O Movimento de economia solidária no Brasil e os dilemas da organização popular

A partir dos anos 1990, tornou-se cada vez mais notória a formação de iniciativas de economia solidária que surgem com a perspectiva primeira de superar as condições de pobreza. Os Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários (EES) configuram formas coletivas de organização do trabalho em que a relação entre capital e trabalho não está posta da forma tradicional e em que a dinâmica de gestão apresenta importante significado político e cultural, dando condições para superar a privação de capacidade políticas e materiais. O desenvolvimento da economia solidária no Brasil foi convergindo para a consolidação do Movimento da Economia Solidária, que possui, como principal expressão, o Fórum Brasileiro de Economia Solidária. A pesquisa que orienta esta tese estuda as dinâmicas que caracterizam a formação e consolidação do Fórum Brasileiro de Economia Solidária e visa, a partir deste sujeito de pesquisa, à percepção de como os atores políticos deste movimento estão configurando a organização popular em prol da transformação social. Para a realização da pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um estudo que envolveu, entre outros, trabalho de campo através de um corpus de pesquisa voltado ao acompanhamento de três plenárias estaduais (RJ, PB e RS) que compuseram o processo preparatório da IV Plenária Nacional de Economia Solidária. Além disso, realizou-se uma caracterização geral da situação da economia solidária nos três estados estudados no campo, tendo como fonte o Sistema de Informação de Economia Solidária da Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária. Este trabalho parte da compreensão de que a questão social é a categoria que melhor explica a totalidade do contexto em que se formam EES e, consequentemente, o movimento da economia solidária no Brasil. Assim, a reflexão teórica da presente tese é pautada na perspectiva de discutir a organização popular no movimento de economia solidária como contraponto significativo na questão social.

A indústria do conhecimento, o médico e a indústria farmacêutica: uma coprodução de técnicos e técnicas de poder

Este estudo abordou o contexto de uma engrenagem macropolítica, na qual o poder dominante (representado pela indústria farmacêutica) se articula à indústria do conhecimento, condicionando construção e divulgação de conhecimento biomédico à mesma lógica da produção e distribuição capitalista de mercadorias. A indústria farmacêutica tem investido em projetos de pesquisas clínicas, com o objetivo de legitimar, cientificamente, seus produtos. A investigação deste papel financiador de ensaios clínicos baseou-se nos depoimentos de quatro médicos, professores de Medicina, coparticipantes de projetos da indústria farmacêutica. Os resultados evidenciaram que os protocolos das pesquisas são elaborados pela própria indústria, sem participação do médico colaborador; o acesso à íntegra dos dados coletados é de exclusividade dos coordenadores centrais da pesquisa; e, os resultados dos ensaios, apresentados através de resumos, são previamente submetidos a critérios de seleção de dados. Com o objetivo de articular saber médico a expectativas de mercado, o poder dominante se exerce através de técnicas de poder (estratégias de marketing), atribuindo aos médicos o papel de técnicos de poder, a serviço de seus interesses. Essa relativização de valores clama por uma crítica revisão ética.

Hydrology and fish distribution at the Sofala Bank (Mozambique)

A brief review is made of the hydrologic conditions at the Sofala Bank, mainly based on the research data obtained from 1978 to 1982. A description is attempted of the circulation pattern and the distribution of water masses in the area, four hydrologic regimes being identified. These are compared with the distributions of different pelagic and demersal fish species. A tendency is found for different groups of species to prefer different hydrologic regimes.

UV-B-induced Oxidative Damage and Protective Role of Exopolysaccharides in Desert Cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus

UV-B-induced oxidative damage and the protective effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in Microcoleus vaginatus, a cyanobacterium isolated from desert crust, were investigated. After being irradiated with UV-B radiation, photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm), cellular total carbohydrates, EPS and sucrose production of irradiated cells decreased, while reducing sugars, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production and DNA strand breaks increased significantly. However, when pretreated with 100 mg/L exogenous EPS, EPS production in the culture medium of UV-B stressed cells decreased significantly; Fv/Fm, cellular total carbohydrates, reducing sugars and sucrose synthase (SS) activity of irradiated cells increased significantly, while ROS generation, MDA production and DNA strand breaks of irradiated cells decreased significantly. The results suggested that EPS exhibited a significant protective effect on DNA strand breaks and lipid peroxidation by effectively eliminating ROS induced by UV-B radiation in M. vaginatus.

生态研究数据库系统的设计与开发

列表类型数据是生态研究中最为常见的数据形式。在分析列表类型数据特征及其与元数据关系,数据安全和共享策略等问题基础上,提出了生态研究列表类数据管理系统设计和开发方案。研究认为数据集的元数据不仅是对数据集实体的说明,而且一定程度上决定着数据集实体的内容和数量,以及数据集实体之间的内在联系,这种联系正是进行列表类型数据管理依据所在。

陕北桥镇油田延长组长2、长1油层组沉积相及储层研究

The Ordos Basin is a large-scale craton superimposed basin locating on the west of the North China platform, which was the hotspot of interior basin exploration and development. Qiaozhen oil field located in the Ganquan region of south-central of Ordos Basin. The paper is based on the existing research data, combined with the new theory and progress of the sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, reservoir sedimentology, petroleum geology, etc, and analyzes systematically the sedimentary and reservoir characteristics in the chang2 and chang1 oil-bearing strata group of Yanchang formation On the basis of stratigraphic classification and comparison study, the strata chang2 and chang1 were divided into five intervals. Appling the method of cartography with single factor and dominance aspect, we have drawn contour line map of sand thickness, contour line map of ratio between sand thickness and stratum thickness. We discussed distribution characteristics of reservoir sand body and evolution of sedimentary facies and microfacies. And combining the field type section , lithologic characteristics, sedimentary structures, the sedimentary facies of single oil well and particle size analysis and according to the features of different sequence, the study area was divided into one sedimentary facies、three parfacies and ten microfacies. The author chew over the characteristics of every facies, parfacies and microfacies and spatial and temporal distribution. Comprehensive research on petrologic characteristics of reservoir , diagenesis types, pore types, distribution of sand bodies, physical properties, oiliness, reservoir heterogeneities, characteristics of interlayer, eventually research on synthetic classifying evaluation of reservoir.The reservoir is classified four types: Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ and pore type, fracture-porosity type. Take reservoir's average thickness, porosity, permeability, oil saturation and shale content as parameters, by using clustering analysis and discriminant analysis, the reservoir is classified three groups. Based on the evaluation, synthetizing the reservoir quality, the sealing ability of cap rock, trap types, reservoir-forming model ,in order to analyze the disciplinarian of accumulation oil&gas. Ultimately, many favorable zones were examined for chang23，chang223，chang222，chang221，chang212，chang12，chang11 intervals. There are twenty two favorable zones in the research area. Meanwhile deploy the next disposition scheme.

Participation in Self-Collection of Maternal and Infant DNA in a Case-Control Study on Clubfoot

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD051804)

Online Publizieren - auch in der Erziehungswissenschaft?!

Vor- und Nachteile im Vergleich von herkömmlichem zu elektronischem Publizieren werden erläutert. Mit Bezug auf eine DFG-Studie zum "Publikations- und Rezeptionsverhalten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Open Access" wird die Situation speziell in der Erziehungswissenschaft reflektiert und dabei besonders auf das Projekt "Fachportal Pädagogik" eingegangen, das u.a. Qualitätssicherung und Langzeitverfügbarkeit von elektronisch vorliegender erziehungswissenschaftlicher Fachinformation zum Ziel hat. (DIPF/pr)

Towards the sustainable use of Europe’s forests: a centre for European forest science! – Some missing catalytic elements?

The Symposium, “Towards the sustainable use of Europe’s forests”, with sub-title “Forest ecosystem and landscape research: scientific challenges and opportunities” lists three fundamental substantive areas of research that are involved: Forest management and practices, Ecosystem processes and functional ecology, and Environmental economics and sociology. This paper argues that there are essential catalytic elements missing! Without these elements there is great danger that the aimed-for world leadership in the forest sciences will not materialize. What are the missing elements? All the sciences, and in particular biology, environmental sciences, sociology, economics, and forestry have evolved so that they include good scientific methodology. Good methodology is imperative in both the design and analysis of research studies, the management of research data, and in the interpretation of research finding. The methodological disciplines of Statistics, Modelling and Informatics (“SMI”) are crucial elements in a proposed Centre of European Forest Science, and the full involvement of professionals in these methodological disciplines is needed if the research of the Centre is to be world-class. Distributed Virtual Institute (DVI) for Statistics, Modelling and Informatics in Forestry and the Environment (SMIFE) is a consortium with the aim of providing world-class methodological support and collaboration to European research in the areas of Forestry and the Environment. It is suggested that DVI: SMIFE should be a formal partner in the proposed Centre for European Forest Science.

Identifying species and ecosystem sensitivities.

Executive Summary The programme of work was commissioned in September 1998 to supply information to underpin the UK’s commitments to protection and conservation of the ecosystems and biodiversity of the marine environment under the 1992 OSPAR Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic. The programme also provided support for the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention and the EU Habitats Directive. The MarLIN programme initiated a new approach to assessing sensitivity and recoverability characteristics of seabed species and biotopes based on structures (such as the seabed biotopes classification) and criteria (such as for assessing rarity and defining ‘sensitivity’) developed since 1997. It also developed tools to disseminate the information on the Internet. The species researched were those that were listed in conventions and directives, included in Biodiversity Action Plans, or were nationally rare or scarce. In addition, species were researched if they maintained community composition or structure and/or provided a distinctive habitat or were special to or especially abundant in a particular situation or biotope At its conclusion in August 2001, the work carried out under the contract with DETR/DEFRA had: · Developed protocols, criteria and structures for identifying ‘sensitivity’ and ‘recoverability’, which were tested by a programme management group. · Developed a database to hold research data on biology and sensitivity of species and biotopes. · Defined the link between human activities and the environmental factors likely to be affected by those activities. · Developed a user-friendly Web site to access information from the database, on the sensitivity and recoverability characteristics of over 100 species and basic information on over 200 species. Additionally, the project team have: · Brought together and facilitated discussion between current developers and users of electronic resources for environmental management, protection and education in the conference ‘Using Marine Biological Information in the Electronic Age’ (19-21 July 1999). · Contributed to the development of Ecological Quality Objectives for the North Sea (Scheveningen, 11- 3 September 1999 and subsequent papers). · Provided detailed information on species as a supplement to the National Biodiversity Network Gateway demonstration www.searchnbn.net. · Developed a peer-reviewed approach to electronic publication of updateable information. · Promoted the contract results and the MarLIN approach to the support of marine environmental management and protection at European research fora and, through the web site, internationally. The information available through the Web site is now being used by consultants and Government agencies. The DEFRA contract has been of critical importance in establishing the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) programme and has encouraged support from other organisations. Other related work in the MarLIN programme is on-going, especially to identify sensitivity of biotopes to support management of SACs (contract from English Nature in collaboration with Scottish Natural Heritage), to access data sources (in collaboration with the National Biodiversity Network) and to establish volunteer recording schemes for marine life. The results of the programme are best viewed on the Web site (www.marlin.ac.uk). Three reports have been produced during the project. A final report detailing the work undertaken, a brochure ‘Identifying the sensitivity of seabed ecosystems’ and a CD-ROM describing the programme and demonstrating the Web site have been delivered as final products in addition to the Web site.

Journeys into the unknown: shared schooling and social change in Quebec and Northern Ireland

This article compares experiences of shared schooling in societies with 2 distinctive traits: first, a history of intercommunity conflict and isolation; and second, a segregated school system. Drawing on Parekh’s (2006) reconceptualisation of multiculturalism, this article analyses issues arising from experiences of intercommunity contact in shared schools in Quebec and Northern Ireland—in one case, bringing Anglophones and Francophones together and, in the other, Protestants and Catholics. Research data from both contexts is drawn upon to reflect on how this experience is lived. The metaphor of a journey is used to capture what it represents for those involved. A need to clarify, recognize, and exploit the potential of shared schooling for the transformation of divided societies is identified.

Unique Challenges in WiFi Intrusion Detection

The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a common means of protecting networked systems from attack or malicious misuse. The deployment of an IDS can take many different forms dependent on protocols, usage and cost. This is particularly true of Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems (WIDS) which have many detection challenges associated with data transmission through an open, shared medium, facilitated by fundamental changes at the Physical and MAC layers. WIDS need to be considered in more detail at these lower layers than their wired counterparts as they face unique challenges. The remainder of this chapter will investigate three of these challenges where WiFi deviates significantly from that of wired counterparts:

• Attacks Specific to WiFi Networks: Outlining the additional threats which WIDS must account for: Denial of Service, Encryption Bypass and AP Masquerading attacks.

• The Effect of Deployment Architecture on WIDS Performance: Demonstrating that the deployment environment of a network protected by a WIDS can influence the prioritisation of attacks.

• The Importance of Live Data in WiFi Research: Investigating the different choices for research data sources with an emphasis on encouraging live network data collection for future WiFi research.

The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for open angle glaucoma:A systematic review and economic evaluation

Objectives: To assess whether open angle glaucoma (OAG) screening meets the UK National Screening Committee criteria, to compare screening strategies with case finding, to estimate test parameters, to model estimates of cost and cost-effectiveness, and to identify areas for future research. Data sources: Major electronic databases were searched up to December 2005. Review methods: Screening strategies were developed by wide consultation. Markov submodels were developed to represent screening strategies. Parameter estimates were determined by systematic reviews of epidemiology, economic evaluations of screening, and effectiveness (test accuracy, screening and treatment). Tailored highly sensitive electronic searches were undertaken. Results: Most potential screening tests reviewed had an estimated specificity of 85% or higher. No test was clearly most accurate, with only a few, heterogeneous studies for each test. No randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of screening were identified. Based on two treatment RCTs, early treatment reduces the risk of progression. Extrapolating from this, and assuming accelerated progression with advancing disease severity, without treatment the mean time to blindness in at least one eye was approximately 23 years, compared to 35 years with treatment. Prevalence would have to be about 3-4% in 40 year olds with a screening interval of 10 years to approach cost-effectiveness. It is predicted that screening might be cost-effective in a 50-year-old cohort at a prevalence of 4% with a 10-year screening interval. General population screening at any age, thus, appears not to be cost-effective. Selective screening of groups with higher prevalence (family history, black ethnicity) might be worthwhile, although this would only cover 6% of the population. Extension to include other at-risk cohorts (e.g. myopia and diabetes) would include 37% of the general population, but the prevalence is then too low for screening to be considered cost-effective. Screening using a test with initial automated classification followed by assessment by a specialised optometrist, for test positives, was more cost-effective than initial specialised optometric assessment. The cost-effectiveness of the screening programme was highly sensitive to the perspective on costs (NHS or societal). In the base-case model, the NHS costs of visual impairment were estimated as £669. If annual societal costs were £8800, then screening might be considered cost-effective for a 40-year-old cohort with 1% OAG prevalence assuming a willingness to pay of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Of lesser importance were changes to estimates of attendance for sight tests, incidence of OAG, rate of progression and utility values for each stage of OAG severity. Cost-effectiveness was not particularly sensitive to the accuracy of screening tests within the ranges observed. However, a highly specific test is required to reduce large numbers of false-positive referrals. The findings that population screening is unlikely to be cost-effective are based on an economic model whose parameter estimates have considerable uncertainty, in particular, if rate of progression and/or costs of visual impairment are higher than estimated then screening could be cost-effective. Conclusions: While population screening is not cost-effective, the targeted screening of high-risk groups may be. Procedures for identifying those at risk, for quality assuring the programme, as well as adequate service provision for those screened positive would all be needed. Glaucoma detection can be improved by increasing attendance for eye examination, and improving the performance of current testing by either refining practice or adding in a technology-based first assessment, the latter being the more cost-effective option. This has implications for any future organisational changes in community eye-care services. Further research should aim to develop and provide quality data to populate the economic model, by conducting a feasibility study of interventions to improve detection, by obtaining further data on costs of blindness, risk of progression and health outcomes, and by conducting an RCT of interventions to improve the uptake of glaucoma testing. © Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO 2007. All rights reserved.

Joining together or pushing apart? Building relations and exploring difference through shared education in Northern Ireland

In divided societies, the promotion of cross-cultural contact through the education system has been central to efforts to improve intergroup relations. This approach is informed by an understanding of the contact hypothesis, which suggests that positive contact with a member of a different group should contribute to improvements in attitudes towards the group as a whole. While a substantial body of research provides support for contact theory, critics have argued that its emphasis on harmonious encounters can result in the neglect of group differences and associated issues of conflict and discrimination during contact. The research discussed in this article explores this tension with reference to two shared education projects in Northern Ireland. Research data, gathered primarily through interviews with pupils, confirms that divisive issues are rarely addressed during contact and explores several influences on this: the nature of pupils’ relationships, the programme structure, and the prevailing social norms of avoidance.

Exploring the Findings from Three Randomised Controlled Trials of Bookgifting Programmes

Aims: This paper explores the effects from three similar bookgifting programmes on improving reading outcomes of early years’ children, their parents and teachers.
Methods: The paper draws on research data produced by the Centre for Effective Education during three randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluations of bookgifting programmes (N=1694 participant families in total). The three studies used pre and post test measures to identify effects across a total of 15 social, cognitive and behavioural reading outcomes.
Results: The overall average effect across the 15 outcomes from data provided by 1694 participant families, was d=0.07. This is a relatively small overall effect and there was an overall pattern of small positive effects of this scale across the wide range of the reading outcomes assessed. However, only one significant effect was identified in the 15 outcomes assessed across all three studies.
Conclusions: The review of these three studies suggests that the RCTs struggle to identify significant effects in these low exposure and low cost bookgifting interventions. Furthermore, it is recommended that future RCT studies of this type of programme require very large sample sizes in the scale of 1000’s rather than 100’s to generate enough study power. Or alternatively, these programmes could be evaluated as a component part of more intensive reading interventions.