VEGF receptor expression decreases during lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia induced by nitrofen

Changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in pulmonary vessels have been described in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension; however, how the expression of VEGF receptors changes during fetal lung development in CDH is not understood. The aim of this study was to compare morphological evolution with expression of VEGF receptors, VEGFR1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR2 (Flk-1), in pseudoglandular, canalicular, and saccular stages of lung development in normal rat fetuses and in fetuses with CDH. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups (n=20 fetuses each) of four different gestational days (GD) 18.5, 19.5, 20.5, 21.5: external control (EC), exposed to olive oil (OO), exposed to 100 mg nitrofen, by gavage, without CDH (N-), and exposed to nitrofen with CDH (CDH) on GD 9.5 (term=22 days). The morphological variables studied were: body weight (BW), total lung weight (TLW), left lung weight, TLW/BW ratio, total lung volume, and left lung volume. The histometric variables studied were: left lung parenchymal area density and left lung parenchymal volume. VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression were determined by Western blotting. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test. CDH frequency was 37% (80/216). All the morphological and histometric variables were reduced in the N- and CDH groups compared with the controls, and reductions were more pronounced in the CDH group (P<0.05) and more evident on GD 20.5 and GD 21.5. Similar results were observed for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression. We conclude that N- and CDH fetuses showed primary pulmonary hypoplasia, with a decrease in VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression.

Production and partial characterization of lipase from Penicillium verrucosum obtained by submerged fermentation of conventional and industrial media

The growing interest in lipase production is related to the potential biotechnological applications that these enzymes present. Current studies on lipase production by submerged fermentation involve the use of agro-industrial residues aiming at increasing economic attractiveness. Based on these aspects, the objective of this work was to investigate lipase production by Penicillium verrucosum in submerged fermentation using a conventional medium based on peptone, yeast extract, NaCl and olive oil, and an industrial medium based on corn steep liquor, Prodex Lac (yeast hydrolysate), NaCl and olive oil, as well as to characterize the crude enzymatic extracts obtained. Kinetics of lipase production was evaluated and the highest enzymatic activities, of 3.15 and 2.22 U.mL-1, were observed when conventional and industrial media were used, respectively. The enzymatic extract showed optimal activity in the range from 30 to 40 °C and at pH 7.0. Although the industrial medium presents economical advantages over the conventional medium, the presence of agro-industrial residues rich in nitrogen and other important nutrients seemed to contribute to a reduction in lipase activity.

Nutritional composition, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) and patawa (Oenocarpus bataua) fruit pulp from the amazon region

Buriti and patawa are two endemic palm trees from the Amazon region. Their pulps are traditionally consumed by the local population, but are underused and lesser known worldwide. Nutritional composition, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of the two palm pulps were determined by modern analytical methods: Gas Chromatography (CG) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), based on the standards of AOCS (AMERICAN..., 2002) and AOAC (ASSOCIATION..., 1997), respectively. Buriti and patawa fruit pulps are highly nutritive, with respectively, high fat content (38.4% and 29.1% of dry matter (DM)), protein content (7.6% and 7.4% of DM) and dietary fibers (46% and 44.7% of DM). Buriti pulp can be considered healthy food due its high content of vitamin E (1169 µg.g-1 DM). Patawa pulp is highly oleaginous and its fatty acid composition is very similar to the ones of healthy oils, such as olive oil.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fermented rice (Oryza sativa) bran

This study investigated the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fermented rice bran in order to evaluate the effect of solid state fermentation on these properties. The process was performed with the fungus Rhizopus oryzae CTT 1217 in tray reactors at 30 °C for 120 hours. Samples of fermented rice bran were collected every 24 hours. Antioxidant property was evaluated by the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method and through the inhibition of enzymatic oxidation and lipid peroxidation of olive oil. The methanol extract of the biomass obtained at 96 hours of fermentation inactivated 50% of free radical in 15 minutes. The same extract reduced the peroxide value in the olive oil by 57% after 30 days of storage. The aqueous extract of the biomass obtained at 120 hours was the most efficient inhibitor of the darkening reaction catalyzed by peroxidase.

Impact d'un repas méditerranéen complet sur les fonctions métaboliques et endothéliales postprandiales en comparaison à un repas riche en acides gras saturés chez des hommes sains.

Contexte L’américanisation des habitudes de vie, notamment de l’alimentation, semble être en grande partie responsable de l’augmentation incessante de l’incidence élevée des maladies cardiovasculaires. La période postprandiale, où l’homéostasie vasculaire et métabolique est mise à l’épreuve, est d’une importance considérable dans le développement ou la prévention de l’athérosclérose et représente maintenant la majeure partie du temps d’éveil. La compréhension de l’influence de la composition d’un repas sur son impact postprandial est donc essentielle dans notre lutte dans la prévention de ces maladies. Objectifs L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche était d’étudier les réponses endothéliale et métabolique à un repas de type méditerranéen mixte (MMM), puisqu’elles sont inconnues. Ce projet avait aussi pour objectifs d’évaluer l’impact microvasculaire d’un tel repas et de caractériser la composition postprandiale des acides gras plasmatiques. À titre comparatif, ces éléments ont aussi été étudiés suite à un repas riche en gras saturés (HSFAM). Méthodes Vingt-huit (28) hommes sains, exempts de facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires ont reçu de façon randomisée les deux repas à l’étude. Le MMM, composé de saumon frais et de légumes cuits dans l'huile d'olive, contenait 7.87g de SFA et 2.29g d’acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3, tandis que le HSFAM, composé d'un sandwich déjeuner avec œuf, saucisse et fromage, contenait 14.78g de SFA. Les mesures de la fonction endothéliale mesurée par échographie brachiale (FMD), de la fonction microvasculaire mesurée par spectroscopie proche de l’infrarouge (NIRS) et de la composition des acides gras plasmatique ont été effectuées à jeun et en période postprandiale. Résultats Deux sous-groupes de répondeurs aux repas à l’étude se sont dégagés de ces travaux. Un premier sous-groupe de sujets ayant une triglycéridémie à jeun élevée, mais normale (hnTG) a démontré des altérations endothéliales seulement suivant le repas HSFAM. Un second sous-groupe de sujets ayant une triglycéridémie plus faible et normale (lnTG) n’a quant à lui pas subi d’altérations endothéliales suivant les deux repas à l’étude. Les sujets hnTG ont aussi démontré une charge triglycéridémique postprandiale (iAUC) plus importante et qui était de surcroît enrichie en acide stéarique suivant la HSFAM et en acide gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 suivant le MMM. L’évaluation par NIRS de la fonction microvasculaire nous révèle un ralentissement de la réoxygénation post-ischémique qui suggère une altération postprandiale du recrutement capillaire chez les sujets hnTG seulement. De telles altérations, qui semblent être plus importantes suivant le HSFAM, pourraient être en partie responsables de l’impact endothélial de ce repas. Conclusions Cet essai clinique démontre donc de façon novatrice qu’un repas MMM n’a pas d’effet endothélial délétère et que cette neutralité est indépendante de la triglycéridémie à jeun. De plus, une triglycéridémie à jeun élevée mais normale semble indiquer des dysfonctions endothéliales et métaboliques à des épreuves nutritionnelles tel un repas HSFAM. La consommation de repas méditerranéens par des individus sains à la triglycéridémie marginale serait bénéfique, peut-être même davantage que pour des individus de triglycéridémie plus faible, dans la prévention de l’athérogénèse et des maladies cardiovasculaires.

Wirtschaft an der Grenze. Studien zum Wirtschaftsleben in römischen Militärlagern im Norden Britanniens

Die wichtigsten Quellen für die Erforschung des Wirtschaftsleben in den Militärlagern im Norden Britanniens sind die im Kastell Vindolanda gefundenen Holztäfelchen mit Texten aus dem Lageralltag von ca. 90-120 n. Chr. sowie die archäologischen Funde aus der Region. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund dieser Quellenlage wurde der Betrachtungszeitraum auf die Zeit von Agricola bis Hadrianus begrenzt. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß das Wirtschaftsleben in den römischen Militärlagern im Norden Britanniens dieser Epoche einerseits bürokratische Züge trägt, da Führungspersonen in Militär und Verwaltung im Rahmen redistributiver Strukturen viele Güter beschafften, die an die Soldaten gegen Abzüge vom Sold ausgegeben wurden. Andererseits stand diesem Verfahren eine beeindruckende Dynamik im Marktgeschehen gegenüber, die durch die Erfordernisse der Heeresversorgung und des individuellen Konsums der Soldaten entstand. Zu den Bereichen der Wirtschaftstätigkeit, in denen ein starker Einfluß der Bürokratie herrschte, zählten insbesondere die Versorgung mit den Grundnahrungsmitteln (v. a. Getreide, Bier). Hypothesen über ein militärisches Redistributivsystem für Olivenöl unter der Ägide des praefectus annonae wurden allerdings nicht bestätigt. Die Existenz einer zentralen Behörde für die Heeresversorgung im Reich für die Principatszeit nicht nachgewiesen werden. Es zeigte sich statt dessen eine in der Forschung bisher nicht so deutlich gesehene Verantwortung und Aktivität unterer militärischer Entscheidungsträger vor Ort. Die Märkte an der britannischen Grenze bieten eine sehr viel differenzierteres Bild als man es von Handelsplätzen am äußersten Rande der romanisierten Welt vielleicht erwartet hätte. Vor allem zeichneten sie sich durch ein breites Angebot an Waren aus, die über große Entfernungen heran transportiert worden waren (Wein, Oliven, mediterrane Fischcaucen, Pfeffer, Importkeramik). Im Bereich des Handwerks sind im Norden Britanniens durch archäologische Funde und die Tätigkeitsbezeichnungen von Handwerkern in den Texten aus Vindolanda vielfältige Zeugnisse eines Engagements der Militärs präsent.

L'Oli d'oliva de la DOP Empordà és diferent al de la resta del món

En els dies a cavall entre el mes de novembre i desembre es van dur a terme les primeres Jornades de Qualitat de l’Oli d’Oliva a les Comarques Gironines. Les sessions han servit per donar a conèixer la Denominació d’Origen Protegida (DOP) Oli de l’Empordà, explicar el procés que ha permès obtenir la distinció i les qualitats que atresora. En el trajecte que han fet els productors per assolir els seus objectius de qualitat i modernització han estat assessorats per investigadors de la Universitat de Girona

La gestión de las cooperativas agrarias: tipificación de las cooperativas del sector oleico de Cataluña

El següent treball té com a objectiu mostrar la situació de la gestió en el sector de les cooperatives d'oli a Catalunya

Revisión sistemática de literatura de la neumonía lipoidea exógena (nle) por exposición laboral

Objetivo Realizar una revisión sistemática de la neumonía lipoidea exógena (NLE) con el propósito de compactar y sintetizar los conocimientos fragmentados, así como el de informar el estado actual de este tema como riesgo laboral. Metodología La neumonía lipoidea es una condición poco común que resulta de la presencia de lípidos en el interior del espacio alveolar, se desconoce su actual incidencia. La neumonía lipoidea exógena se produce por aspiración o inhalación de sustancias oleosas, es una patología rara en pacientes sin enfermedades de base que predispongan a la broncoaspiración y cuando se presenta en individuos sanos se debe sospechar un origen ocupacional. Se realizó una revisión de literatura según la metodología estandarizada, incluyendo en la búsqueda: reporte de casos, descripciones de la enfermedad y el uso de técnicas diagnósticas. Las bases de datos fueron OVID además de GOOGLE ACADÉMICO; buscadores específicos: MEDLINE, CHEST, PUB MED, REDALYC, SCIELO, Europe PubMed Central (Europe PMC) y ELSEVIER. La búsqueda estuvo además, orientada por una serie de preguntas orientadoras sobre la neumonía lipoidea exógena (NLE) como riesgo laboral. Los artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, se clasificaron de acuerdo con tipo de estudio, la calidad del artículo y finalmente se evaluaron con base en una lista de chequeo ajustada para este fin. Resultados Se seleccionó un total de 71 estudios incluyendo reporte de casos, descripciones de la enfermedad y técnicas diagnósticas; publicaciones provenientes de 21 países. Un total de 63 casos, 31 en mujeres (49,20%) y 32 en hombres (50,8%) fueron reportados; el 7,93% de los casos fueron atribuidos a la exposición de agentes en el ambiente laboral: combustibles, parafina/pintura/ pulverizaciones oleosas y diésel, ambientes propios de trabajadores de almacenes de pinturas y conductores de vehículos. Los síntomas de la neumonía lipoidea exógena (NLE) descritos fueron muy variables, puede cursar asintomática o con presencia de fiebre, disnea y tos irritativa; dolor torácico, en algunos casos hemoptisis, cianosis y pérdida de peso; El examen físico generalmente es normal, aunque puede revelar sibilancias o roncus. En pruebas de función respiratoria tales como la espirometría, se presenta un patrón restrictivo, además puede hallarse un descenso en la capacidad de difusión para el monóxido de carbono. En el hemograma puede detectarse leucocitosis con predominio de neutrófilos y aumento de la velocidad de sedimentación globular, hallazgos que también pueden ser producidos por una infección concomitante. Conclusiones Se destaca el hallazgo en la literatura de los diferentes agentes causales presentes en el ambiente laboral que pueden incidir en la aparición de la enfermedad: combustibles, parafina/pintura/ pulverizaciones oleosas y diésel, ambientes propios de trabajadores de almacenes de pinturas y conductores de vehículos. Se presentó neumonía lipoidea exógena (NLE) de tipo agudo después de 30 minutos a 24 horas de exposición masiva a aceites y sustancias oleosas, luego de de ocho meses a 9,5 años de inhalación continua secundaria. Los métodos más para de la diagnóstico enfermedad incluyen el lavado broncoalveolar (BAL), la biopsia de pulmón y la con radiografía torácica. Finalmente, es posible que en pacientes con neumonía lipoidea exógena, puedan presentarse complicaciones asociadas tales como: sobreinfección, fibrosis, retracción de las lesiones, cáncer de pulmón, bronconeumonías recurrentes e hipercalcemia.

Projecte d’una indústria elaboradora d’oli d’oliva al municipi de Ventalló (Alt Empordà)

Construcció d’una indústria elaboradora d’oli d’oliva al municipi de Ventalló, amb l’objectiu de definir les característiques tècniques i econòmiques de la fàbrica, instal• lacions i equipaments necessaris per a desenvolupar l’activitat, concretament: definició de les operacions del procés productiu per l’elaboració de l’oli d’oliva, per obtenir un producte final de característiques organolèptiques que satisfacin el client; dimensionament i definició dels elements i maquinària necessàries ; i establirment del cost de la inversió de la instal• lació de la indústria, la seva viabilitat i la rendibilitat del seu funcionament

Effect of dietary supplementation of different oils during the first or second half of pregnancy on the glucose tolerance of the sow

Poor glucose tolerance may be an under-researched contributory factor in the high (10% to 20%) pre-weaning mortality rate observed in pigs. Insulin resistance commences at around week 12 of gestation in the sow, although there are conflicting reports in the literature about the extent to which insulin resistance is modulated by maternal diet. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of supplementing the maternal diet with different dietary oils during either the first half or the second half of gestation on the glucose tolerance of the sow. Sows were offered the control (C: n = 5) diet as pellets or the C diet plus 10% extra energy (h = 16 per group) derived from either. (i) extra pellets; (ii) palm oil; (iii) olive oil; (iv) sunflower oil; or (v) fish oil. Experimental diets were fed during either the first (G1) or second (G2) half of gestation. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on day 108 of gestation by administering 0.5g/kg glucose i.v. Blood samples were taken every 5 to 10 min for 90 min post administration. The change in body weight and backfat thickness during gestation was similar but both type and timing of dietary supplementation influenced litter size and weight. With the exception of the sunflower oil group, supplementing the maternal diet in G1 resulted in larger and heavier litters, particularly in mothers offered palm oil. Basal blood glucose concentrations tended to be more elevated in G1 than G2 groups, whilst plasma insulin concentrations were similar Following a GTT, the adjusted area under the curve was greater in G1 compared to G2 sows, despite no differences in glucose clearance. Maternal diet appeared to influence the relationship between glucose curve characteristics following a GTT and litter outcome. In conclusion, the degree of insulin sensitivity can be altered by both the period during which maternal nutritional supplementation is offered and the fatty acid profile of the diet.

Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on the oxidizability and thrombogenicity of low-density lipoprotein

Consumption of oily fish and fish oils is associated with protection against cardiovascular disease. Paradoxically, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids present in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are suggested to be susceptible to oxidation. It is not clear whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have similar effects on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation or whether they affect the thrombogenicity of oxidized LDL. This study examined the influence of highly purified preparations of EPA and DHA on LDL oxidizability and LDL-supported thrombin generation in healthy human volunteers. Forty-two healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive olive oil (placebo), an EPA-rich oil or a DHA-rich oil for 4 weeks at a dose of 9 g oil/day. EPA and DHA were incorporated into LDL phospholipids and cholesteryl esters during the supplementation period, but were progressively lost during ex vivo copper-mediated oxidation. Following supplementation, the EPA treatment significantly increased the formation of conjugated dienes during LDL oxidation compared with baseline, whereas the DHA treatment had no effect. Neither treatment significantly affected the lag time for oxidation, oxidation rate during the propagation phase or maximum diene production. Neither EPA nor DHA significantly affected the thrombotic tendency of oxidized LDL compared with the placebo, although DHA tended to decrease it. In conclusion, there are subtle differences in the effects of EPA and DHA on the oxidizability and thrombogenicity of LDL. DHA does not appear to increase the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation to the same degree as EPA and has a tendency to decrease LDL-supported thrombin generation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antioxidant properties of annatto carotenoids

The antioxidant effects of beta-carotene, oil-soluble (bixin) and water-soluble (norbixin) annatto preparations and mixtures of these carotenoids with virgin olive oil polar extract were assessed in bulk olive oil and oil-in-water emulsions stored at 60degreesC. Norbixin was the only carotenoid that inhibited the oxidative deterioration of lipids in both systems. Though bixin and beta-carotene did not retard autoxidation, their mixtures with the polar extract from virgin olive oil enhanced the antioxidant effect of the olive oil extract. Norbixin (2 mM) was of similar activity to delta-tocopherol (0.1 mM) in stored oil. The combination of norbixin with ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate in oil showed a reduction in formation of volatile oxidation products but not in peroxide value, compared with the analogous sample lacking norbixin. In olive oil-in-water emulsions, norbixin (2 mM) reduced hydroperoxide formation to a similar extent as delta-tocopherol (0.1 mM), which in turn was a better antioxidant than alpha-tocopherol. A synergistic effect between norbixin and ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate was observed in the emulsion systems. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on immune cell composition and function in healthy humans

Background: Supplementation of the diet with fish oil, which is rich in the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is reported to decrease several markers of immune function. However, whether EPA, DHA, or a combination of the 2 exerts these immunomodulatory effects is unclear. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of supplementation with an EPA-rich or DHA-rich oil on a range of immune outcomes representing key functions of human neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in healthy humans. Design: In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study, 42 healthy subjects were randomly allocated to receive supplementation with either placebo (olive oil), EPA (4.7 g/d), or DHA (4.9 g/d) for 4 wk. Blood samples were taken before and after supplementation. Results: The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and neutrophils was dramatically altered by supplementation with EPA or DHA, and the effects of EPA differed notably from those of DHA. DHA supplementation decreased T lymphocyte activation, as assessed by expression of CD69, whereas EPA supplementation had no significant effect. Neither the EPA-rich oil nor the DHA-rich oil had any significant effect on monocyte or neutrophil phagocytosis or on cytokine production or adhesion molecule expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions: Supplementation with DHA, but not with EPA, suppresses T lymphocyte activation, as assessed by expression of CD69. EPA alone does not, therefore, influence CD69 expression. No other marker of immune function assessed in this study was significantly affected by either EPA or - DHA.

Greater enrichment of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins with apolipoproteins E and C-III after meals rich in saturated fatty acids than after meals rich in unsaturated fatty acids

Background: Although there is considerable interest in the postprandial events involved in the absorption of dietary fats and the subsequent metabolism of diet-derived triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, little is known about the effects of meal fatty acids on the composition of these particles. Objective: We examined the effect of meal fatty acids on the lipid and apolipoprotein contents of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Design: Ten normolipidemic men received in random order a mixed meal containing 50 L, of a mixture of palm oil and cocoa butter [rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs)], safflower oil [n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)]. or olive oil [monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)] on 3 occasions. Fasting and postprandial apolipoproteins B-48. B-100, E. C-II, and C-III and lipids (triacylglycerol and cholesterol) were measured in plasma fractions with Svedberg flotation rates (S-f) >400 S-f 60-400, and S-f 20 - 60. Results: Calculation of the composition of the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (expressed per mole of apolipoprotein B) showed notable differences in the lipid and apolipoprotein contents of the SFA-enriched particles in the S-f > 400 and S-f 60-400 fractions. After the SFA meal, triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in these fractions showed significantly greater amounts of triacylglycerol and of apolipoproteins C-II (Sf 60-400 fraction only), C-III, and E than were found after the MUFA meal (P < 0.02) and more cholesterol, apolipoprotein C-III (Sf > 400 fraction only), and apolipoprotein E than after the PUFA meal (P < 0.02). Conclusions: Differences in the composition of S-f > 400 and S-f 60-400 triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins formed after saturated compared with unsaturated fatty acid-rich meals may explain differences in the metabolic handling of dietary fats.