Nainen, mies, rakkaus, seksi : Heterosuhteen kulku, kulttuurinen malli ja sitä selittävät diskurssit kahden omaelämäkerta-aineiston valossa

The subject matter of this study is the cultural knowledge concerning romantic male-female relationships in autobiographies written by so called ordinary Finnish men and women born between 1901 and 1965. The research data (98 autobiographies) is selected from two collections by the Finnish Literature Society s folklore archives in the early 1990 s. Autobiographies are cultural representations where negotiation of shared cultural models and personal meanings given to hetero-relationship is evident in an interesting manner. In this research I analyze autobiographies as a written folklore genre. Information concerning male-female relationships is being analyzed using theoretically informed close readings thematic analysis, intertextual reading and reflexive reading. Theoretical implications stem from cognitive anthropology (the idea of cultural models) and an adaptation of discourse theory inspired by Michel Foucault. The structure of the analysis follows the structure of the shared knowledge concerning romantic male-female relationship: the first phase of analysis presents the script of a hetero-relationship and then moves into the actual structure, the cultural model of a relationship. The components of the model of relationship are, as mentioned in the title of the research, woman, man, love and sex. The research shows that all the writers share this basic knowledge concerning a heterosexual relationship despite their age, background or gender. Also the conflicts described and experienced in the relationships of the writers were similar throughout the timespan of the early 1900 s to 1990 s: lack of love, inability to reconcile sexual desires, housework, sharing the responsibility of childcare and financial problems. The research claims that the conflicts in relationships are a major cause for the binary view on gender. When relationships are harmonious, there seems to be no need to see men and women as opposites. The research names five important discourses present in the meaning giving processes of autobiographers. In doing so, the stabile cultural model of male-female relationship widens to show the complexity and variation in data. In this way it is possible to detect some age and gender specific shifts and emphasis. The discourses give meaning to the components of the cultural model and determine the contents of womanhood, manhood, sexuality and love. The way these discourses are spread and their authority are different: the romantic discourse evident in the autobiographies appeal to the authority of love supreme love is the purpose of male-female relationship and it justifies sexuality. In this discourse sex can be the place for confluence of genders. The ideas of romantic love are widely spread in popular culture. Popular scientific discourse defines a relationship as a site to become a man and a woman either from a psychological or a biological point of view. Genders are seen as opposites. These ideas are often presented in media and their authority in science which is seen as infallible. The Christian discourse defines men and women: both should work for the benefit of the nuclear family under the undisputed authority of God. Marital love is based on Christian virtues and within marriage sexuality is acceptable. The discourse I ve named folk tradition defines women and men as guardians of home and offspring. The authority of folk tradition comes from universal truth based in experience and truths known to the mediators of this discourse grandparents, parents and other elders or peers. Societal discourse defines the hetero relationship as the mainstay of society. The authority in societal discourse stems from the laws and regulations that control relationship practices.

Opetussuunnitelmat puntarissa : Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet 2005 ja Esiopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2000 kasvatusnäkemyksen ja -ideologian näkökulmasta

The present study compares educational views and ideologies, especially concerning children, childhood and learning, found within two documents guiding early childhood education in Finland, Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet 2005 and Esiopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2000. These documents are also available in English, titled The National Curriculum Guidelines on Early Childhood Education and Care in Finland 2000 and The Core Curriculum for Pre-school Education in Finland 2005. The method used in the study was a slightly applied Bereday´s comparative method. Both documents talk of the child as weak but also as active and able to learn and develop. The child was also social, emotional and individual in both documents. In Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet 2005 parents and social networks were emphasised more than in Esiopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2000. Views regarding learning were mainly constructive. The aim of Esiopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2000 seemed to be in preparing children to adulthood, whereas in Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet 2005 the childhood had an intrinsic value. Applying Davies division, both documents were found to represent mainly romantic ideology, but conservative ideology could also be recognised, especially when the views about children and childhood were under examination. Revisionistic ideology was more apparent in Esiopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2000 than in Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet 2005, while democratic ideology was more dominant in the latter. Although there was a strong cohesion between these two guiding documents regarding educational views and educational ideologies, there were some traces to be found in Esiopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteet 2000 that pointed towards primary school tradition.

Topeliaaninen usko : Kirjailija Sakari Topelius uskontokasvattajana

ABSTRACT The author Zacharias Topelius as a religious educator The present study concerns the author Zacharias Topelius (1818-98) as a religious educator. The study´s main questions are as follows: What is the theological and pedagogical content of Topelius books and how is his religious instruction linked with the history of his time. The primary sources are his educational books Naturens bok (The Book of the Nature, 1856), Boken om vårt land (The Book of our Land, 1875) and Evangelium för Barnen (Gospel for Children, 1893), as well as his storybooks Läsning för barn I-VIII (Reading for Children I-VIII, 1865-96). The dissertation concerns the his-tory of religious education. Its primary method is background-based systematic analy-sis. In Topelius children s books the view of God is characterised both as an omnipresent spirit and as Providence, who guides world history according to his plan. In addition to Lutheranism this view is also influenced by Nationalism and Romanticism. The theological content of the books emphasises instruction in Christian life that is natural to normative children s books. Topelius strongly expresses the importance of a personal relationship to God, an idealistic Christian view of one s fellow man and of one s own nation as well as the value of nature conservation. The books of Topelius were some of the first educational works on nature preservation in Finland. The didactic quality of Topelius children s books was high for 19th century Finland. Their main emphasis in terms of educational goals is on civilisation (Bildung), self-awareness, national solidarity and living idealism. The pedagogical argumentation is mostly based on theological, historical, social and rational reasoning. The primary principles in Topelius teaching are Christian nationalism, idealistic harmony and the agrarian bourgeois. Christian nationalism is the main element of Topelius religious education. He considers the fatherland as a God-given project and the taking care of it as a part of holy service. Idealistic harmony is seen as the comprehensive development of one s character in the sense of romantic idealism. The agrarian bourgeois principle combines the Finnish peasant tradition with the values of 19th century modern bourgeois culture. I have named Topelius vision of religious education the Christian national project of civilisation (Bildung). Its main theses are home, religion and fatherland. The author himself strongly believed in this vision and never questioned it despite its national chauvinism and theological inconsistency. The religious ideology represented in Topelius educational works and storybooks was popular among pedagogues during the whole era of the Finnish folk school. It fit per-fectly with the Christian national discourse stemming from 19th century ideological ten-dencies. Due to their appropriate content combined with their practical language and pedagogical methods, the books were popular both at school and in the home for a long period of time. Therefore the books of Topelius aptly symbolise the religious education of their time and manifest their author s pedagogical talent as a national religious educator and as a populariser of Christian nationalism. Topelius books have had a lasting influence on Finnish religiosity. Key words: Topelius, theology, religion, education, nationalism and national project

Profligate Descent : The Cultural Transformations of Evolutionary Narrative

This dissertation traces a set of historical transformations the Darwinian evolutionary narrative has undergone toward the end of the twentieth century, especially as reflected in Anglo-American popular science books and novels. The study has three objectives. First, it seeks to understand the organizing logic of evolutionary narratives and the role that assumptions about gender and sexuality play in that logic. Second, it asks what kinds of cultural anxieties evolutionary theory raises and how evolutionary narratives negotiate them. Third, it examines the possibilities and limits of narrative transformation both as a historical phenomenon and as a theoretical question. This interdisciplinary dissertation is situated at the intersection of science studies, cultural studies, literary studies, and gender studies. Its understanding of science as a cultural practice that both emerges from and contributes to cultural expectations and institutional structures follows the tradition of science studies. Its focus on the question of popular appeal and the mechanisms of cultural change arises from cultural studies. Its view of narrative as a structural phenomenon is grounded in literary studies in general and feminist narrative theory in particular. Its understanding of gender and sexuality as implicated in discourses of epistemic authority builds on the view of gender and sexuality as contingent cultural categories central to gender studies. The primary material consists of over 25 British and American popular science books and novels, published roughly between 1990 and 2005. In order to highlight historical transformations, these texts are read in the context of Darwin s The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man, on the one hand, and such sociobiological classics as E. O. Wilson s On Human Nature and Richard Dawkins s The Selfish Gene, on the other. The research method combines feminist narrative analysis with cultural and historical contextualization, emphasizing discursive abruptions, recurrent narrative patterns, and underlying continuities. The dissertation demonstrates that the relationship between Darwin s evolutionary narrative and late twentieth-century evolutionary narratives is characterized by reemphasis, omissions, and continuous rewriting. In particular, contemporary evolutionary discourse extends the role assigned to reproduction both sexual and narrative in Darwin s writing, generating a narrative logic that imagines the desire to reproduce as the driving force of evolution and posits the reproductive sex act as the endlessly repeated narrative event that keeps the story going. The study argues that the popular appeal of evolutionary accounts of gender, sexuality, and human nature may arise, to an extent, from this reproductive narrative dynamic. This narrative dynamic, however, is not logically invulnerable. Since the continuation of the evolutionary narrative relies on successful reproduction, the possibility of reproductive failure poses a constant risk to narrative futurity, arousing cultural anxieties that evolutionary narratives need to address. The study argues that evolutionary narratives appease such anxieties by evoking a range of cultural narratives, especially romantic, religious, and national narratives. Furthermore, the study shows that the event-based logic of evolutionary narratives privileges observable acts over emotions, pleasures, identities, and desires, thus engendering a set of conceptual exclusions that limits the imaginative scope of evolution as a cultural narrative.

Choosing the Arranged One, Arranging the Chosen One – Imagining an Indian Modernity: Reconciling Love, Marriage and Family On and Off the Screen

This is a study on the changing practices of kinship in Northern India. The change in kinship arrangements, and particularly in intermarriage processes, is traced by analysing the reception of Hindi popular cinema. Films and their role and meaning in people´s lives in India was the object of my research. Films also provided me with a methodology for approaching my other subject-matters: family, marriage and love. Through my discussion of cultural change, the persistence of family as a core value and locus of identity, and the movie discourses depicting this dialogue, I have looked for a possibility of compromise and reconciliation in an Indian context. As the primary form of Indian public culture, cinema has the ability to take part in discourses about Indian identity and cultural change, and alleviate the conflicts that emerge within these discourses. Hindi popular films do this, I argue, by incorporating different familiar cultural narratives in a resourceful way, thus creating something new out of the old elements. The final word, however, is the one of the spectator. The “new” must come from within the culture. The Indian modernity must be imaginable and distinctively Indian. The social imagination is not a “Wild West” where new ideas enter the void and start living a life of their own. The way the young women in Dehra Dun interpreted family dramas and romantic movies highlights the importance of family and continuity in kinship arrangements. The institution of arranged marriage has changed its appearance and gained new alternative modes such as love cum arranged marriage. It nevertheless remains arranged by the parents. In my thesis I have offered a social description of a cultural reality in which movies act as a built-in part. Movies do not work as a distinct realm, but instead intertwine with the social realities of people as a part of a continuum. The social imagination is rooted in the everyday realities of people, as are the movies, in an ontological and categorical sense. According to my research, the links between imagination and social life were not so much what Arjun Appadurai would call global and deterritorialised, but instead local and conventional.

El Matadero de Esteban Echeverría, o la inauguración de los mataderos

Resumen: En el presente texto retomamos y reconocemos el carácter de ‘texto fundante’ que El Matadero de Esteban Echeverría tiene en nuestra cultura argentina. Analizamos lo enraizado del texto conectándolo hacia atrás, con los orígenes de la gauchesca, y hacia adelante, con su culminación y con sus proyecciones, incluso en diversas disciplinas. Luego podemos centrarnos en el tema de la violencia como recurrente no solo literario, y precisar el sentido en que la tomamos. Sostenemos que la violencia de El Matadero ya estaba presente, de manera velada, en otras obras de Echeverría; no tanto por su tematización, sino porque figurativiza, de manera muy acorde con la ideología románticas, razón y corazón, considerado éste no como exclusiva sede de sentimientos, sino como víscera, y de allí sus equivalentes, como el estómago y el matambre. Esta parte visceral no accede a mayor formulación, porque no entra en el programa de la estética en boga. Desde este punto de vista, releo las quejas debidas al sufrimiento del corazón, y entiendo el llanto y el descontento de otro modo. Hay lamento porque nada, al menos en el terreno literario, brinda salida a ese fondo vivo, no esquemático y que le resulta abyecto, porque encierra un modo y un contenido que no puede reconocer como propios. Asociado con esta cara puesta en sombra, inopinadamente, El matadero vuelve a ser texto fundante, pero de otra parte de la literatura argentina: de lo marginal, que no puede sumarse a proyectos, y que muy pocos dicen.

El viajero Wilhelm von Humboldt y sus sucesores: caracterización cultural del País Vasco en las descripciones de viaje del siglo XIX

Berta Raposo Fernández e Ingrid García Wistädt (editoras)

Virgilio Txerribuztangoerrekan. (I. Bukoliken eta Georgiken euskal itzulpenak)

[ES] Las traducciones de los clásicos antiguos empiezan a asomar en la literatura vasca a principios del siglo XIX: su objeto no es, en modo alguno, hacerlos accesibles a un público que de otro modo no podría leerlos, sino servir de ejercicio primero a los traductores y después a los lectores y, a un tiempo y sobre todo, dignificar la literatura vasca con obras de validez universal que, además, no implican la sumisión a ninguna cultura nacional. El que Virgilio haya sido siempre —con excepción del paréntesis romántico— el clásico por excelencia ha hecho que sus traducciones ocupen un lugar sobresaliente también en la historia de las letras vascas: el anónimo autor del manuscrito Melibeo del fondo Bonaparte, Iturriaga, Miangolarra, Arregi, Ibiñagabeitia y Orixe son los autores de esta porción —sin duda la más importante con mucho— del Fortleben vasco de Virgilio. Las traducciones de las Églogas y Geórgicas se analizan aquí desde la perspectiva que imponen la filología y la historia literaria: por un lado, se establecen las bases para, primero, interpretar correctamente dichas traducciones en su calidad de tales y, segundo, situarlas debidamente en el conjunto de la obras de sus autores y, en general, en la historia de la literatura vasca; por otro lado, se presta especial atención a las peculiaridades —notables— que la pervivencia de Virgilio presenta en el País Vasco.

Metaphysics in the Work of Charles Darwin

It is not hard to see how two visions of nature are intertwined in Darwin’s Journal of Researches: one vision, the province of romantic authors depicting the sentiments awakened by certain landscapes, the other, the domain of natural scientists describing the world without reference to the aesthetic qualities of the scenery. Nevertheless, analyses of this double perspective in Darwin’s work are relatively rare. Most scholars focus on Darwin, the scientist, and more or less ignore the aesthetic aspects of his work. Perceiving the gradual transformation of Darwin’s world view, however, depends on analyzing the two different modes in which Darwin approached and perceived the world. While one can, on occasion, find commentaries on the beauty of the natural world in Darwin’s early work, the passage of time produces a modification in the naturalist’s manner of perceiving nature. This does not, however, mean that Darwin ceases to find beauty in nature; on the contrary, the disenchantment, in Max Weber’s words, that Darwin’s theory produces should not be understood in a pejorative, but rather in a literal sense. The theory of evolution, in effect, divests nature of its magical character and begins to explain it in terms of natural selection, according it, in the process a new and more intense attraction. In the present work, the metaphysical implications of this new vision of the world are analyzed through the eyes of its discoverer.

A nervura luminosa do instante: o instante como performance literária na obra de João Gilberto Noll

A partir da leitura do livro Mínimos, Múltiplos e Comuns de João Gilberto Noll, este trabalho busca empreender um estudo sobre as relações entre a escrita do artista e tempo na figura dos instantes ficcionais, observando a questão do microrrelato e da exigência fragmentária (cf.P. Lacoue-Labarthe e Jean-Luc Nancy), na perspectiva do inacabado/unidade, o que projeta uma hipótese de conjunto constelar para a escrita de João Gilberto Noll. Inicialmente realiza-se uma reflexão de alguns temas importantes na fortuna crítica sobre o escritor, com a intenção de saber como estes reverberam na sua escrita para, em seguida, tratar do fragmento e suas perspectivas estéticas de inacabamento e de totalidade, com relação ao tempo e como dessas questões surge a metáfora crítica do instante ficcional. As leituras críticas usadas como operadores nortearam-se a partir das noções de fragmento (romântico), e de Acontecimento, relacionadas ao par conceitual Cronos/Aiôn deleuziano

Why brush up your Shakespeare and your theory?: an Angela Carter companion to myths

Essa dissertação visa estudar a formação do que veio a ser conhecido como o mito Shakespeariano e sua relação com a produção literária contemporânea, exemplificada pelo romance Wise Children, da romancista inglesa Angela Carter. Tal objetivo pretende ser alcançado por meio uma revisão teórica de elementos relacionados à concepção de mito desenvolvida pelo filósofo francês Roland Barthes, tais quais a concepção tradicional de mito, o Estruturalismo, o Pós-estruturalismo, a crítica ideológica marxista e os Estudos Culturais. Um estudo dos processos históricos que deram origem ao e ajudaram a propagar o mito Shakespeariano também é levado a cabo nessa dissertação: a apropriação da figura e da obra de William Shakespeare feita pelos pré-românticos e pelos românticos em geral; a associação da figura de Shakespeare com a identidade nacional do Império Britânico; o advento da industria Shakespeariana e o papel das adaptações das peças de Shakespeare na propagação do mito Shakespeariano

Carmen e a concepção trágica de Nietzsche: o amor retraduzido em natureza

O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado consiste fazer uma leitura da ópera Carmen, de Georges Bizet, com a ótica do conceito de trágico de Nietzsche. Privilegiamos o conceito abordado nas obras da maturidade, a partir da publicação de Assim falou Zaratustra, quando a visão trágica é contextualizada na fisiologia da arte, a filosofia é feita com o corpo, o texto da realidade é lido pela ótica da vontade de poder e o amor fati é a mais elevada concepção de amor. Após a apresentação destes conceitos, foi necessário investigarmos o contexto da amizade de Nietzsche e Richard Wagner para entendermos não só as afinidades pessoais, como também o projeto mútuo de renovação da arte alemã através do resgate do espírito trágico, que considerava a união entre filosofia e arte musical. O comprometimento de Wagner com os ideais ascetas, sua conversão ao dogma cristão, a composição de sua última ópera, Parsifal, e o não cumprimento dos ideais reformadores da arte após a inauguração do Teatro de Bayreuth, tudo isso decepcionou Nietzsche, levando-o a romper definitivamente esta amizade a partir de 1876. Seus escritos da maturidade são críticas severas ao wagnerianismo, e é nesta fase que o filósofo descobre Carmen, elogiando-a em cartas e também em O Caso Wagner, um panfleto de 1888, um de seus últimos escritos, onde reúne diversas críticas contra o compositor alemão. Estes elogios exaltam a postura de afirmação da vida e também o fatalismo presentes na obra de Bizet, o que a coloca diametralmente oposta às composições românticas wagnerianas. Tais adjetivações nos motivaram a pesquisar a possibilidade de Carmen ser considerada uma legítima expressão do trágico na Europa finisecular.

Relacionamentos no capricho: as metáforas conceptuais dos amores juvenis

Reconhecendo a pluralidade das representações acerca dos relacionamentos amorosos, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar o conceito de amor existente em produção impressa, averiguando se há uma forma de relacionar-se privilegiada atualmente por instrumento midiático voltado para a juventude. Para tanto, conta com as contribuições da Linguística Cognitiva, em especial da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual (Lakoff e Johnson, 1980 e 1999; Kövecses, 2000, 2002 e 2005), estabelecendo um diálogo desta com estudos da Sociologia e da Antropologia (Giddens, 1993; Bauman, 2001, 2004 e 2005; Almeida e Tracy, 2003; Araújo e Castro; 1977; Rezende e Coelho, 2010, entre outros) que têm como foco as emoções e/ou os relacionamentos amorosos. Anteriormente contemplada como mero ornamento da linguagem, a metáfora passa a ser considerada um fenômeno cognitivo, fruto das experiências compartilhadas por um determinado grupo de pessoas. Desse modo, seu estudo possibilita um melhor entendimento sobre os seres humanos e seus sentimentos, e auxilia a enxergar criticamente como grupos sociais enquadram o mundo. No processo de análise das metáforas e dos modos de conceptualização do amor, foram fundamentais os estudos sócio-antropológicos mencionados, os quais permitiram uma visualização mais ampla dos comportamentos amorosos contemporâneos. O corpus foi constituído por artigos da Revista Capricho, selecionados durante doze meses, que trataram sobre relacionamentos amorosos. Nas edições consideradas, as metáforas indicavam, em sua maioria, a conceptualização do amor a partir de um negócio e de uma viagem, confirmando a visão de uma sociedade pautada pelas relações de mercado e utilitarista, assim como o imperativo do movimento ao que os jovens, em especial, encontram-se submetidos. Houve também espaço para outras conceptualizações, nas quais, igualmente, os relacionamentos se mostram fluidos, imediatistas, com validade até o momento em que houver conveniência. Assumir um compromisso significaria abrir mão de um prazer imediato e da liberdade individual em função do outro, um risco muito grande, que não vale a pena a ser corrido diante da incerteza do futuro

O quebra-nozes de Machado de Assis: crítica e nacionalismo

Esta tese visa a analisar três perspectivas nacionalistas oferecidas pela obra crítica de Machado de Assis. Buscamos, inicialmente, a feição intelectual do jovem Machado no interior do projeto romântico-nacionalista, com o qual estava alinhado e do qual se afastaria paulatinamente. Para tanto, foi cotejado, inicialmente, com dois militantes daquele nacionalismo defensivo: Santiago Nunes Ribeiro e Joaquim Norberto de Sousa Silva. Esse lugar de onde falava Machado ganha em definição num segundo momento, quando empreendemos a análise comparativa de seus textos com os de Macedo Soares e José de Alencar. Sobretudo entre 1859 e 1872, Machado de Assis construiria sua crítica teatral, tornando-se um paladino da comédia realista francesa. A primeira face nacionalista de sua crítica afirma-se nesse profundo envolvimento de Machado com o projeto de um teatro brasileiro pautado no potencial pedagógico da alta comédia. A segunda perspectiva nacionalista define-se à medida que se define o classicismo moderno de Machado, uma articulação muito pessoal de sua visão universalista com a já instaurada modernidade literária. Para a análise desse viés, usamos o corpus de sua crítica literária construída como gênero autônomo, oferecida convencionalmente ao público, por via da qual escritores e leitores se habilitariam a intervir na sociedade, cumprindo, patrioticamente, a missão para a qual a literatura os preparara. A partir de 1883, depois de quase cinco anos afastado da crônica, Machado a retoma, usando-a para exercitar, mais franca e assiduamente, uma particular teoria da cultura brasileira e, paralelamente, uma espécie de busca de nosso caráter nacional. Dessa forma, seu nacionalismo, numa terceira angulação, orienta-se para a experiência humana, que, entre incorporar o fundamento externo e resistir a ele, acaba por formar algo irremediavelmente brasileiro; essa crônica, portanto, carrega uma crítica de feição cultural, no sentido de Machado ter-se comprometido com significações e valores de nossa vida social. Ao examiná-lo como escritor que, inicialmente, se postou contra o colonialismo cultural; que, a seguir, se engajou num projeto civilizatório conduzido pelo teatro e pela literatura e que, por fim, investigou a sensibilidade coletiva brasileira a partir de suas representações culturais, esta tese faculta uma apreensão mais criteriosa das interseções entre os temas nacionalismo e Machado de Assis

Camões: uma personagem teatral (um estudo sobre Luís de Camões como personagem teatral nas peças Frei Luís de Sousa, Que farei com este livro, Tu só, tu, puro amor e na Literatura de Cordel

Este trabalho é um estudo sobre o poeta Luís de Camões como personagem teatral em três obras: Frei Luís de Sousa, de Almeida Garrett; Que farei com este livro, de José Saramago e Tu, só tu, puro amor..., de Machado de Assis. Em Frei Luís de Sousa será abordado o Camões mítico, pois quando se passa a história, durante o período filipino, este já está morto, só é lembrado através de Telmo. É o símbolo da pátria. No capítulo Camões: uma personagem do imaginário popular, será apresentado o Camões como personagem de Literatura de Cordel, sendo feita uma breve comparação com outras personagens como João Grilo.Em Que farei com este livro? será estudado um Camões totalmente desiludido com a pátria na tentativa de publicar Os Lusíadas. Em Tu só, tu, puro amor..., será visto um Camões romântico sofrendo de amores por uma dama da corte.Em cada uma das obras, estudaremos os aspectos da abordagem do poeta português de acordo com o contexto de época de seus respectivos autores