Guiding intellectual and personal growth across educational contexts

This book recognizes the importance of cooperative learning, in contrast to the traditional classroom, as an effective approach to learning. Its coverage of the subject ranges across the educational spectrum, from pre-school years to university, and offers a fresh perspective on a topic that has gained increasing interest worldwide. With contributions from an international panel of leading experts in the field, this engaging text succeeds in providing key insights, linking the theories that underpin the study of group dynamics to their practical application in the classroom. It presents a comprehensive overview of this alternative educative approach, illustrating how cooperative learning experiences can promote socialisation and friendships, and facilitate learning. The editors assemble a range of well-researched essays, covering such aspects as: * The importance of teacher and student interaction * Small group, virtual and non-virtual teaching environments * Assessment practices for measuring the outcomes of individual and group progress * The effect of cooperative learning on relationships amongst students with diverse cultural, social and learning needs. Illustrated with practical examples throughout, this book will be a crucial read for teacher educators, educational psychologists, student teachers, academics and researchers who want to realize the significant potential of cooperative learning in all educational settings.

A Dynamical Modeling to Study the Adaptive Immune System and the Influence of Antibodies in the Immune Memory

Immunological systems have been an abundant inspiration to contemporary computer scientists. Problem solving strategies, stemming from known immune system phenomena, have been successfully applied to chall enging problems of modem computing. Simulation systems and mathematical modeling are also beginning use to answer more complex immunological questions as immune memory process and duration of vaccines, where the regulation mechanisms are not still known sufficiently (Lundegaard, Lund, Kesmir, Brunak, Nielsen, 2007). In this article we studied in machina a approach to simulate the process of antigenic mutation and its implications for the process of memory. Our results have suggested that the durability of the immune memory is affected by the process of antigenic mutation.and by populations of soluble antibodies in the blood. The results also strongly suggest that the decrease of the production of antibodies favors the global maintenance of immune memory.

The new craft skills of engineering: The impact of innovation technology on engineering practices

This chapter explores the impact of innovation technologies such as simulation, modelling, and rapid prototyping on engineering practice. Innovation technologies help redefine the role of engineers in the innovation process, creating a new division of innovative labour both with and across organizations. This chapter also explores the boundaries of experimentation and inertia within particular domains of problem-solving to create new opportunities and value.

Critical cyber pedagogy: Doing multiliteracies in the Singapore classrooms

The Ministry of Education in Singapore has embarked on the ambitious project of introducing IT in schools. The IT Masterplan, budgeted at a cost of $2 billion, aims to wire up all schools by the year 2002. While the well-funded IT Masterplan is seeing the project in its final phase of implementation, this paper argues for a "critical cyber pedagogy" along with the acquisition of the functional and operational skills of technology. Drawing on theories of critical multiliteracies (Burbules & Callister, 2000; Luke, 2000b; New London Group, 1996), this paper explores and suggests how an instructional design of two classroom activities can be utilized as new forms of cyber and technoliteracies. Through the critical evaluation of websites and hypertext construction, students will be equipped with a new literacy that extends reading and writing by incorporating new blended forms of hybrid textualities. This technology-assisted pedagogy can achieve the desired outcome of self-directed learning, teamwork, critical thinking and problem solving strategies necessary for a knowledge-based society.

Exploring the learning potential of an artificial life simulation

CULTURE is an Artificial Life simulation that aims to provide primary school children with opportunities to become actively engaged in the high-order thinking processes of problem solving and critical thinking. A preliminary evaluation of CULTURE has found that it offers the freedom for children to take part in process-oriented learning experiences. Through providing children with opportunities to make inferences, validate results, explain discoveries and analyse situations, CULTURE encourages the development of high-order thinking skills. The evaluation found that CULTURE allows users to autonomously explore the important scientific concepts of life and living, and energy and change within a software environment that children find enjoyable and easy to use.

Implications of missed opportunities for learning and assessment in design and technology education

Supporting student learning can be difficult, especially within open-ended or loosely structured activities, often seen as valuable for promoting student autonomy in many curriculum areas and contexts. This paper reports an investigation into the experiences of three teachers who implemented design and technology education ideas in their primary school classrooms for the first time. The teachers did not capitalise upon many of the opportunities for scaffolding their students' learning within the open-ended activities they implemented. Limitations of the teachers' conceptual and procedural knowledge of design and technology were elements that influenced their early experiences. The study has implications for professional developers planning programs in newly introduced areas of the curriculum to support teachers in supporting learning within open-ended and loosely structured problem solving activities. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Beyond hearing aid fitting: improving communication for older adults

Many older adults with hearing impairment continue to have substantial communication difficulties after being fitted with hearing aids, and many do not choose to wear hearing aids. Two group communication education programs aimed at such older people are described. The 'Keep on Talking' program has a health promotion focus, and is aimed at maintaining communication for older adults living in the community. An experimental group (n=120) attended the program, and a control group (n=130) received a communication assessment but no intervention. Significant improvements were found in the experimental participants in terms of knowledge about communication changes with age and about strategies to maintain communication skills. At the follow-up evaluation at 1 year, 45% of the experimental group, compared to 10% of the control group, had acted to improve their communication skills. The 'Active Communication Education' program focuses on the development of problem-solving strategies to improve communication in everyday life situations. Preliminary outcomes have been assessed on a small scale (n=14) to date. It is concluded that communication programs represent an important adjunct to, or supplement for, the traditional approach that focuses on hearing aid fitting.

Lectures and other types of teaching

A questionnaire on lectures was completed by 351 students (84% response) and 35 staff (76% response) from all five years of the veterinary course at the University of Queensland. Staff and students in all five years offered limited support for a reduction in the number of lectures in the course and the majority supported a reduction in the number of lectures in the clinical years. Students in the clinical years only and appropriate staff agreed that the number of lectures in fifth year should be reduced but were divided as to whether lectures in fifth year should be abolished. There was limited support for replacement of some lectures by computer assisted learning (CAL) programs, but strong support for replacement of some lectures by subject-based problem based learning (PBL) and strong support for more self-directed learning by students. Staff and students strongly supported the inclusion of more clinical problem solving in lectures in the clinical years and wanted these lectures to be more interactive. There was little support for lectures in the clinical years to be of the same type as in the preclinical years.

A Concepção Arquitectónica Como Processo: o exemplo de Christopher Alexander

Começam a surgir indícios de que se procura uma substituição da capacidade criativa humana pela programação de processos passíveis de uma automatização informática. Utilizamos o exemplo da obra de Christopher Alexander e advogamos que a concepção arquitectónica proposta por aquele arquitecto é, desde o início, a construção de uma linguagem de estrutura formal funcionalista, por isso programável e algorítmica, cuja discriminação varia da, função focada sobre a concepção do objecto (produção-exigências) para a função focada sobre o sujeito (fruiçãonecessidades). A estrutura de processamento daquele sistema tem origem, no conceito de “resolução de problema” ( problem solving ) e tem como objectivo, a efectiva programação daquilo que hoje é o trabalho criativo humano. Comprova-o o facto de o sistema da “pattern language” ter uma utilização cada vez maior nas investigações informáticas, desde a própria estrutura de programas evolutivos, até aos “object oriented design” ligados à investigação da Inteligência Artificial, passando pelo conceito de “Patterns”, como uma disciplina de engenharia informática para a resolução de problemas 1 . Verificámos na nossa investigação que, paradoxalmente, o mesmo sistema que procura uma libertação democrática da arquitectura – segundo o princípio, “arquitectura de todos para todos” – parece ser, no actual contexto histórico ocidental, um dos sistemas capazes de limitar a Arquitectura, através de um processamento algorítmico de concepção que visa a manipulação de modelos formais preestabelecidos – não obrigatoriamente estáticos – numa “performance” funcional.

O cálculo mental na resolução de problemas : um estudo no 1.º ano de escolaridade

Este estudo tem como principal objectivo compreender de que modo os alunos de 1.º ano de escolaridade desenvolvem estratégias de cálculo mental, num contexto de resolução de problemas de adição e subtracção. Para tal, procurou responder-se a três questões: a) Que estratégias de cálculo mental são utilizadas pelos alunos na resolução de problemas de adição e subtracção?; b) De que modo evoluem essas estratégias?; e c) Será que o significado da operação de adição ou subtracção, presente no problema, influencia a estratégia de cálculo mental utilizada na sua resolução? Tendo em conta a problemática do estudo, seguiu-se uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa, tendo sido realizados três estudos de caso. O trabalho de campo deste estudo foi realizado numa turma do 1.º ano do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, da qual sou professora, tendo sido concluído no início do ano lectivo seguinte, quando os alunos frequentavam o 2.º ano de escolaridade. Os alunos em estudo resolveram três cadeias de problemas, contemplando os diferentes significados das operações de adição e subtracção: as primeiras duas cadeias foram resolvidas a pares, na sala de aula, e a última foi resolvida individualmente, apenas pelos alunos que constituíram os casos e fora da sala de aula. Os registos realizados pelos alunos aquando da resolução dos problemas, juntamente com as gravações áudio, vídeo e as notas de campo, constituíram-se como as principais fontes de recolha de dados. Os dados permitem afirmar que as estratégias de cálculo usadas pelos alunos evoluíram de estratégias elementares baseadas em contagem e na utilização de factos numéricos, para estratégias de cálculo mental complexas, aditivas ou subtractivas das categorias 1010 e N10. Foi possível identificar uma preferência por estratégias aditivas do tipo 1010 na resolução dos problemas de adição e, na resolução dos problemas de subtracção, as estratégias utilizadas pelos alunos variaram com o significado presente em cada problema: foram usadas estratégias subtractivas do tipo 1010 em problemas com o significado de retirar e, na resolução dos problemas com os significados de comparar e completar, de um modo geral, os alunos utilizaram estratégias aditivas do tipo A10, pertencente à categoria N10. Os dados apontam também para uma possível influência do ambiente de aprendizagem na utilização de estratégias de cálculo mental mais eficientes, particularmente a nível da estratégia aditiva do tipo 1010. Os dados permitem ainda concluir que alunos do 1.º ano são capazes de desenvolver e utilizar estratégias de cálculo mental, referidas na literatura a que tive acesso (por exemplo, Beishuizen, 1993; 2001; Buys, 2001; Cooper, Heirdsfield & Irons, 1995; Thompson & Smith, 1999), associadas a alunos mais velhos. Deste modo, os resultados deste estudo salientam a necessidade de, em ambientes de aprendizagem enriquecedores, o professor promover o desenvolvimento de estratégias complexas de cálculo mental, evoluindo para além das estratégias de cálculo elementares, habitualmente associadas aos alunos mais novos.

Se não sabe, porque pergunta? : as perguntas dos alunos e a interpretação de problemas

Com este estudo procurou-se investigar como reagiam os alunos de uma turma do 3º ano de escolaridade colocados perante a tarefa de formularem perguntas no sentido de transformarem contextos em problemas. Os contextos fornecidos como estímulo consistiam em situações, apresentadas sob a forma de texto, com informação suficiente para constituírem problemas matemáticos através de uma ou várias perguntas. Os dados das situações envolviam relações multiplicativas. Os alunos foram convidados a responder a perguntas formuladas por si mesmos num ambiente de avaliação. Através de uma metodologia qualitativa procurou-se observar a adequação da pergunta do aluno ao contexto da situação apresentada e, por outro lado, observar a sua compreensão da situação através da relação entre a pergunta formulada e a resposta dada. Dado o ambiente de avaliação em que os alunos se encontravam, a discussão do estudo incide na maior ou menor adequação das perguntas dos alunos ao contexto da situação fornecida ou às suas competências para as resolver.

Modalidades síncronas e assíncronas no ensino da radiologia do sistema nervoso: estilos e resultados de aprendizagem

Lidar com as problemáticas da saúde, implica um domínio dos processos cognitivos (raciocínio, resolução de problemas e tomada de decisão) e de desempenhos práticos, o que obriga a afectação de um conjunto de atitudes e comportamentos específicos. Este estudo, implementou e avaliou o impacto de experiências pedagógicas desenvolvidas com os estudantes da unidade curricular Radiologia do Sistema Nervoso (RSN) da Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (ESTeSL). Aplicaram-se metodologias de ensino mistas (presenciais e virtuais) utilizadas na leccionação teórica e prática no ano curricular 2008/2009. Para a avaliação do perfil de aprendizagem dos estudantes foi aplicado o método de Honey & Munford e para a avaliação e monitorização dos conhecimentos aplicaram-se check list baseadas nos conteúdos programáticos. A monitorização das ferramentas da plataforma moodle complementaram a restante informação. Verificou-se uma progressão de aprendizagem positiva para um grupo de estudantes maioritariamente do estilo reflexivo (média=10,6 estudantes). As conclusões apontaram para um impacto positivo quanto à aplicação das metodologias híbridas com maior índice de sucesso para a metodologia assíncrona. Verificou-se também mais flexibilidade no acesso aos conteúdos porém com algumas limitações tais como residência inicial por parte dos estudantes, maior carga de trabalho para os docentes, falta de terminais para acesso à plataforma e pouca experiência de todos os envolvidos no domínio e manipulação da plataforma. ABSTRACT - This study focused on the role of cognitive processes (reasoning, problem solving and decision making) and performance practice in the formation of attitudes and behaviours relating to health issues. It was conducted to evaluate the effects of pedagogical experiences on students who participated in the course in radiography in the Nervous System Imaging Unit (RSN) of the Lisbon Health School of Technology. Mixed (face-to-face and virtual) teaching methodologies were used in theory and practice sessions. Honey and Munford’s method was used to evaluate the learning profile of students. To monitor and evaluate students’ knowledge acquisition, check lists based on program topics were applied. Other information was supplied through the learning platform of Moodle. The student group with mostly a reflective learning style increased their knowledge. The asynchronous method was shown to produce a higher success rate and more flexibility in accessing content but also registered some limitations such as resistance by students, increased workload for teachers, lack of access to the platform and inexperience of all involved in handling the platform.

TINSEL – a web-based intelligent tutoring system on electrical installation design

This paper presents a project consisting on the development of an Intelligent Tutoring System, for training and support concerning the development of electrical installation projects to be used by electrical engineers, technicians and students. One of the major goals of this project is to devise a teaching model based on Intelligent Tutoring techniques, considering not only academic knowledge but also other types of more empirical knowledge, able to achieve successfully the training of electrical installation design.

Swarm intelligence for scheduling: a review

Swarm Intelligence generally refers to a problem-solving ability that emerges from the interaction of simple information-processing units. The concept of Swarm suggests multiplicity, distribution, stochasticity, randomness, and messiness. The concept of Intelligence suggests that problem-solving approach is successful considering learning, creativity, cognition capabilities. This paper introduces some of the theoretical foundations, the biological motivation and fundamental aspects of swarm intelligence based optimization techniques such Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Artificial Bees Colony (ABC) algorithms for scheduling optimization.

Self-managing agents for dynamic scheduling in manufacturing

The main purpose of this paper is to propose a Multi-Agent Autonomic and Bio-Inspired based framework with selfmanaging capabilities to solve complex scheduling problems using cooperative negotiation. Scheduling resolution requires the intervention of highly skilled human problem-solvers. This is a very hard and challenging domain because current systems are becoming more and more complex, distributed, interconnected and subject to rapidly changing. A natural Autonomic Computing (AC) evolution in relation to Current Computing is to provide systems with Self-Managing ability with a minimum human interference.