Use of a random phase plate as a KrF laser beam homogenizer for thin film deposition applications

Fabrication of devices based on thin film structures deposited using the pulsed laser deposition technique relies on reproducibility and control of deposition rates over substrate areas as large as possible. Here we present an application of the random phase plate technique to smooth and homogenize the intensity distribution of a KrF laser footprint on the surface of a target which is to be ablated. It is demonstrated that intensity distributions over millimeter-sized spots on the target can be made insensitive to the typical changes that occur in the near-field intensity distribution of the ultraviolet output from a KrF laser. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)02504-6].

Pulse shape measurements using single shot-frequency resolved optical gating for high energy (80 J) short pulse (600 fs) laser

Relevant to laser based electron/ion accelerations, a single shot second harmonic generation frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) system has been developed to characterize laser pulses (80 J, ∼600 fs) incident on and transmitted through nanofoil targets, employing relay imaging, spatial filter, and partially coated glass substrates to reduce spatial nonuniformity and B-integral. The device can be completely aligned without using a pulsed laser source. Variations of incident pulse shape were measured from durations of 613 fs (nearly symmetric shape) to 571 fs (asymmetric shape with pre- or postpulse). The FROG measurements are consistent with independent spectral and autocorrelation measurements. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.

Multiferroic PbZrxTi1-xO3/Fe3O4 epitaxial sub-micron sized structures

Large range well ordered epitaxial ferrimagnetic nominally Fe3O4 structures were fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition and embedded in ferroelectric PbZrxTi1-xO3 (x = 0.2, 0.52) epitaxial films. Magnetite dots were investigated by magnetic force microscopy and exhibited magnetic domain contrast at room temperature (RT). Embedding ferroelectric PbZrxTi1-xO3 layers exhibit remnant polarization values close to the values of single epitaxial layers. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the epitaxial growth of the composites and the formation of the ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric phases. Physical and structural properties of these composites recommend them for investigations of stress mediated magneto-electric coupling at room temperature. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3692583]

Ordered 180 degrees ferroelectric domains in epitaxial submicron structures

Large range ordered La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3) and SrRuO(3) epitaxial dots were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition using stencil masks and were embedded in ferroelectric PbTiO(3) epitaxial films. PbTiO(3) films grown on top of La(0.7)Sr(0.3)MnO(3) dots form arrays of 180 degrees domains that are switchable and have good ferroelectric properties. PbTiO(3) films made on top of SrRuO(3) dots have a monodomain polarization state. These observations point out the importance of the electronic properties of the bottom electrode in the selection of a preferential polarization state in epitaxial ferroelectric films and propose a route of fabricating large arrays of switchable 180 degrees ferroelectric domains. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3630232]

The application of surface second harmonic sensor to probe laser induced modification of titanium dioxide

The effects of high power pulsed laser light on a TiO2 photocatalyst have been investigated using a surface second harmonic generation (SSHG) sensor. When TiO2 is irradiated with a laser at 355mm a visible change in colour from white to dark blue crystals was observed. X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the crystal structure of the TiO2 developed a more rutile form following laser exposure.

Fast line, arc/circle and leg detection from laser scan data in a player driver

A feature detection system has been developed for real-time identification of lines, circles and people legs from laser range data. A new method sutable for arc/circle detection is proposed: the Inscribed Angle Variance (IAV). Lines are detected using a recursive line fitting method.

Infrared spectroscopy of Mg-doped SrRuO3 thin films /

The reflectance of thin films of magnesium doped SrRu03(Mg-SR0) produced by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiOa (100) substrates has been measured at room temperature between 100 and 7500 cm~^. The films were chosen to have wide range of thickness, stoichiometry and electrical properties. As the films were very thin (less than 300 nm), and some were insulating the reflectance data shows structures due to both the film and the substrate. Hence, the data was analyzed using Kramers-Kronig constrained variational fitting (VDF) method to extract the real optical conductivity of the Mg-SRO films. Although the VDF technique is flexible enough to fit all features of the reflectance spectra, it seems that VDF could not eliminate the substrate's contribution from fllm conductivity results. Also the comparison of the two different programs implementing VDF fltting shows that this technique has a uniqueness problem. The optical properties are discussed in light of the measured structural and transport properties of the fllms which vary with preparation conditions and can be correlated with differences in stoichiometry. This investigation was aimed at checking the VDF technique and also getting answer to the question whether Mg^"*" substitutes in to Ru or Sr site. Analysis of our data suggests that Mg^+ goes to Ru site.

Structures photoniques à base de nanocristaux de silicium

Il y a des indications que les nanocristaux de silicium (nc-Si) présentent un gain optique qui est potentiellement assez grand pour permettre l'amplification optique dans la gamme de longueurs d'ondes où une photoluminescence (PL) intense est mesurée (600- 1000 nm). Afin de fabriquer des cavités optiques, nous avons implantés des morceaux de silice fondue avec des ions de Si pour former une couche de nc-Si d'une épaisseur d'environ 1 μm. Le Si a été implanté à quatre énergies comprises entre 1 MeV et 1,9 MeV de manière à obtenir une concentration atomique de Si en excès variant entre 25% et 30%. Les pièces ont été flanquées de miroirs diélectriques composés de filtres interférentiels multicouches. Sur une plage de longueurs d'ondes d'environ 200 nm de large, un filtre réfléchit près de 100%, alors que l'autre a une réflexion moyenne d'environ 90%. Nous avons mesuré et comparé les spectres de PL de trois échantillons: le premier sans miroir, le second avec des filtres réfléchissant autour de 765 nm (entre 700 nm et 830 nm), et la troisième avec des filtres agissant autour de 875 nm (entre 810 nm et 940 nm). Lorsque les échantillons sont excités avec un laser pulsé à 390 nm, des mesures de photoluminescence résolue dans le temps (PLT) révèlent des taux de décroissance plus rapides en présence de miroirs dans le domaine de longueurs d'onde où ceux-ci agissent comparé aux échantillons sans miroirs. Aussi, l'intensité PL en fonction de la fluence d'excitation montre une augmentation plus rapide de la présence de miroirs, même si celle-ci reste sous-linéaire. Nous concluons que de l'émission stimulée pourrait être présente dans la cavité optique, mais sans dominer les autres mécanismes d'émission et de pertes.

Luminescence from Surfactant-Free ZnO Quantum Dots Prepared by Laser Ablation in Liquid

Highly transparent, luminescent and biocompatible ZnO quantum dots were prepared in water, methanol, and ethanol using liquid-phase pulsed laser ablation technique without using any surfactant. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the formation of good crystalline ZnO quantum dots with a uniform size distribution of 7 nm. The emission wavelength could be varied by varying the native defect chemistry of ZnO quantum dots and the laser fluence. Highly luminescent nontoxic ZnO quantum dots have exciting application potential as florescent probes in biomedical applications.

Tunable diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ,Nir Overtone and Life Studies of Some Organic Compound

The present work is mainly concentrated on setting up a NIR tunable diode laser absorption (TDLA) spectrometer for high-resolution molecular spectroscopic studies. For successfully recording the high-resolution tunable diode laser spectrum, various experimental considerations are to be taken into account like the setup should be free from mechanical vibrations, sample should be kept at a low pressure, laser should be in a single mode operation etc. The present experimental set up considers all these factors. It is to be mentioned here that the setting up of a high resolution NIR TDLA spectrometer is a novel experiment requiring much effort and patience. The analysis of near infrared (NIR) vibrational overtone spectra of some substituted benzene compounds using local mode model forms another part of the present work. An attempt is made to record the pulsed laser induced fluorescence/Raman spectra of some organic compounds. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is used as the excitation source. A TRIAX monochromator and CCD detector is used for the spectral recording. The observed fluorescence emission for carbon disulphide is centered at 680 nm; this is assigned as due to the n, p* transition. Aniline also shows a broad fluorescence emission centered at 725 nm, which is due to the p,p* transition. The pulsed laser Raman spectra of some organic compounds are also recorded using the same experimental setup. The calibration of the set up is done using the laser Raman spectra of carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulphide. The observed laser Raman spectra for aniline, o-chloroaniline and m-chlorotoluene show peaks characteristics of the aromatic ring in common and the characteristics peaks due to the substitutuent groups. Some new peaks corresponding to low-lying vibrations of these molecules are also assigned

Multimode laser emission from dye doped polymer optical fiber

Multimode laser emission is observed in a polymer optical fiber doped with a mixture of Rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) and Rhodamine B (Rh B) dyes. Tuning of laser emission is achieved by using the mixture of dyes due to the energy transfer occurring from donor molecule (Rh 6G) to acceptor molecule (Rh B). The dye doped poly(methyl methacrylate)-based polymer optical fiber is pumped axially at one end of the fiber using a 532 nm pulsed laser beam from a Nd:YAG laser and the fluorescence emission is collected from the other end. At low pump energy levels, fluorescence emission is observed. When the energy is increased beyond a threshold value, laser emission occurs with a multimode structure. The optical feedback for the gain medium is provided by the cylindrical surface of the optical fiber, which acts as a cavity. This fact is confirmed by the mode spacing dependence on the diameter of the fiber.

Fluorescence quantum yield of rhodamine 6G using pulsed photoacoustic technique

Experimental method for measuring photoacoustic(PA) signals generated by a pulsed laser beam in liquids is described. The pulsed PA technique is found to be a convenient and accurate method for determination of quantum yield in fluorescent dye solutions. Concentration dependence of quantum yield of rhodamine 6G in water is studied using the above method. The results indicate that the quantum yield decreases with increase in concentration in the quenching region in agreement with the existing reports based on radiometric measurements.

Studies on Laser Induced and RF Sputtered Plasma using Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Langmuir Probe

The main objective of the present study is to understand different mechanisms involved in the production and evolution of plasma by the pulsed laser ablation and radio frequency magnetron sputtering. These two methods are of particular interest, as these are well accomplished methods used for surface coatings, nanostructure fabrications and other thin film devices fabrications. Material science researchers all over the world are involved in the development of devices based on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films. Our laboratory has been involved in the development of TCO devices like thin film diodes using zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc magnesium oxide (ZnMgO), thin film transistors (TFT's) using zinc indium oxide and zinc indium tin oxide, and some electroluminescent (EL) devices by pulsed laser ablation and RF magnetron sputtering.In contrast to the extensive literature relating to pure ZnO and other thin films produced by various deposition techniques, there appears to have been relatively little effort directed towards the characterization of plasmas from which such films are produced. The knowledge of plasma dynamics corresponding to the variations in the input parameters of ablation and sputtering, with the kind of laser/magnetron used for the generation of plasma, is limited. To improve the quality of the deposited films for desired application, a sound understanding of the plume dynamics, physical and chemical properties of the species in the plume is required. Generally, there is a correlation between the plume dynamics and the structural properties of the films deposited. Thus the study of the characteristics of the plume contributes to a better understanding and control of the deposition process itself. The hydrodynamic expansion of the plume, the composition, and SIze distribution of clusters depend not only on initial conditions of plasma production but also on the ambient gas composition and pressure. The growth and deposition of the films are detennined by the thermodynamic parameters of the target material and initial conditions such as electron temperature and density of the plasma.For optimizing the deposition parameters of various films (stoichiometric or otherwise), in-situ or ex-situ monitoring of plasma plume dynamics become necessary for the purpose of repeatability and reliability. With this in mind, the plume dynamics and compositions of laser ablated and RF magnetron sputtered zinc oxide plasmas have been investigated. The plasmas studied were produced at conditions employed typically for the deposition of ZnO films by both methods. Apart from this two component ZnO plasma, a multi-component material (lead zirconium titanate) was ablated and plasma was characterized.

NIR Spectroscopic and Laser Induced Fluorescence studies of some organic molecules

Vibrational overtone spectroscopy of molecules containing X-H oscillators (X = C, N, O...) has become an effective tool for the study of molecular structure, dynamics, inter and intramolecular interactions, conformational aspects and substituent effects in aliphatic and aromatic compounds. In the present work, the author studied the NIR overtone spectra of some liquid phase organic compounds. The analysis of the CH, NH and OH overtones yielded important structural information about these systems. In an attempt to get information on electronic energy levels, we studied the pulsed Nd:YAG laser induced fluorescence spectra of certain organic compounds. The pulsed laser Raman spectra of some organic compounds are also studied. The novel high resolution technique of near infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is used to record the rotational structure of the second OH overtone spectrum of 2-propanol. The spectral features corresponding to the different molecular conformations could be identified from the high resolution spectrum. The whole work described in this thesis is divided into five chapters.