Viol��ncia f��sica contra menores de 15 anos: estudo epidemiol��gico em cidade do sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: apresentar o perfil de casos notificados de viol��ncia f��sica contra menores de 15 anos em Londrina, Paran��, no ano de 2006. M��TODO: Estudo transversal, com coleta retrospectiva nos prontu��rios dos Conselhos Tutelares e servi��os de atendimento do munic��pio. Os dados foram processados e tabulados pelo programa Epi Info. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 479 casos de viol��ncia por for��a corporal e 9 casos de viol��ncia por outros meios (7 por instrumentos, 1 por objeto cortante e 1 por subst��ncia corrosiva). Na viol��ncia por for��a corporal, predominaram v��timas do sexo feminino (53,4 por cento ) e maior risco na idade de seis anos (12,2 por 1.000). O pai foi o agressor mais frequente (48,8 por cento ) e o alcoolismo esteve presente em 64,0 por cento dos casos. A viol��ncia por instrumentos foi praticada atrav��s de cinta (42,9 por cento ), fio (28,6 por cento ), ferro (14,3 por cento ) e instrumento de cozinha (14,3 por cento ), com v��timas do sexo feminino (85,7 por cento ), na faixa et��ria de doze anos (33,3 por cento ), sendo o pai (71,4 por cento ) e a m��e (28,6 por cento ) os ��nicos agressores, com o alcoolismo presente em 57,1 por cento destas situa����es. A v��tima de viol��ncia por objeto cortante era do sexo masculino, 13 anos e o agressor, desconhecido, tinha de 15 a 19 anos. A viol��ncia por subst��ncia corrosiva teve como v��tima um adolescente de 13 anos, do sexo masculino, cujo agressor foi o pai, sendo o alcoolismo a situa����o presente. CONCLUS��ES: Os resultados apontam para a import��ncia epidemiol��gica do abuso f��sico contra crian��as e adolescentes e podem contribuir para a elabora����o de estrat��gias de preven����o e acompanhamento das v��timas

Retardo estatural em menores de cinco anos: um estudo "baseline"

OBJETIVO: Descrever a preval��ncia e analisar fatores associados ao retardo estatural em menores de cinco anos. M��TODOS: Estudo ���baseline���, que analisou 2.040 menores de cinco anos, verificando poss��veis associa����es entre o retardo estatural (��ndice altura/idade ��� 2 escores Z) e vari��veis hierarquizadas em seis blocos: socioecon��micas, do domic��lio, do saneamento, maternas, biol��gicas e de acesso aos servi��os de sa��de. A an��lise multivariada foi realizada por regress��o de Poisson, com op����o de erro padr��o robusto, obtendo-se as raz��es de preval��ncia ajustadas, com IC 95por cento e respectivos valores de signific��ncia. RESULTADOS: Entre as vari��veis n��o dicot��micas, houve associa����o positiva com tipo de teto e n��mero de moradores por c��modo e associa����o negativa com renda, escolaridade da m��e e peso ao nascer. A an��lise ajustada indicou ainda como vari��veis significantes: abastecimento de ��gua, visita do agente comunit��rio de sa��de, local do parto, interna����o por diarr��ia e interna����o por pneumonia. CONCLUS��O: Os fatores identificados como de risco para o retardo estatural configuram a multicausalidade do problema, implicando na necessidade de interven����es multisetoriais e multin��veis para o seu controle

Dist��rbios ps��quicos menores e condi����es de trabalho em motoristas de caminh��o

OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval��ncia de dist��rbios ps��quicos menores e identificar estressores associados entre motoristas de caminh��o. M��TODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido com 460 motoristas de caminh��o de uma transportadora de cargas das regi��es Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, em 2007. Os trabalhadores preencheram question��rio com dados sociodemogr��ficos, estilos de vida e condi����es de trabalho. As vari��veis independentes foram condi����es de trabalho, incluindo estressores ocupacionais, satisfa����o e demanda-controle no trabalho. O desfecho avaliado foi a ocorr��ncia de dist��rbios ps��quicos menores. Foram realizadas an��lises de regress��o log��stica univariada e m��ltipla. RESULTADOS: A preval��ncia de dist��rbios ps��quicos menores foi de 6,1 por cento. Os estressores mais citados foram congestionamentos, controle de rastreamento e jornada extensa de trabalho. A alta demanda no trabalho, o baixo apoio social e a jornada extensa di��ria referidos pelos motoristas estiveram associados aos dist��rbios ps��quicos menores. CONCLUS��ES: O trabalho em jornadas extensas foi associado �� ocorr��ncia de dist��rbios ps��quicos menores, tanto na an��lise das condi����es gerais de trabalho quanto como fator referido como estressor pelos motoristas. A regulamenta����o da jornada de trabalho com limita����o de horas de trabalho di��rio ��, portanto, uma medida necess��ria para a redu����o da chance de desenvolvimento de dist��rbios ps��quicos menores em motoristas

Genotoxic potential generated by biomass burning in the Brazilian Legal Amazon by Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay: a toxicity assessment study

Background: The Brazilian Amazon has suffered impacts from non-sustainable economic development, especially owing to the expansion of agricultural commodities into forest areas. The Tangara da Serra region, located in the southern of the Legal Amazon, is characterized by non-mechanized sugar cane production. In addition, it lies on the dispersion path of the pollution plume generated by biomass burning. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic potential of the atmosphere in the Tangara da Serra region, using Tradescantia pallida as in situ bioindicator. Methods: The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons, where the plants were exposed to two types of exposure, active and passive. Results: The results showed that in all the sampling seasons, irrespective of exposure type, there was an increase in micronucleus frequency, compared to control and that it was statistically significant in the dry season. A strong and significant relationship was also observed between the increase in micronucleus incidence and the rise in fine particulate matter, and hospital morbidity from respiratory diseases in children. Conclusions: Based on the results, we demonstrated that pollutants generated by biomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon can induce genetic damage in test plants that was more prominent during dry season, and correlated with the level of particulates and elevated respiratory morbidity.

Young Labor demands better deal for Aborigines - Labour Day 1965 Brisbane Australia

Young Labor Association float during the Labour Day procession in Brisbane, Australia 1965. Placards call for voting rights for Aborigines, more education facilities and award wages.

The role of legal coercion in the treatment of offenders with alcohol and heroin problems

This article discusses the ethical justification for and reviews the American evidence on the effectiveness of; treatment for alcohol and heroin dependence that is provided under legal coercion to offenders whose alcohol and drug dependence has contributed to the commission of the offence with which they have been charged or convicted. The article focuses on legally coerced treatment for drink-driving offenders and heroin-dependent property offenders. it outlines the various arguments that have been made for providing such treatment under legal coercion, namely. the over-representation of alcohol and drug dependent persons in prison populations; the contributory causal role of alcohol and other drug problems in the offences that lead to their imprisonment; the high rates of relapse to drug use and criminal involvement after incarceration; the desirability of keeping injecting heroin users out of prisons as a way of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis; and the putatively greater cost-effectiveness of treatment compared with incarceration. The ethical objections to legally coerced drug treatment are briefly discussed before the evidence on the effectiveness of legally coerced treatment for alcohol and other drug dependence is reviewed. The evidence, which is primarily from the USA, gives qualified support for some forms of legally coerced drug treatment provided that these programs are well resourced, carefully implemented, and their performance is monitored to ensure that they provide a humane and effective alternative to imprisonment. Expectations about what these programs can achieve also need to be realistic.

An Economic Analysis of the Legal Concept of Trustees' Power of Investment

Authorised trustee status is a legal concept which has economic implications; one of the major implications is that it assists in the direction of investment funds into particular securities and areas of the economy. The concept of authorised trustee status, while attempting to achieve specific outcomes for the beneficiaries of trusts cannot be relied upon to secure these results. Economic analysis of the role of the trustee maintains that this role is one of portfolio manager; a role which is complex but which is explicable in terms of definable procedures and practices. The role of trustee as portfolio manager is one which requires greater financial knowledge than can be assumed is possessed by all trustees. The trustee as portfolio manager is required to maintain a review of decisions make under powers to invest trust assets. A solution to the problem of authorised trustee status is proposed. The solution takes two parts: the first is the adoption of the prudent person approach but with the codification of duties of the trustee and the explicit listing of the factors that a trustee should consider in using the investment powers. The second part of the proposed solution is to link the investment powers of trustees to the best practice features of securities advisers who are now licensed by a regulatory body, the Australian Securities and Investment Commission.