Investigations on the Radiation Characteristics of Broadband Strip Loaded Slotted Microstrip Antennas

With the recent progress and rapid increase in mobile terminals, the design of antennas for small mobile terminals is acquiring great importance. In view of this situation, several design concepts are already been addressed by the scientists and engineers. Compactness and efficiency are the major criteria for mobile terminal antennas. The challenging task of the microwave scientists and engineers is to device compact printed radiating systems having broadband behavior, together with good efficiency. Printed antenna technology has received popularity among antenna scientists after the introduction of microstrip antenna in 1970s. The successors in this kind such as printed monopoles and planar inverted F are also equally important. Scientists and Engineers are trying to explore this technology as a viable coast effective solution for forthcoming microwave revolution. The transmission line perspectives of antennas are very interesting. The concept behind any electromagnetic radiator is simple. Any electromagnetic system with a discontinuity is radiating electromagnetic energy. The size, shape and the orientation of the discontinuities controls the radiation characteristics of the system such as radiation pattern, gain, polarization etc. It can be either resonant or non resonant structure.

Ground Plane Slot Structures for Isolation of Cosited Microstrip Antennas

Ground plane slot structures have been shown to reduce coupling between cosited antennas. Although some such structures have already been reported, no analytical model exists to describe their behavior and there are no design guidelines. In this work, the behavior of reported ground plane structures is used as a clue to obtain generalizable information about such structures' behavior. The structures' scalability and excitation behavior is investigated. Next a circuit model is derived that describes the interaction of microstrip patch antennas with a ground plane slot structure based on mutual admittances between the ground plane slots and the effective slots at the antennas' radiating edges. The circuit model leads to design guidelines for the ground plane slot structure and an approximate relationship between mutual admittances which must be satisfied in order to isolate the antennas. Finally, we present a novel ground plane slot structure that mitigates some of the disadvantages of earlier designs.

Bull's eye leaky wave antenna for terrestrial and space applications

This work presents the study of Bull's eye antenna designs, a type of leaky wave antenna (LWA), operating in the 60 GHz band. This band emerged as a new standard for specific terrestrial and space applications because the radio spectrumbecomes more congested up to the millimetre-wave band, starting at 30 GHz. Built on existing Bull's eye antenna designs, novel structures were simulated, fabricated and measured, so as to provide more exibility in the implementation of wireless solutions at this frequency. Firstly, the study of a 60 GHz Bull's eye antenna for straightforward integration onto a CubeSat is presented. An investigation of the design is carried out, from the description of the radiation mechanism supported by simulation results, to the radiation pattern measurement of a prototype which provides a gain of 19.1 dBi at boresight. Another design, based on a modified feed structure, uses a microstrip to waveguide transition to provide easier and inexpensive integration of a Bull's eye antenna onto a planar circuit. Secondly, the design of Bull's eye antennas capable of creating beam deflection and multi-beam is presented. In particular, a detail study of the deflection mechanism is proposed, followed by the demonstration of a Bull's eye antenna generating two separate beams at ±16° away from the boresight. In addition, a novel mechanically steerable Bull's eye antenna, based on the division of the corrugated area in paired sectors is presented. A prototype was fabricated and measured. It generated double beams at ±8° and ±15° from the boresight, and a single boresight beam. Thirdly, a Bull's eye antenna capable of generating two simultaneous orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes l = 3 is proposed. The design is based on a circular travelling wave resonator and would allow channel capacity increase through OAM multiplexing. An improved design based on two stacked OAM Bull's eye antennas capable of producing four orthogonal OAM modes l = (±3,±13) simultaneously is presented. A novel receiving scheme based on discretely sampled partial aperture receivers (DSPAR) is then introduced. This solution could provide a lower windage and a lower cost of implementation than current whole or partial continuous aperture.

Cavity ring‑up spectroscopy for dissipative and dispersive sensing in a whispering gallery mode resonator

In whispering gallery mode resonator sensing applications, the conventional way to detect a change in the parameter to be measured is by observing the steady-state transmission spectrum through the coupling waveguide. Alternatively, sensing based on cavity ring-up spectroscopy, i.e. CRUS, can be achieved transiently. In this work, we investigate CRUS using coupled mode equations and find analytical solutions with a large spectral broadening approximation of the input pulse. The relationships between the frequency detuning, coupling gap and ring-up peak height are determined and experimentally verified using an ultrahigh Q-factor silica microsphere. This work shows that distinctive dispersive and dissipative transient sensing can be realised by simply measuring the peak height of the CRUS signal, which may improve the data collection rate.

Automotive Antennas for V2X Communications

The main topic of this thesis is about the design and prototyping of automotive antennas that allows Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications, that is the communication between the vehicle and all what else is relevant. In particular 5G will be an enabling technology for these communications. Vehicular connectivity is a mandatory feature in nowadays car. Typical applications are that one related to the infotainment, i.e. radio or mobile telephone, or security ones, i.e. radars. The antennas that support this type of communications can be divided in two frequency range: the sub-6GHz range and the millimeter wave (mmW) range. Also the 5G standard can be divided in this two frequency ranges. In this work different automotive antennas solutions are presented for both the frequency bands. For the sub-6GHz range two different antennas are presented: a tin sheet 5G-sub6 radiating element and a complete 5G-GNSS-V2X shark fin module. For the mmW frequency band, an automotive PCB planar solution is presented. Since these frequencies are a novelty for the automotive market, satellite communications (SatCom) field has been considered. In SatCom applications mmW solutions are a well-established technology. Thus, also mmW antennas solutions for SatCom applications are here presented.

Analysis and design considerations of resonator arrays for inductive power transfer systems

In the frame of inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, arrays of magnetically coupled resonators have received increasing attention as they are cheap and versatile due to their simple structure. They consist of magnetically coupled coils, which resonate with their self-capacitance or lumped capacitive networks. Of great industrial interest are planar resonator arrays used to power a receiver that can be placed at any position above the array. A thorough circuit analysis has been carried out, first starting from traditional two-coil IPT devices. Then, resonator arrays have been introduced, with particular attention to the case of arrays with a receiver. To evaluate the system performance, a circuit model based on original analytical formulas has been developed and experimentally validated. The results of the analysis also led to the definition of a new doubly-fed array configuration with a receiver that can be placed above it at any position. A suitable control strategy aimed at maximising the transmitted power and the efficiency has been also proposed. The study of the array currents has been carried out resorting to the theory of magneto-inductive waves, allowing useful insight to be highlighted. The analysis has been completed with a numerical and experimental study on the magnetic field distribution originating from the array. Furthermore, an application of the resonator array as a position sensor has been investigated. The position of the receiver is estimated through the measurement of the array input impedance, for which an original analytical expression has been also obtained. The application of this sensing technique in an automotive dynamic IPT system has been discussed. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the possible applications of two-dimensional resonator arrays in IPT systems. These devices can be used to improve system efficiency and transmitted power, as well as for magnetic field shielding.

Estimativas do teor de umidade empregando o método GPR: uma avaliação comparativa em experimentos de laboratório e campo

Este trabalho faz uma análise das estimativas de teores de umidade obtidas com o método Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) comparativamente às determinadas com os métodos Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) e gravimétrico. Os dados foram obtidos em dois experimentos diferentes: um experimento controlado em laboratório buscando reproduzir um meio homogêneo onde foram obtidas as medidas de umidade com GPR (antenas de 1 GHz) e TDR, e outro experimento de campo onde foram obtidos dados com GPR (antenas de 200 MHz) e de amostras de solos do local. Para a obtenção das estimativas a partir do método GPR foram analisados os eventos relativos à onda de transmissão direta entre as antenas, onda refratada criticamente e onda refletida em interfaces com diferentes propriedades elétricas.O GPR mostrou-se sensível às variações de umidades presentes nos dois experimentos e apresentou boa correlação com os dados obtidos com TDR (REQM de0,007 m³m-3) e das amostras (REQM de 0,039 m³m-3).

Cavity-Controlled Collective Scattering at the Recoil Limit

We study collective scattering with Bose-Einstein condensates interacting with a high-finesse ring cavity. The condensate scatters the light of a transverse pump beam superradiantly into modes which, in contrast to previous experiments, are not determined by the geometrical shape of the condensate, but specified by a resonant cavity mode. Moreover, since the recoil-shifted frequency of the scattered light depends on the initial momentum of the scattered fraction of the condensate, we show that it is possible to employ the good resolution of the cavity as a filter selecting particular quantized momentum states.

Analysis of a Reconfigurable Bandpass Circular Patch Filter

This paper presents an analysis of a reconfigurable patch filter based on a triple-mode circular patch resonator with four radial slots. The analysis has been carried out thanks to the development of a new theoretical approach of the tunable patch filter based on the coupling matrix. The coefficients of the coupling matrix related to the tunable behavior have been identified and some rules for their evolution have been derived. For a proof-of-concept, a bandpass filter has been designed with a continuous tunability obtained with varactors connected across the slots. State-of-the-art results have been obtained, with a frequency tuning range of 27% from 1.95 to 2.43 GHz and a change in fractional bandwidth from 8.5% to 31.5% for the respective frequencies. In the entire tuning range, the return loss is better than 10 dB and the maximum insertion loss is 2 dB. Due to the newly developed coupling matrix, measurements, simulations, and theory showed great agreement.

Performance analysis of a single-user MISO ultra-wideband time reversal system with DFE

This paper presents an analysis of the performance of a baseband multiple-input single-output (MISO) time reversal ultra-wideband system (TR-UWB) incorporating a symbol spaced decision feedback equalizer (DFE). A semi-analytical performance analysis based on a Gaussian approach is considered, which matched well with simulation results, even for the DFE case. The channel model adopted is based on the IEEE 802.15.3a model, considering correlated shadowing across antenna elements. In order to provide a more realistic analysis, channel estimation errors are considered for the design of the TR filter. A guideline for the choice of equalizer length is provided. The results show that the system`s performance improves with an increase in the number of transmit antennas and when a symbol spaced equalizer is used with a relatively small number of taps compared to the number of resolvable paths in the channel impulse response. Moreover, it is possible to conclude that due to the time reversal scheme, the error propagation in the DFE does not play a role in the system`s performance.

Effect of Charge Asymmetry on Adsorption and Phase Separation of Polyampholytes on Silica and Cellulose Surfaces

The relation between the properties of polyampholytes in aqueous solution and their adsorption behaviors on silica and cellulose surfaces was investigated. Four polyampholytes carrying different charge densities but with the same nominal ratio of positive to negative segments and two structurally similar polyelectrolytes (a polyacid and a polybase) were investigated by using quartz crystal microgravimetry using silica-coated and cellulose-coated quartz resonators. Time-resolved mass and rigidity (or viscoelasticity) of the adsorbed layer was determined from the shifts in frequency (Delta f) and energy dissipation (Delta D) of the respective resonator. Therefore, elucidation of the dynamics and extent of adsorption, as well as the conformational changes of the adsorbed macromolecules, were possible. The charge properties of the solid Surface played a crucial role in the adsorption of the studied polyampholytes, which was explained by the capability of the surface to polarize the polyampholyte at the interface. Under the same experimental conditions, the polyampholytes had a higher nominal charge density phase-separated near the interface, producing a soft, dissipative, and loosely bound layer. In the case of cellulose substrates, where adsorption was limited, electrostatic and polarization effects were concluded to be less significant.

Experimental control of single-mode laser chaos by using continuous, time-delayed feedback

Control of chaos in the single-mode optically pumped far-infrared (NH3)-N-15 laser is experimentally demonstrated using continuous time-delay control. Both the Lorenz spiral chaos and the detuned period-doubling chaos exhibited by the laser have been controlled. While the laser is in the Lorenz spiral chaos regime the chaos has been controlled both such that the laser output is cw, with corrections of only a fraction of a percent necessary to keep it there, and to period one. The laser has also been controlled while in the period-doubling chaos regime, to both the period-one and -two states.

Two-wave-mixing induced self-focusing in an active photorefractive oscillator

We derive a nonlinear wave equation for a signal beam which is coupled to a pump beam by two-wave-mixing in a photorefractive crystal. This equation describes self-focusing of the signal beam. We compare two-wave-mixing induced spatial self-focusing of single-pass experiments in a diffusion-type photorefractive crystal and of a photorefractive oscillator using the same crystal. We observe that the nonlinear refractive index change in the oscillator is decreased while increasing resonator losses.

An "openable," high-strength gradient set for orthopedic MRI

A novel three-axis gradient set and RF resonator for orthopedic MRT has been designed and constructed. The set is openable and may be wrapped around injured joints. The design methodology used was the minimization of magnetic field spherical harmonics by simulated annealing. Splitting of the longitudinal coil presents the major design challenge to a fully openable gradient set and in order to efficiently design such coils, we have developed a new fast algorithm for determining the magnetic field spherical harmonics generated by an are of multiturn wire. The algorithm allows a realistic impression of the effect of split longitudinal designs. A prototype set was constructed based on the new designs and tested in a 2-T clinical research system. The set generated 12 mT/m/A with a linear region of 12 cm and a switching time of 100 mu s, conforming closely with theoretical predictions. Preliminary images from the set are presented. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

Anharmonic effects on a phonon-number measurement of a quantum-mesoscopic-mechanical oscillator

We generalize a proposal for detecting single-phonon transitions in a single nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) to include the intrinsic anharmonicity of each mechanical oscillator. In this scheme two NEMS oscillators are coupled via a term quadratic in the amplitude of oscillation for each oscillator. One NEMS oscillator is driven and strongly damped and becomes a transducer for phonon number in the other measured oscillator. We derive the conditions for this measurement scheme to be quantum limited and find a condition on the size of the anharmonicity. We also derive the relation between the phase diffusion back-action noise due to number measurement and the localization time for the measured system to enter a phonon-number eigenstate. We relate both these time scales to the strength of the measured signal, which is an induced current proportional to the position of the read-out oscillator.