999 resultados para Proteção ambiental, Brasil
Resumo:
The oil industry is one of the activities that generates more waste to the environment. The drill cuttings is a waste generated in large quantities in the drilling process and that may cause environmental damage such as soil contamination and consequently the contamination of groundwater if disposed of without prior treatment. Arises the need to develop scientific activities and research ways to adapt these wastes the current environmental standards. In the case of solid wastes, the NBR 10004: 2004 of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) classifies them into class I waste (hazardous) and class II (not dangerous), which determines which wastes may or may not be discarded in the environment without causing environmental impact. This study presents a novel alternative for treating drill cuttings, where this waste was classified as class I (Abreu & Souza, 2005), mainly by removing the n-paraffin present in it, since this arises when using drilling fluids base oil. Using microemulsion systems promotes the removal of this contaminant drill cuttings samples from wells located in Alto do Rodrigues - RN. Initially, we determined the concentration of paraffin using infrared method in samples were extracted with ultrasound, we obtained a paraffin concentration in the range from 36.59 to 43.52 g of paraffin per kilogram of cuttings. Used two microemulsion systems containing two nonionic surfactants from different classes, one is an alcohol ethoxylated (UNTL-90) and the other an nonylphenol ethoxylated (RNX 110). The results indicated that the system UNTL-90 surfactant has better efficiency than the system with RNX 110. The study of the influence of contact time at the extraction showed that for times greater than 25 minutes has a tendency to increase the percentage extraction with increasing contact time. It was also observed that the extraction is fast because at 1 minute contact has 22.7% extraction. The reuse of the microemulsion system without removing the paraffin extracted in previous steps, showed reduction of 29.32 in percentage of extraction by comparing the first and third extraction, but by comparing the first and second extractions reduction is 8.5 in percentage extraction, so the systems reuse optimization can be an option for economically viable removing paraffin from cuttings. The extraction with shaking is more effective in the treatment of cuttings, reaching the extraction percentage of 87.04%, that is, obtaining a drill cuttings with 0.551% paraffin. Using the percentage of paraffin employed in non-aqueous drilling fluids and fluid maximum limit on cuttings for disposal established by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (US EPA), one arrives at the conclusion that the level of paraffin on gravel cannot exceed 3.93%. Conclude that the amount of paraffin in the treated cuttings with the microemulsion system with shaking is below the established by US EPA, showing that the system used was efficient in removing the paraffin from the drill cuttings.
Resumo:
Environmental Sustainability is a very important factor for the Tourist Development of the localities, which should be protected and preserved so many other generations goers enjoy the experiences in their paradisiacal landscapes. The objective of the present study is to analyze the sustainability of the tourist destination of Jenipabu Beach, situated in a conservation area on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, in the city of Extremoz, 20 km from the center of the Capital Natal, being of great state tourist importance for having the most famous Dunes park in the region. There are several regulars and their proper groups in a tourist area, and the differences in these perceptions about the relationship of certain factors occurring on site, can determine how sustainable the same or its sustainability index is. This research used an Ecotourism Sustainability Indicator System (SEIS) to Tsaur, et al (2006), to assist in the verification of this index, in use methods of exploratory and descriptive research, where the data were collected through a questionnaire applied close to 151 attendees divided among residents, traders and visitors, directly by the author in Jenipabu in August and September 2015. The tabulation, analysis and interpretation of data were taken from the assistance of the technical factor analysis of statistics and ONEWAY ANOVA, which conducted by IBM SPSS software STATISTICS 20. The main findings were, identifying 14 relevant sustainability factors, of which 6 coincide with the indicator model used and 8 are new, as well as verification that Jenipabu is a destination with strong economic dependence of the Tourism, with various impacts of this community, which does not recognize the benefits that the Environmental Protection Area (APA) can bring to this and to the locality tourism. In conclusion on differences in perceptions of the regulars that the studied region Beach has low Sustainability and requires the development of various projects and actions for improvement.
Resumo:
This work presents a reflection on possibilities and boundaries of consolidation and expansion of human settlements characterized as traditional communities that are located within protected areas, using as study reference the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubaro, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The main topics highlight the conflict between the right to housing and the prevalence of fundamental rights of traditional populations, opposed to the diffuse right to environment, according to the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Urban and Environmental Policies. At the same time that these settlements, historically built, are substantiated by the principles of recognition of rights to traditional populations, they are in a condition of complexity to the resolution of conflicts in its urban dimension and lead to an impairment of natural sites. This work questions how the instruments of land use and occupation are defined and relate to environmental planning, especially considering that the settlements are located in Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). It aims to further the discussion of the urban dimension in settlements, characterizing its formation and growth process, to identify the gaps and convergences between the Urban and Environmental Policy, under the foundations of a socio-environmental approach. The results spotlights the conflicts between occupation and natural areas, inferring that the definition of Urban Policies instruments and its integration with Environmental Policies instruments account for essential and priority actions to the achievement to the rights to a sustainable city, as determined in the Cities Statute and environmental protection goals, defined for the Conservation Units
Resumo:
This analysis on the ambient licensing is based on a research that identifies the fragilities and advances of the application of this instrument of politics of the environment in the ambient politics of the Rio Grande do Norte, in the period of 1992 the 2003. The isolated urban area of Bzios, situated in the City of Nsia Floresta/RN, situated in the eastern coast of the State, where concentrates the boarding of the ambient question as a matter in the Brazilian process of urbanization, over all the institutionalization and implementation of the ambient licensing. They are distinguished in the used methodology in consultation to the diverse involved social segments with the ambient subject in study, the example of the managers, technician and specialists, as well as the application of the legislation and norms techniques, the forms of appropriation of the common wealth and the procedures of ambient licensing of the competent agencies. The results of the research designate that the ambient licensing while instrument of the ambient politics is one of the alternatives more efficient as techniques in the process of sustainable development, since it is beyond the prerogatives to conciliate the activities and enterprises with the conservation of the environmental resources and natural benefits to the societies. In the RN one evidenced progress in the ambient legislation and the instructions techniques, and that the imperfections and limitations in the system of ambient licensing are not directly on to the instruments, but in the implementation of mechanisms of the ambient agencies. This because they do not make use of operational structure to apply in practical and established abilities, as an ambient management, institutional joint and deliberations of the State Counselor for Environment
Resumo:
Nos dias de hoje a contaminao dos solos e guas subterrneas com pesticidas atravs da agricultura tornou-se um problema. Problema este, considerado ainda maior nas reas onde o abastecimento de gua potvel quase totalmente base de gua subterrnea, causando deste modo risco para a sade humana devido exposio directa de possveis resduos de pesticidas na gua potvel. certo que a persistncia dos pesticidas no solo importante para obter um bom controlo sob as ervas daninhas durante a sua poca de crescimento, contudo o uso desses pesticidas contamina no s o solo como as guas superficiais. As questes acerca do uso de pesticidas na actualidade continuaro a persistir, uma vez que existem muitos factores e caractersticas inerentes a este processo que necessitam de ser abordadas e mais importante que isso estudadas, como por exemplo a sua degradao e toxicidade. Neste trabalho efectuou-se o encapsulamento de pesticidas em molculas de ciclodextrina (-CD). O que se pretende com este encapsulamento, aumentar a hidrofilicidade do pesticida de forma a garantir que este persista o tempo suficiente permitindo um bom controlo das ervas daninhas, tendo sempre em conta as preocupaes inerentes ao uso dos pesticidas, como por exemplo a dificuldade de biodegradao. O estudo centrou-se em torno de dois dos pesticidas mais utilizados em Portugal: MCPA e Bentazona. Estes herbicidas foram encapsulados individualmente na -CD formando assim complexos, mais solveis e eventualmente mais estveis quimicamente garantindo uma reduo dos efeitos dos pesticidas no meio ambiente. Este estudo foi dividido essencialmente em duas partes: a sntese e caracterizao dos complexos pesticida--CD e posteriormente a avaliao da estabilidade qumica em soluo aquosa e da solubilidade dos complexos formados. A utilizao de diversas tcnicas analticas nomeadamente DSC, FTIR, Espectrofotometria de UV, HPLC e Electroqumica permitiram concluir que o pesticida MCPA encapsula pela aco da -CD aquando do complexo formado em soluo etanlica e numa proporo estequiomtrica MCPA:-CD de 1:2 respectivamente. Obteve-se para as vrias solues estudadas, todas elas com concentraes diferentes de -CD, uma constante de estabilidade de 102,4. No caso da Bentazona, os resultados preliminares obtidos indiciam claramente a formao de um complexo com a -CD para o complexo formado em soluo etanlica.
Resumo:
The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranho to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracaja reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracaja. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species
Resumo:
A preocupao com o meio ambiente, nomeadamente na descarga de guas residuais, consumo de gua excessivo e produo de resduos industriais, est cada vez mais presente no quotidiano. Devido a estas problemticas, efetuou-se a avaliao de impacte ambiental (AIA) do processo produtivo das rolhas de cortia naturais, tratamento das guas de cozedura da cortia (estudo da possvel reutilizao do efluente tratado) e valorizao de subprodutos resduo slido (raspa de cortia), sendo estes os objetivos propostos para a realizao da presente dissertao. Na AIA, efetuada no decorrer das fases da Anlise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), foram selecionadas 8 categorias de impacte aquecimento global, acidificao, dessecao, toxicidade e ecotoxicidade, eutrofizao, consumo de recursos no renovveis e oxidao foto-qumica. A gua de cozedura caracterizou-se por uma elevada carga poluente, apresentando elevada concentrao de cor, Carncia Qumica de Oxignio (CQO), taninos e lenhina e Slidos Suspensos Totais (SST). O processo de tratamento proposto consistiu num pr-tratamento por ultrafiltrao (UF), com membranas de 30.000 e 20.000 MWCO, seguido de adsoro por carvo ativado (comercial e produzido a partir de raspa de cortia). No tratamento por UF, utilizando uma membrana de 30.000 MWCO, foram obtidas percentagens de remoo para a primeira amostra de gua de cozedura de 74,8 % para a cor, 33,1 % para a CQO e para a segunda amostra de 85,2 % para a cor e 41,8 % para a CQO. Posteriormente, apenas para a segunda amostra de gua de cozedura e com uma membrana de 20.000 MWCO, as percentagens de remoo obtidas foram superiores, de 93% para a cor, 68,9 % para a CQO, 88,4 % para taninos e lenhina e 43,0 % para azoto total. No tratamento por adsoro com carvo ativado estudou-se o tempo de equilbrio do carvo ativado comercial e do carvo ativado produzido a partir de aparas de cortia, seguindo-se o estudo das isotrmicas de adsoro, no qual foram analisados os parmetros da cor e CQO para cada soluo. Os ajustes dos modelos tericos aos pontos experimentais demonstraram que ambos os modelos (Langmuir e Freundlich) poderiam ser considerados, uma vez que apresentaram ajustes idnticos. Relativamente ao tratamento de adsoro em contnuo do permeado, obtido por UF com membrana de 20.000 MWCO, constatou-se que ambos os carves ativados (comercial e produzido) no ficaram saturados, tendo em considerao os tempos de saturao estimados pela capacidade mxima de adsoro (determinada para a isotrmica de Langmuir) e as representaes grficas dos valores experimentais obtidos para cada ensaio. No ensaio de adsoro com carvo ativado comercial verificou-se que o efluente tratado poderia ser descarregado no meio hdrico ou reutilizado no processo industrial (considerando os parmetros analisados), uma vez que at aos 11 minutos de ensaio a concentrao da soluo sada foi de 111,50 mg/L O2, para a CQO, e incolor, numa diluio de 1:20. Em relao adsoro em contnuo com carvo ativado produzido verificou-se no ensaio 4 que o efluente resultante apresentou uma concentrao de CQO de 134,5 mg/L O2 e cor no visvel, numa diluio de 1:20, ao fim de 1h22 min de ensaio. Assim, concluiu-se que os valores obtidos so inferiores aos valores limite de emisso (VLE) presentes no Decreto-Lei n. 236/98 de 1 de Agosto. O carvo ativado produzido apresentou elevada rea superficial especfica, com 870 m2/g, comparativamente ao carvo comercial que foi de 661 m2/g. O processo de extrao da suberina a partir de raspa de cortia isenta de extraveis, efetuado atravs da metanlise alcalina, apresentou percentagens de extrao superiores aos restantes mtodos. No processo efetuado em scale-up, por hidrlise alcalina, obteve-se uma extrao de 3,76 % de suberina. A aplicao da suberina no couro demonstrou que esta cera apresenta enormes potencialidades, uma vez que a sua aplicao confere ao couro um aspeto sedoso, com mais brilho e um efeito de pull-up.
Resumo:
A produo mundial de arroz chega a 80 milhes de toneladas ao ano, considerando que as cascas representam 20% deste valor, anualmente so geradas cerca de 1.162.000 toneladas desse rejeito. H alguns anos, esse material era descartado no ambiente, atualmente as leis de proteção ambiental, demandaram na preocupao com resduos de casca de arroz (FOLETO, 2005). Segundo Mayer (2006) a casca leva aproximadamente 5 anos para se decompor e exala um volume elevado de metano, um dos gases responsveis pelo efeito estufa. Visando proteger a integridade do meio ambiente, esto sendo buscadas alternativas para reduzir os impactos ambientais do descarte e recuperar os investimentos na cultura do gro. Devido seu alto teor de silcio a casca de arroz, matria-prima de grande interesse para aplicao em vrios ramos: indstria eletrnica, cermica e na agricultura e tambm pode ser utilizada como fonte energtica e ser aplicadas como adsorvente, em anlises qumicas (FOLETO, 2005; ROSA, 2009). Neste trabalho o objetivo foi padronizar mtodo para a determinao das aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1, G2 e ocratoxiana A em cebola, empregando a tcnica de extrao, Disperso da Matriz em Fase Slida (MSPD), tendo a casca de arroz como adsorvente, de forma a possibilitar a determinao dos contaminantes empregando cromatografia de camada delgada de alta eficincia (HPTLC) e/ou cromatografia lquida de alta eficincia acoplada a detector de fluorescncia (HPLC-FD). A cebola (Allium cepa L.) foi a matriz escolhida devido sua importncia econmica, ela a terceira hortalia mais importante economicamente no Brasil, depois do tomate e da batata. O pas est entre os dez maiores produtores do mundo, sendo que na safra de 2010 a produo foi de 1.548.146 toneladas. Dentre os estados que se destacam pela sua produo esto: Santa Catarina, So Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, a cebola assim como os demais alimentos suscetvel contaminao fngica e se entre a microbiota estiverem espcies toxignicas pode ocorrer produo de micotoxinas. O mtodo foi validado avaliando-se curva analtica, linearidade, limites de deteco e quantificao, preciso (repetitividade e preciso intermediria) e exatido (recuperao) para cada tipo de determinao cromatogrfica. Para HPTLC, os limites de deteco variaram entre 0,33-5g Kg-1 e os de quantificao entre 1-15g Kg-1 Para o mtodo HPLC-FD os limites de deteco variaram entre 0,003 0,26 g Kg-1 e os de quantificao 0,03 2,6 g Kg-1 . As recuperaes para o mtodo HPTLC variaram entre 76- 95% e para HPLC-FD variaram entre 72-88%. O mtodo desenvolvido foi aplicado para verificar a ocorrncia de micotoxinas em 14 amostras de cebola. A contaminao com aflatoxinas foi verificada em 43% das amostras analisadas. O nvel mximo encontrado foi de 90 g Kg-1 para aflatoxina B2 em uma amostra de cebola crioula, com o defeito de mancha negra.
Resumo:
This work presents a reflection on possibilities and boundaries of consolidation and expansion of human settlements characterized as traditional communities that are located within protected areas, using as study reference the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubaro, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The main topics highlight the conflict between the right to housing and the prevalence of fundamental rights of traditional populations, opposed to the diffuse right to environment, according to the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Urban and Environmental Policies. At the same time that these settlements, historically built, are substantiated by the principles of recognition of rights to traditional populations, they are in a condition of complexity to the resolution of conflicts in its urban dimension and lead to an impairment of natural sites. This work questions how the instruments of land use and occupation are defined and relate to environmental planning, especially considering that the settlements are located in Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). It aims to further the discussion of the urban dimension in settlements, characterizing its formation and growth process, to identify the gaps and convergences between the Urban and Environmental Policy, under the foundations of a socio-environmental approach. The results spotlights the conflicts between occupation and natural areas, inferring that the definition of Urban Policies instruments and its integration with Environmental Policies instruments account for essential and priority actions to the achievement to the rights to a sustainable city, as determined in the Cities Statute and environmental protection goals, defined for the Conservation Units
Resumo:
This analysis on the ambient licensing is based on a research that identifies the fragilities and advances of the application of this instrument of politics of the environment in the ambient politics of the Rio Grande do Norte, in the period of 1992 the 2003. The isolated urban area of Bzios, situated in the City of Nsia Floresta/RN, situated in the eastern coast of the State, where concentrates the boarding of the ambient question as a matter in the Brazilian process of urbanization, over all the institutionalization and implementation of the ambient licensing. They are distinguished in the used methodology in consultation to the diverse involved social segments with the ambient subject in study, the example of the managers, technician and specialists, as well as the application of the legislation and norms techniques, the forms of appropriation of the common wealth and the procedures of ambient licensing of the competent agencies. The results of the research designate that the ambient licensing while instrument of the ambient politics is one of the alternatives more efficient as techniques in the process of sustainable development, since it is beyond the prerogatives to conciliate the activities and enterprises with the conservation of the environmental resources and natural benefits to the societies. In the RN one evidenced progress in the ambient legislation and the instructions techniques, and that the imperfections and limitations in the system of ambient licensing are not directly on to the instruments, but in the implementation of mechanisms of the ambient agencies. This because they do not make use of operational structure to apply in practical and established abilities, as an ambient management, institutional joint and deliberations of the State Counselor for Environment
Resumo:
Tese (doutorado)Universidade de Braslia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentvel, 2016.
Resumo:
The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranho to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracaja reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracaja. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species
Resumo:
Por meio de coleta de dados primrios e secundrios foi feito um inventrio dos atrativos tursticos e o mapeamento georreferenciado do territrio do municpio de Colinas do Sul, localizado na regio nordeste do estado de Gois, Brasil. O mapeamento consistiu na identificao dos principais atrativos tursticos naturais, rotas, roteiros e circuitos tursticos por meio de GPS/GIS, oferecendo informaes, e uma base cartogrfica pioneira para a criao de um banco de dados norteadores da ocupao e transformao dos espaos para o planejamento e desenvolvimento de um turismo respaldado por preocupaes sociais e ecolgicas. Colinas do Sul um dos municpios brasileiros com mais de 80% de seu territrio situado em uma rea de Proteção Ambiental (APA), uma Unidade de Conservao (UC) brasileira de uso sustentvel, e que possui no seu entorno duas reas de extrema relevncia ambiental: o Parque da Chapada dos Veadeiros e a o Lago da Serra da Mesa. A metodologia consistiu na coleta de dados para se disponibilizar um sistema de informao turstica georreferenciada de base cartogrfica interpretada e documental de interesse coletivo.
Resumo:
As relaes entre populaes humanas e Unidades de Conservao no bioma Mata Atlntica so, muitas vezes, marcadas por conflitos que envolvem as diferentes percepes que as mesmas possuem sobre essas reas. Entender como se manifestam tais relaes constitui-se num desafio para a preservao da biodiversidade in situ nos seus ecossistemas remanescentes. No mbito do Sistema de Unidades de Conservao brasileiro a realizao desse trabalho em uma rea de Proteção Ambiental (APA) justifica-se por esta categoria ser menos restritiva quanto ao uso da terra, o que possibilita uma maior ao do uso social sobre fragmentos florestais. A APA escolhida para o estudo de caso deve-se ao seu papel ecolgico de conexo espacial no contexto da figura do Mosaico de UCs do Central Fluminense - RJ. Este trabalho objetiva entender como as prticas sociais mediadas pelas percepes ambientais dessas populaes, estabelecidas em diferentes paisagens geogrficas (rural, urbana e rururbana), matrizes de fragmentos florestais remanescentes, podem interferir no processo de sucesso ecolgica dos mesmos. A partir de entrevistas de populaes em quatro matrizes diferentes. Apreendem-se padres de percepes de diferentes atores e suas possveis resultantes para cenrios de conflitos sociais nessa mediao de preservao da sucesso ecolgica dos fragmentos florestais.
Resumo:
2008
