento do uso de biodiesel como combustível e percebeu-se que seria possível obter reduções tanto das emissões quanto do custo de transporte. Efeitos semelhantes foram encontrados quando se simulou um aumento da eficiência energética. Por fim, percebeu-se nesta pesquisa que a adoção de uma taxa não traria tantos benefícios, econômicos e ambientais, quanto a melhoria da infraestrutura logística do país.

Optimización (curso 2011-2012)

Material docente de la asignatura «Simulación y Optimización de procesos químicos». Parte de Optimización OPTIMIZACIÓN TEMA 6. Conceptos Básicos 6.1 Introducción. Desarrollo histórico de la optimización de procesos. 6.2 Funciones y regiones cóncavas y convexas. 6.3 Optimización sin restricciones. 6.4 Optimización con restricciones de igualdad y desigualdad. Condiciones de optimalidad de Karush Khun Tucker 6.5 Interpretación de los Multiplicadores de Lagrange. TEMA 7. Programación lineal 7.1 Introducción. Planteamiento del problema en forma canónica y forma estándar. 7.2 Teoremas de la programación lineal 7.3 Resolución gráfica 7.4 Resolución en forma de tabla. El método simplex. 7.5 Variables artificiales. Método de la Gran M y método de las dos fases. 7.6 Conceptos básicos de dualidad. TEMA 8. Programación no lineal 8.1 Repaso de métodos numéricos de optimización sin restricciones 8.2 Optimización con restricciones. Fundamento de los métodos de programación cuadrática sucesiva y de gradiente reducido. TEMA 9. Introducción a la programación lineal y no lineal con variables discretas. 9.1 Conceptos básicos para la resolución de problemas lineales con variables discretas.(MILP, mixed integer linear programming) 9.2 Introducción a la programación no lineal con variables continuas y discretas (MINLP mixed integer non linear programming) 9.3 Modelado de problemas con variables binarias: 9.3.1 Conceptos básicos de álgebra de Boole 9.3.2 Transformación de expresiones lógicas a expresiones algebraicas 9.3.3 Modelado con variables discretas y continuas. Formulación de envolvente convexa y de la gran M.

Calmness modulus of linear semi-infinite programs

Our main goal is to compute or estimate the calmness modulus of the argmin mapping of linear semi-infinite optimization problems under canonical perturbations, i.e., perturbations of the objective function together with continuous perturbations of the right-hand side of the constraint system (with respect to an index ranging in a compact Hausdorff space). Specifically, we provide a lower bound on the calmness modulus for semi-infinite programs with unique optimal solution which turns out to be the exact modulus when the problem is finitely constrained. The relationship between the calmness of the argmin mapping and the same property for the (sub)level set mapping (with respect to the objective function), for semi-infinite programs and without requiring the uniqueness of the nominal solution, is explored, too, providing an upper bound on the calmness modulus of the argmin mapping. When confined to finitely constrained problems, we also provide a computable upper bound as it only relies on the nominal data and parameters, not involving elements in a neighborhood. Illustrative examples are provided.