Dinámicas sociales, conservación y desarrollo en espacios naturales protegidos. El caso de la Reserva de la Biosfera "La Sepultura" en el estado mexicano de Chiapas

Los factores que inciden en el proceso de desarrollo de los territorios rurales y que explican el éxito o el fracaso de las estrategias impulsadas desde abajo (bottom-up) o inducidas desde arriba (top-down), han preocupado desde hace varias décadas a los analistas, que observan las limitaciones de los enfoques del “desarrollo territorial rural” para aprehender la complejidad de dicho proceso. Habiéndose centrado, sobre todo, en el ámbito de las políticas públicas y sus efectos en el desarrollo de los territorios rurales, los analistas del desarrollo han visto la necesidad de apoyarse en otras perspectivas que capten las dinámicas que acontecen en el ámbito de la sociedad civil local, tanto en lo que se refiere a las relaciones entre los diversos actores socioeconómicos e institucionales presentes en el territorio, como a su interacción con los organismos públicos encargados de implementar dichas políticas. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral ha sido analizar las dinámicas sociales que surgen en espacios naturales sometidos a políticas de gestión y regulación, mostrando el grado de influencia que tienen en la aplicación de esas políticas las diversas redes en que se organizan las poblaciones locales. De la investigación empírica realizada y de su integración en el marco teórico utilizado, hemos podido extraer resultados referidos a la realidad concreta y localizada de la REBISE que muestran cómo es que conciliar los objetivos de la “conservación” y el “desarrollo” en territorios poblados por comunidades locales estrechamente vinculadas a espacios naturales, exige abordar de forma integral los problemas ambientales, sociales y económicos. Tratar de alcanzar esos objetivos con políticas sectoriales conduce al fracaso de los programas de protección, ya que sólo se logran objetivos parciales y limitados. Por muy elevado que sea el valor ecológico de este tipo de espacios naturales y por muy alta que sea la protección que reciban por parte de los organismos internacionales (como ocurre con las “reservas de la biosfera” del programa MaB de la UNESCO), “conservar” estas áreas naturales no puede lograrse sin contar con la colaboración de las poblaciones locales. Esto exige combinar estrategias top-down y bottom-up buscando establecer sinergias entre los responsables públicos y los grupos sociales presentes en el territorio. De nuestra investigación se deduce la necesidad de empoderar a las comunidades locales para inducir en ellos un capital social tipo bridging dirigido a la construcción de un gran pacto territorial que trascienda los intereses particulares de cada grupo y que persiga el interés general del territorio en pro de la conservación de los recursos naturales y de la mejora del bienestar y calidad de vida de las familias que residen allí. Si no se hace así, continuarán promoviéndose proyectos “balsámicos” que paliarán a corto plazo algunos de los problemas de las poblaciones locales, pero que las mantendrán en el estancamiento y la pobreza.

Comparing simulation output accuracy of discrete event and agent based models: a quantitative approach

In our research we investigate the output accuracy of discrete event simulation models and agent based simulation models when studying human centric complex systems. In this paper we focus on human reactive behaviour as it is possible in both modelling approaches to implement human reactive behaviour in the model by using standard methods. As a case study we have chosen the retail sector, and here in particular the operations of the fitting room in the women wear department of a large UK department store. In our case study we looked at ways of determining the efficiency of implementing new management policies for the fitting room operation through modelling the reactive behaviour of staff and customers of the department. First, we have carried out a validation experiment in which we compared the results from our models to the performance of the real system. This experiment also allowed us to establish differences in output accuracy between the two modelling methods. In a second step a multi-scenario experiment was carried out to study the behaviour of the models when they are used for the purpose of operational improvement. Overall we have found that for our case study example both, discrete event simulation and agent based simulation have the same potential to support the investigation into the efficiency of implementing new management policies.

Modelling reactive and proactive behaviour in simulation

This research investigated the simulation model behaviour of a traditional and combined discrete event as well as agent based simulation models when modelling human reactive and proactive behaviour in human centric complex systems. A departmental store was chosen as human centric complex case study where the operation system of a fitting room in WomensWear department was investigated. We have looked at ways to determine the efficiency of new management policies for the fitting room operation through simulating the reactive and proactive behaviour of staff towards customers. Once development of the simulation models and their verification had been done, we carried out a validation experiment in the form of a sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, we executed a statistical analysis where the mixed reactive and proactive behaviour experimental results were compared with some reactive experimental results from previously published works. Generally, this case study discovered that simple proactive individual behaviour could be modelled in both simulation models. In addition, we found the traditional discrete event model performed similar in the simulation model output compared to the combined discrete event and agent based simulation when modelling similar human behaviour.

Avaliação da performance organizacional e gestão estratégica no sector público; contributos para a construção de um balanced scorecard na Universidade de Évora: Trabalho de projecto

A Administração Pública tem sido alvo de uma reflexão sistemática, que pretende encontrar políticas de gestão que consigam solucionar os problemas de performance dos serviços públicos, evidenciando as suas potencialidades e procurando responder aos desafios com que se confrontam na atualidade. O fenómeno da globalização está na origem de acelerados ciclos de mudança que exigem das organizações urna gestão mais cativa e objetiva, alicerçada em métodos de gestão moderna que vão de encontro às exigências do mundo atual. Eficiência e eficácia dos serviços públicos são, mais do que nunca, duas imposições de uma sociedade crítica e carente de qualidade. A melhoria da performance do serviço público, mais do que urna necessidade, é uma exigência. Como responder a este desafio? Regra geral, os serviços públicos possuem urna fraca cultura de gestão estratégica, o que justifica parte da dificuldade que sentem em transformar a estratégia em objetivos operacionais, de forma a estabelecer ações que visem a obtenção de resultados, definindo medidas para a sua monitorização. O Balanced Scorecard (BSC) poderá contribuir para a implementação de uma cultura de gestão estratégica no Sector Público. A formulação dos objetivos estratégicos, das metas e dos indicadores, para cada uma das perspetivas subjacentes a esta metodologia, permite às organizações efetuarem uma gestão mais adequada dos sistemas que são objeto da sua acão. Este trabalho, partindo da identificação dos ajustamentos que é necessário efetuar ao modelo original de BSC de Kaplan e Norton, propõe um BSC adequado às Instituições de Ensino Superior Público (IESP) em geral e à Universidade de Évora em particular, assumindo-se que esse BSC poderá constituir uma importante ferramenta de gestão estratégica, essencial na avaliação e gestão da performance organizacional. ABSTRACT: The Public Administration has been the target of a systematic reflexion, who wish to find management policies that can resolve the performance problems on public services, showing their potential and aim to respond to the challenges they are facing today. The phenomenon of globalization is the cause of accelerated cycles of change that require organizations a more active and objective management, based on modern management methods that meet the demands of today’s world. Efficiency and effectiveness of public services are more than ever, two charges of a society criticism and lacking in quality. Improving the performance of public service, rather than a necessity is a requirement. How to respond to this challenge? Generally, the public services have a weak culture of strategic management, which explains part of the difficulty they feel in turning the strategy into operational objectives in order to establish measures aimed at achieving results, defining measures for its monitoring. The Balanced Scorecard can contribute to the implementation of a culture of strategic management in the Public Sector. The formulation of strategic objectives, targets and indicators for each of the perspectives that underlie this methodology enables organizations to make better management systems that are the subject of its action. This work, leaving from the identification of the adjustments that is necessary to effectuate to an original model of BSC of Kaplan and Norton, proposes a BSC appropriate to the Institutions of Superior Public Teaching (IESP) in general and to the University of Évora in individual, when are assumed that this BSC will be able to constitute an important tool of strategic, essential management in the evaluation and management of the organizational performance.

Análise do Risco de Fadiga no Mar Aplicação da ferramenta Martha a bordo de uma unidade naval

A segurança da navegação e a diminuição dos acidentes marítimos assumem nos dias de hoje um papel de extrema importância a nível internacional, principalmente por parte da indústria marítima, e é na base desta preocupação que surgem organizações como a International Maritime Organization (IMO). Nesta organização, o estudo do fator humano no domínio marítimo tem tido grandes desenvolvimentos, não só através da regulamentação com também da sensibilização dos vários intervenientes. A fadiga no mar, embora seja um tema usual entre os navegantes, nunca houve uma grande sensibilização neste setor. Um tema que envolve a segurança do pessoal e que apenas recentemente foram elaborados estudos relativamente às suas causas, consequências e sobretudo à sua prevenção. É neste sentido que surge o Project Horizon, promovido pela União Europeia, com o objetivo de investigar os padrões de eficácia de alerta dos elementos responsáveis pela condução e manutenção das plataformas marítimas. Como produto final deste projeto europeu surge um protótipo de uma ferramenta de previsão da fadiga. A ferramenta “MARTHA – maritime alertness”, permite relacionar horas de descanso com horas de trabalho, sustentando a análise contínua do risco de fadiga. Este trabalho de investigação, onde é aplicado um protótipo de uma ferramenta para a previsão da fadiga, a bordo de uma unidade naval da Marinha Portuguesa, tem como objetivo a avaliação do risco da fadiga em diferentes regimes horários de bordo. Para este estudo foram elaborados observações de diferentes regimes horários de bordo, por forma a conseguir uma maior variedade de dados e poder analisar comparativamente o rendimento dos respetivos regimes. Esta pesquisa constitui ainda uma medida de sensibilização para a importância da implementação de políticas de gestão da fadiga a bordo das unidades navais.

Desafios e perspectivas para institucionalização do monitoramento e avaliação no âmbito da gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016.

Rural change south of the river Bride in counties Cork and Waterford: the surveyors' evidence 1716–1851

Estate studies in Irish historical geography have been often designed to confirm or contrast local trends of development with those previously identified at the regional or sub-regional level. To date, little attention has been awarded to estate maps in studies of rural landscape change. It is a theme of this paper that the results yielded from a careful study of such estate maps can throw light on the results of the activities of the majority of estate residents. In this regard, it is fortunate that at Lismore surveys of the estate in 1716–17 and 1773–4 have survived, and a nineteenth century dimension is added by an analysis of the Valuation Office maps for 1851. This work is focused on a study of critical indicators of change, notably leasing arrangements, farm size, rate and type of enclosure, infrastructural development and settlement growth. These changes are reviewed within the framework of the dialectic that developed between landlord or landlord-inspired management policies and the forces released locally by the vast bulk of the population. Broadly this analysis indicates some of the potential rewards which may be secured by detailed scrutiny of estate maps in conjunction with other estate records.

Broad-scale mapping of seafloor habitats in the north-east Atlantic using existing environmental data

If marine management policies and actions are to achieve long-term sustainable use and management of the marine environment and its resources, they need to be informed by data giving the spatial distribution of seafloor habitats over large areas. Broad-scale seafloor habitat mapping is an approachwhich has the benefit of producing maps covering large extents at a reasonable cost. This approach was first investigated by Roff et al. (2003), who, acknowledging that benthic communities are strongly influenced by the physical characteristics of the seafloor, proposed overlaying mapped physical variables using a geographic information system (GIS) to produce an integrated map of the physical characteristics of the seafloor. In Europe the method was adapted to the marine section of the EUNIS (European Nature Information System) classification of habitat types under the MESH project, andwas applied at an operational level in 2011 under the EUSeaMap project. The present study compiled GIS layers for fundamental physical parameters in the northeast Atlantic, including (i) bathymetry, (ii) substrate type, (iii) light penetration depth and (iv) exposure to near-seafloor currents andwave action. Based on analyses of biological occurrences, significant thresholds were fine-tuned for each of the abiotic layers and later used in multi-criteria raster algebra for the integration of the layers into a seafloor habitat map. The final result was a harmonised broad-scale seafloor habitat map with a 250 m pixel size covering four extensive areas, i.e. Ireland, the Bay of Biscay, the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores. The map provided the first comprehensive perception of habitat spatial distribution for the Iberian Peninsula and the Azores, and fed into the initiative for a pan- European map initiated by the EUSeaMap project for Baltic, North, Celtic and Mediterranean seas.

O compromisso organizacional como o grande desafio da gestão estratégica de recursos humanos : O caso dos projectos de outsourcing da IBM Portugal

Num contexto empresarial globalizado, a gestão de recursos humanos assume importância crescente. A valorização do capital humano e a preocupação com o compromisso e produtividade das pessoas revelam-se imperativos para a gestão de recursos humanos na contemporaneidade. As políticas e práticas de recursos humanos revelam-se a forma mais eficaz de comprometer as pessoas e, consequentemente, melhorar a performance organizacional. Este trabalho final de mestrado resultou de um estágio realizado num agrupamento complementar de empresa da IBM. Além das actividades desenvolvidas em contexto organizacional, efectuou-se urna descrição de todo o processo de gestão de recursos humanos e analisou-se a relação entre as políticas e práticas de recursos humanos e o compromisso organizacional, nas suas diferentes dimensões. Os resultados deste diagnóstico revelam que os colaboradores apresentam índices elevados de compromisso organizacional para com o ACE. Este compromisso materializa-se no alinhamento dos objectivos de negócio com os objectivos dos colaboradores. A principal causa destes índices elevados de compromisso são as políticas e práticas de recursos humanos. ABSTRACT: ln a globalized business environment, HRM assumes increasing importance. The human capital and concern for the commitment and productivity of people tum out to be imperative for the contemporary human resource management. Policies and practices of human resources prove to be the most effective way to engage people and thus improve organizational performance. This scientific work resulted from one stage held in a complementary group of the IBM Company. Besides the activities in organizations, took place a description of the whole process of resource management and examined the relationship of policies and practices in human resources with organizational commitment, in its various levels. The results of this diagnosis show that employees have high levels of organizational commitment towards the ACE. This commitment is materialized in the alignment of business goals with employee objectives. The main cause of these high levels of commitment are the policies and practices of human resources.

Impact of Geomatic Techniques on Topo-Bathymetric Surveys for Coastal Analysis

Sandy coasts represent vital areas whose preservation and maintenance also involve economic and tourist interests. Besides, these dynamic environments undergo the erosion process at different levels depending on their specific characteristics. For this reason, defence interventions are commonly realized by combining engineering solutions and management policies to evaluate their effects over time. Monitoring activities represent the fundamental instrument to obtain a deep knowledge of the investigated phenomenon. Thanks to technological development, several possibilities both in terms of geomatic surveying techniques and processing tools are available, allowing to reach high performances and accuracy. Nevertheless, when the littoral definition includes both emerged and submerged beaches, several issues have to be considered. Therefore, the geomatic surveys and all the following steps need to be calibrated according to the individual application, with the reference system, accuracy and spatial resolution as primary aspects. This study provides the evaluation of the available geomatic techniques, processing approaches, and derived products, aiming at optimising the entire workflow of coastal monitoring by adopting an accuracy-efficiency trade-off. The presented analyses highlight the balance point when the increase in performance becomes an additional value for the obtained products ensuring proper data management. This perspective can represent a helpful instrument to properly plan the monitoring activities according to the specific purposes of the analysis. Finally, the primary uses of the acquired and processed data in monitoring contexts are presented, also considering possible applications for numerical modelling as supporting tools. Moreover, the theme of coastal monitoring has been addressed throughout this thesis by considering a practical point of view, linking to the activities performed by Arpae (Regional agency for prevention, environment and energy of Emilia-Romagna). Indeed, the Adriatic coast of Emilia-Romagna, where sandy beaches particularly exposed to erosion are present, has been chosen as a case study for all the analyses and considerations.

Life cycle assessment applied to municipal solid waste management: a case study

This study analyzes the environmental performance of the Municipal Solid Waste Management System (MSWMS) of Piedade, São Paulo, from a systemic perspective. A life cycle assessment (LCA) technique was applied according to an attributional approach to evaluate both the current operational situation and different prospective scenarios, which were devised based on the application of targets for recycling dry and wet waste suggested by the pre-draft version of the Brazilian Plan for Solid Waste. The life cycle impact assessment method EcoIndicator 99, in association with normalization and weighting procedures, was used to conduct the analysis. It was observed that the adoption of goals of 30%, 50% and 70% for recovering of the recyclable dry waste, resulted in improvement of the environmental performance of the waste management system under analysis, respectively of 10%, 15% and 20%. It was also possible to detect an evolution in the order of 54% in reducing impacts resulting from the adoption of targets for composting. LCA proved to be effective for the evaluation of the environmental performance of MSWMS-Piedade. However, for future evaluations, the attributional approach should be replaced by the methodological practice of substitution to enable the avoided burdens to be considered in estimations of the environmental performance municipal solid waste management systems.

Different approaches to municipal solid waste management in Brazil : case study Rio de Janeiro

Inadequate final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is associated with significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, environmental, health and safety issues, space consumption, public health and developmental issues in general. The environmental impact of waste is mostly felt in developing countries, inadequate waste management and treatment solution, inadequate policies and outdated practices are some of the factors leading to the significantly high final disposal of waste in dumps in developing countries. Brazil and other developing countries are changing the status quo by adopting polices that will adequately address this problem of inadequate waste management and disposal. Life cycle analysis (LCA) identifies the potential environmental impact of a product though environmental impact assessment, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 to serve as principle guidelines for conducting LCA. Various waste treatment solution was applied to identify the waste management solution with the least Global warming potential (GWP) for treating the MSW generated from the city of Rio de Janerio, while reducing significantly final waste disposed in landfill.

Towards modern municipal sports and recreation management in Costa Rica

Sports and recreation management is addressed here using a model that combines the policies and methodologies applied in the Costa Rican context as a result of a concern to identify the real needs in the sports, recreation, and health promotion fields through the different manifestations of human movement.  This approach has been developed during eight years of work in the Costa Rican Sports and Recreation Institute (Instituto Costarricense del Deporte y la Recreación-ICODER) together with different Costa Rican communities, both rural and urban, and local organizations, such as Comprehensive Development Community Associations, Sports and Recreation Community Boards (CCDR), Municipal Mayorships, and NGOs, among others.  This article particularly takes into consideration the experience of the CCDRs as entities that have been given the responsibility by the Costa Rican Government to promote and manage municipal sports and recreation services with a convenient offering that would meet the needs of users or customers.  In this way, this article is aimed at answering the question on how Boards should conduct an efficient management in a way that they also meet the needs of public users or customers in the municipalities of the country, by proposing a management model that serves as an additional instrument to improving the already existing services managed by the aforementioned entities.  This study presents a model of Costa Rican management structured with the theoretical elements that currently define the organization and planning of sports and recreation as a service.

Uma leitura da questão da deficiencia e da inclusão no ensino municipal de Hortolandia : olhares e ações da docencia de Educação Fisica e de seus pares

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN BRAZIL: CONTEXT, ICT MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES

The State Reform processes combined with the emergence and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) originated electronic government policies and initiatives in Brazil. This paper dwells on Brazilian e-government by investigating the institutional design it assumed in the state's public sphere, and how it contributed to outcomes related to e-gov possibilities. The analyses were carried out under an interpretativist perspective by making use of Institutional Theory. From the analyses of interviews with relevant actors in the public sphere, such as state secretaries and presidents of public ICT companies, conclusions point towards low institutionalization of e-gov policies. The institutional design of Brazilian e-gov limits the use of ICT to provide integrated public services, to amplify participation and transparency, and to improve public policies management.