Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

A pivotal component of hydrological restoration of the Florida Everglades is the improvement of water conveyance to Everglades National Park by the degradation of the current network of canals, roadways and levees. The Tamiami Trail (L29) road/canal complex represents a major barrier to natural water flows into the park and a variety of modification options for flow improvement are currently being explored, including the installation of spreader swales immediately downstream of culverts conveying water under Tamiami Trail from the L29 canal into Everglades National Park. In this study, we evaluated water column chemistry and wet-season diatom community structure to provide baseline information for use in future monitoring activities related to the proposed Tamiami Trail modifications. Water chemistry showed pronounced fluctuations in response to precipitation and anthropogenically mediated hydrological events. Differences in water quality variables among sites were dampened during periods of inundation, and became more pronounced during periods of low canal stage, suggesting the importance of small-scale mechanisms related to isolation of habitat patches. Diatom assemblages were unexpectedly speciose (127 taxa in 40 samples) compared to typical Everglades assemblages, and spatially heterogeneous in sites associated with concentric areas of dense vegetation immediately downstream of culverts. We also observed significant compositional dissimilarities among transects, indicating that culvert pool and north transect assemblages were substantially influenced by propagule input from the canal and areas to the north, while south transect sites were compositionally similar to typical sawgrass prairie diatom communities. Central transect sites were compositionally intermediate to their north and south counterparts. We propose that the position and spatial extent of this “transitional assemblage” is a sensitive indicator of subtle environmental change related to Tamiami Trail modifications.

Molecular composition of organic aerosols in central Amazonia: an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry study

The Amazon Basin plays key role in atmospheric chemistry, biodiversity and climate change. In this study we applied nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS) for the analysis of the organic fraction of PM2.5 aerosol samples collected during dry and wet seasons at a site in central Amazonia receiving background air masses, biomass burning and urban pollution. Comprehensive mass spectral data evaluation methods (e.g. Kendrick mass defect, Van Krevelen diagrams, carbon oxidation state and aromaticity equivalent) were used to identify compound classes and mass distributions of the detected species. Nitrogen- and/or sulfur-containing organic species contributed up to 60 % of the total identified number of formulae. A large number of molecular formulae in organic aerosol (OA) were attributed to later-generation nitrogen- and sulfur-containing oxidation products, suggesting that OA composition is affected by biomass burning and other, potentially anthropogenic, sources. Isoprene-derived organosulfate (IEPOX-OS) was found to be the most dominant ion in most of the analysed samples and strongly followed the concentration trends of the gas-phase anthropogenic tracers confirming its mixed anthropogenic–biogenic origin. The presence of oxidised aromatic and nitro-aromatic compounds in the samples suggested a strong influence from biomass burning especially during the dry period. Aerosol samples from the dry period and under enhanced biomass burning conditions contained a large number of molecules with high carbon oxidation state and an increased number of aromatic compounds compared to that from the wet period. The results of this work demonstrate that the studied site is influenced not only by biogenic emissions from the forest but also by biomass burning and potentially other anthropogenic emissions from the neighbouring urban environments.

Ecophysiology of Adonis distorta, a high-mountain species endemic of the Central Apennines

Morphological, anatomical and physiological plant and leaf traits of A. distorta, an endemic species of the Central Apennines on the Majella Massif, growing at 2,675 m a.s.l, were analyzed. The length of the phenological cycle starts immediately after the snowmelt at the end of May, lasting 128 ± 10 days. The low A. distorta height  (Hmax= 64 ± 4 mm) and total leaf area (TLA= 38 ± 9 cm2) associated to a high leaf mass area (LMA =11.8±0.6 mg cm−2) and a relatively high leaf tissue density (LTD = 124.6±14.3 mg cm−3) seem to be adaptive traits to the stress factors of the environment where it grows. From a physiological point of view, the high A. distorta photosynthetic rates (PN =19.6 ± 2.3 µmol m−2 s−1) and total chlorophyll content (Chla+b = 0.88 ± 0.13 mg g−1) in July are justified by the favorable temperature. PN decreases by 87% in September at the beginning of plant senescence. Photosynthesis and leaf respiration (RD) variations allow A. distorta to maintain a positive carbon balance during the growing season becoming indicative of the efficiency of plant carbon use. The results could be an important tool for conservation programmes of the A. distorta wild populations.

La costruzione condivisa dello spazio pubblico. Architettura e programmi sociali per Zingonia.

L’innovazione non è solamente l’applicazione e l’uso di nuovi device tecnologici ma, anche, un nuovo approccio capace di gestire le sfide sociali delle nostre città. In esse gli spazi pubblici sono i luoghi che per primi possono essere portatori di nuovi valori, nuovi modi di vivere e di agire sulle città. Sono spazi di sperimentazione dove possiamo imparare ad interagire con (e rispettando) i diversi attori. L’intervento architettonico in questi ambiti diventa il mezzo per favorire l’evoluzione positiva dell’attuale stato fisico e sociale. La progettazione si sta, però, evolvendo trasformandosi sempre più in una strategia in grado di apprendere dagli eventi e dalle contingenze. Gli interventi proposti nella mia tesi di laurea, seguendo questo approccio, vogliono portare una riqualificazione degli spazi urbani pubblici di Zingonia, una realtà estremamente complessa e stimolante. Zingonia è nata come New town nel 1964 ed oggi appare come un quartiere metropolitano degradato e pericoloso senza Comune, una periferia senza centro, uno dei più sorprendenti e complessi laboratori d’immigrazione in Italia. L’insieme di piccoli interventi proposti sono azioni che vogliono incrementare la percezione di un luogo “sicuro”, tentando di abbassare alcune barriere mentali e fisiche. I risultati concreti di questi interventi sono altrettanto importanti quanto i risultati sociali e psicologici percepiti dai partecipanti. La strategia adottata prevede il coinvolgimento degli user in tutto il processo, promuovendo interventi di autocostruzione “DIY-Do it yourself”. Questo approccio è rilevante perchè l’azione di creazione genera un legame molto importante con lo spazio e attiva il dialogo con gli altri partecipanti che è alla base dello sviluppo di una comunità. Le persone vengono così coinvolte in un educazione pratica dell’estetica del paesaggio diventando consapevoli del proprio potere nel cambiare ciò che le circonda.

“Never Give up:” The Strengths and Strategies Used Among Undocumented College Students From Central America to Access and Persist in U.S. Higher Education

The purpose of this study was to identify the strengths and strategies that undocumented college students from Central America used to access and persist in United States higher education. A multiple-case study design was used to conduct in-depth, semi-structured interviews and document collection from ten persons residing in Illinois, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, and Washington. Yosso’s (2005, 2006) community cultural wealth conceptual framework, an analytical and methodological tool, was used to uncover assets used to navigate the higher education system. The findings revealed that participants activated all forms of capital, with cultural capital being the least activated yet necessary, to access and persist in college. Participants also activated most forms of capital together or consecutively in order to attain financial resources, information and social networks that facilitated college access. Participants successfully persisted because they continued to activate forms of capital, displayed a high sense of agency, and managed to sustain college educational goals despite challenges and other external factors. The relationships among forms of capital and federal, state, and institutional policy contexts, which positively influenced both college access and persistence were not illustrated in Yosso’s (2005, 2006) community cultural wealth framework. Therefore, this study presents a modified community cultural wealth framework, which includes these intersections and contexts. In the spirit of Latina/o critical race theory (LatCrit) and critical race theory (CRT), the participants share with other undocumented students suggestions on how to succeed in college. This study can contribute to the growing research of undocumented college students, and develop higher education policy and practice that intentionally consider undocumented college students’ strengths to successfully navigate the institution.

Shallow Groundwater Quality and Geochemistry in the Shields River Basin, South-Central Montana

Water samples were collected from 33 domestic wells, 2 springs, and 3 streams in the Shields River Basin (Basin) in southwest Montana. Samples were collected in 2013 to describe the chemical quality of groundwater in the Basin. Sampling was done to assess potential impacts to water quality from recent exploratory oil and gas drilling and to establish baseline water quality conditions. Wells were selected in areas near and away from oil and gas drilling and in areas susceptible to contamination. Water samples from surface water sites were collected in October to characterize base flow conditions. Physical characteristics of the land surface, soils, and shallow aquifers were used to assess groundwater susceptibility to contamination from the land surface. This analysis was completed using GIS. Samples were analyzed for major ions, trace metals, water isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen. A subset (24) of samples were analyzed for tritium and organic constituents (GRO, DRO, BTEX, methane, ethylene, and ethane). One sample exceeded the human health drinking water standard for selenium. Dissolved methane and ethylene gas were detected in six samples at concentrations less than 0.184 milligrams per liter. Three locations were resampled in 2014, and no methane or ethylene was detected. Shallow groundwater and streams are generally calcium- or sodium-bicarbonate type water with total dissolved solids concentration less than 300 milligrams per liter. Some wells produce either sodium-chloride or sodium-sulfate type water suggesting slower flow paths and more rock-water interaction. Tritium concentrations suggest that older water (TU< 0.8), recharged prior to the mid-1950’s, is generally sodium type, whereas younger water (TU > 4) is generally a calcium type. Water-quality data from this study were compared to available historic data in the Basin. Additionally, the USGS Produced Waters Geochemical database was queried for chemical data of produced waters from reservoir rocks throughout Montana and the surrounding states. Comparisons to historic and produced water chemical data suggest no impact to shallow groundwater quality from exploratory oil and gas drilling.

WHEN GLOBAL CONSERVATION MEETS LOCAL LIVELIHOODS: PEOPLE AND PARKS IN CENTRAL AMERICA

SummaryNational park and related forest conservation efforts tend to emanate from core areas of the world and are often imposed on rural people living on forest fringes in the least developed regions of lesser developed countries. We address the social and cultural processes that ensue when center-originatingconservation meets local people with their resource-dependent livelihoods, and how these vary under different circumstances. We examine and compare local people’s environmental andforest-related values and behaviors, using cultural models, after the establishment of national parks in two countries with very different social and environmental histories—Costa Rica and Honduras. We find that external cultural models were widely adopted by local people—hegemonic to the extent of structuring even discourse opposing conservation. Local people often expressed environmental values, but used formulaic language that suggested that these values were not well integrated with other aspects of their life and often not motivating. We pay particular attention to relationships between environmental values and livelihood values, and the varying ways that new, local environmental discourses and values emerge that mediate between these often conflicting value spheres.The recent international increase in national parks is a phenomenon of globalization, and often imposes new conservation practices and environmental values onto local people. While these new national parks have some broad public benefits that can be thought of as global, e.g. their role in preventing biodiversity loss and climate change, it is also true that few concrete benefits accrue to local people and that parks often impose great costs on local people in the form of lost land, diminished access to resources, and diminished autonomy as national governments and internationalorganizations extend into local life in new ways.These changes have serious repercussions for local people, often threatening their livelihoods and well-being in significant ways. Yet our results suggest that local people may be willing to work with park managers to co-inhabit landscapes when park managers are able to accommodate local livelihood needs.Keywords: National parks, Central America, Costa Rica, Honduras, forest conservationResumenLos parques nacionales y otros esfuerzos de conservación forestal tienden a surgir en las principales áreas núcleo del mundo, y por lo general son impuestos a los pobladores de espacios rurales que habitan franjas forestales de los países en vías de desarrollo.Este artículo se enfoca en los procesos sociales y culturales que se originan a partir de la imposición de estas áreas de conservación y sobre cómo se ve afectada la subsistencia de los pobladores que dependen de los recursos naturales de dichas áreas. También se evalúan y comparan los valores y comportamientos relacionados con el ambiente, percibidos por los pobladores con el establecimiento de parques nacionales, en dos países con historias sociales y ambientales muy diferentes como lo son Costa Rica y Honduras; para lo cual se utilizaron modelos culturales. Al respecto, se encontró que varios modelos culturales externos, que fueron ampliamente adoptados por los pobladores locales, han llegado a ser hegemónicos, afectando la conservación. Los habitantes del lugar estaban disconformes con respecto a los nuevos valores ambientales, porque estos, por un lado, no estaban adecuadamente integrados con otros aspectos de su vida, y por la escasa motivación en materia de conservación ambiental.De esta forma, se resalta la relación entre los valores ambientales y los valores de sus forma de vida;entre las nuevas formas de ruptura y los valores emergentes que median entre la esfera de valores conflictivos.El reciente aumento internacional de parques naciones es un fenómeno de globalización, y en consecuencia, impone nuevas prácticas de conservación y valores ambientales a los habitantes de estas localidades. Mientras estos nuevos parques nacionales generan algunas ventaja públicas, que pueden ser pensadas como globales (p.ej. su papel en la prevención de la pérdida de diversidad biológica y el cambio de clima), también ocasionan escasos beneficios para las comunidades, al imponer elevados costos para los pobladores locales como lo son: la pérdida de tierras, la disminución en el acceso a los recursos y la reducción de la autonomía, ya sea ante el gobierno nacional u organizaciones internaciones que extienden sus acciones políticas a la vida local en todas sus nuevas formas. Estos cambios repercuten drásticamente en los habitantes del lugar, lo cual a menudo amenaza, en general, el sustento y el bienestar, de modo significativo.Los resultados sugieren que los habitantes del lugar podrían estar dispuestos a trabajar con los gerentes del parque para co-habitar paisajes cuando éstos sean capaces de priorizar las necesidades de sobrevivencia de las formas de vida de los habitantes.Palabras clave: parques nacionales, América Central, Costa Rica, conservación forestal

AVALANCHAS EN LA SIERRA VOLCANICA CENTRAL. EL CASO DE RIO CIRUELAS

El dia 20 de julio de 1988, en la tarde, se produjo una avalancha considerable en el rio Ciruelas, localizado en la ladera suroeste del volcán Barva, Heredia, Costa Rica, causando daños enormes en la población de San Bosco de Santa Bárbara.  El área afectada se dividió en tres grandes sectores, descritos a continuación: I.        SECTOR SUPERIOR (DESLIZAMIENTOS)Comprendido entre las cotas de 2.600m y 2.800 m, o sea cerca de la cima del Barva, caracterizado por desprendimientos de materiales poco consolidados (cenizas gruesas) con un ancho de aproximadamente 30m-40m y una profundidad de aproximadamente 4m-5m en casi todos los afluentes del rio Ciruelas. II.      SECTOR INTERMEDIO (TRANSITO)Comprendido entre las cotas de 2.600m y 1.600m, caracterizado por profundización erosiva del cauce en areas de materiales poco resistentes y por la ocurrencia de pequeños deslizamientos secundarios causados por la profundización del cauce. III.    SECTOR BAJO ( SEDIMENTACION)De 1.600m hasta 950m, caracterizado por la sedimentación en los primeros kilómetros de material grueso(bloques mayores de 2m). El pueblo de San Bosco esta situado sobre un abanico aluvial de materiales de eventos similares. En lo9s siguientes kilómetros se presenta la sedimentación de materiales mas finos.  La causa de esta desastre es únicamente la presencia de lluvias de alta intensidad provocadas por un frente de brisa, que en este dia ocurrieron en el sector I, provocando los deslizamientos y por ende las avalanchas de rocas y lodo que llegaron a los lugares mas bajos. Por estar el sector superior totalmente y el sector intermedio parcialmente en la selva virgen del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo se puede excluir definitivamente algún impacto humano que haya causado la desestabilización de las laderas. Por los vestigios de eventos antiguos de este tipo( acumulaciones cerca de San Bosco) se puede derivar que estos fenómenos también ocurrieron en tiempos pasados , sin embargo, se estima la probabilidad de una repetición pronta como muy baja. SUMMARYA big avalanche  that occurred the 20 th of july in the afternoon in the (rio ciruelas) watershed situated on the sowthwestern slope of the Volcano Barva, Costa Rica, caused big losses in the village of San Bosco de Santa Barbarbara. Based on field observations we distinguished three sectors analysed below: I.                    SUPERIOR SECTOR (LAND SLIDES)Localed in altitude between 2.600m and 2.800m near the peak of the volcano, characterized by landslides of poorly consolidated ashes, with a  width of between 30m-40m and a depth of about 4m to 5m, found in nearly and all of the affluents of the (Rio Ciruelas). II.                  MEDIUM SECTOR (TRANSIT)Between 2.600m and 1.600m, characterized by deep erosion in area of materials of low resistivity and by secondary(small) landslides provoked by the destruction of the support. III.                LOWER SECTOR ( SEDIMENTATION)Between 1.600m and 950m, characterized by sedimentation, in the first kilometers of coarse material (sometimes<2m).The village of San Bosco was constructed exactly above the detrictic cone of anterior events. In the subsequent kilometers we found the sedimentation of fine materials. As the cause of this desastre we analysed high intensity rainfalls provoked by a local front in the zone of the firt sector, causing landslides and then avalanches in the lower part of the primary forest of the national park <<Braulio Carrillo>>.The sediments of older events(the San Bosco cone) prove that avalanches ocurr in this area with a certain frecuency, but with relatively long recurrence intervals.   

Sarsina: il paesaggio diventa teatro

Sarsina, piccolo centro urbano dell’Appennino Romagnolo la cui origine risale al VI-IV sec. avanti Cristo, è la città natia di Plauto. Il suo forte legame con il teatro, ha contribuito alla nascita del Plautus Festival, la rassegna teatrale estiva a cui è stato dedicato l’Arena Plautina, il teatro all’aperto collocato alle pendici dell’antico Borgo di Calbano e che si apre sulla scenografica vallata antistante, incorniciando il Castello del Piano e quello di Casalecchio.Vista la necessità di ripensare gli spazi del teatro, unito all’analisi e allo studio dello sviluppo della città, da cui è emersa la necessità di collegare l’area del teatro con il centro storico, la Tesi, ha lo scopo di progettare un nuovo percorso immerso nel verde sulle antiche tracce delle mulattiere che un tempo permettevano di giungere fino al Borgo di Calbano. Il percorso che si snoda attraverso terrazze panoramiche ed edifici giunge all’interno del nuovo edificio costruito ai piedi del teatro, creandone la sua nuova scena fissa.

Integración de sistemas para la documentación, gestión y puesta en valor del patrimonio arquitectónico: el parque arqueológico de las tumbas de la Vía Latina en Roma

En la civilización de la antigua Roma, tres de los aspectos más importantes de la vida cotidiana estaban vinculados a la arquitectura: las termas, los acueductos y las tumbas. Esta investigación propone el estudio de la integración de sistemas avanzados para la documentación, gestión y valorización del patrimonio arquitectónico funerario de la Vie Latina y la Appia Antica, en estrecha relación con el tema del Paisaje Cultural. De hecho, el Parque de las Tumbas Latinas alberga uno de los complejos funerarios más importantes, que en la actualidad conserva el aspecto tradicional del antiguo paisaje romano. A lo largo de una vía empedrada, como todas las vías consulares, la Vía Latina (al igual que la Vía Appia Antica), que, como recordaba Tito Livio, conectaba en su día las ciudades de Roma con Capua, sigue manteniendo "congelado" el antiguo trazado urbano/paisajístico. El sistema multiforme del Ager Romanus y del sitio cultural Via Latina/Appia Antica estudiado en esta investigación es, por tanto, comparable a una estructura viva y dinámica y, como tal, debe ser analizada. Por lo tanto, para diseñar una herramienta de protección y gestión tan "potente" y adecuada para un sitio histórico de enorme importancia, fue necesario utilizar las técnicas de levantamiento arquitectónico más avanzadas que se utilizan actualmente (como el escaneo láser y la fotogrametría, junto con un software de análisis específico), acompañadas de un estudio en profundidad de las técnicas de construcción antiguas. El último aspecto clave que pretende abordar la investigación es la catalogación. De hecho, los sitios y monumentos históricos no se pueden mantener sólo mediante su uso y utilización pasiva, sino activando todas las operaciones de protección y conservación mediante intervenciones directas (mantenimiento/restauración) e indirectas, como la catalogación constante de las obras históricas y la consiguiente "catalogación dinámica".

Le terme pubbliche nella Grecia tardoantica. Architettura, funzioni e trasformazioni dello spazio sociale

Il presente lavoro si propone di concentrare la propria attenzione sulle terme pubbliche di età tardoantica – considerando l’insieme della letteratura scientifica disponibile e la necessità di un aggiornamento metodologico – comprese nelle provinciae dell’Hellas e di Creta, secondo i confini che possono essere tracciati sulla base del Synekdemos di Hierocles (§ 1). Il territorio di queste provinciae tardoantiche corrisponde all’incirca alle moderne regioni amministrative della Grecia Occidentale, della Grecia Centrale, dell’Attica e del Peloponneso per l’Ellade e dell’isola di Creta. In aggiunta all’indagine sulle caratteristiche architettoniche degli impianti, si è tentato di porre in rilievo le trasformazioni funzionali verificatesi in esse durante e dopo il loro utilizzo primario (§ 2). Oltre che sui singoli edifici (§ 2.1), l’indagine si è rivolta al contesto topografico di appartenenza. Le osservazioni raccolte sull’insieme del territorio descritto sono state inoltre messe a confronto con alcuni casi di studio rappresentati dalle città di Salonicco, Atene, Patrasso, Corinto e Gortina (§ 3). Si è cercato infine di sintetizzare i risultati emersi dalla ricerca, per contestualizzare il fenomeno termale tardoantico nell’ambito del suo sviluppo architettonico, dei mutamenti politici e urbanistici, dell’influenza del processo di cristianizzazione sulla società del periodo (§ 4).

Progetto per un'architettura non speculativa. Biodiversità urbana nelle rovine dell' Ex cementizia di Prato

Decolonizzare il progetto di riqualificazione interrogandosi su chi siano i reali beneficiari dell’intervento, in particolar modo quando si opera all’interno dei délaissés o del Terzo paesaggio (Patrick Bouchain, Forêt des délaissés-Gilles Clemant, Manifesto del Terzo paesaggio), non è solo atto speculativo ma anche etico-politico per un’architettura che ha il dovere di confrontarsi prolificamente con le sfide della contemporaneità. Si sono analizzate le origini e i motivi alla base del pensiero coloniale, oggetto di studio dei post-colonial studies. Gli studi decoloniali cercano di offrire nuove chiavi di lettura per l’individuazione della permanenza delle categorie coloniali nella descrizione dei processi promuovendone la decostruzione. Si evidenzia quindi come la causa ambientalista fatichi a sussistere finché non diventa intersezionale allo sradicamento dei suddetti paradigmi. Si elabora un progetto interspecie nel quale l’architettura si volge a tutti gli esseri viventi, schierandosi apertamente contro coloro che, in nome del profitto, continuano a degradare i beni comuni. Non si tratta di un revival delle esperienze utopiche, ma una presa di coscienza che trasforma la speculazione in pragmatismo, attraverso la messa in discussione di pratiche consolidate all’interno di determinati contesti. Come caso applicativo si è scelto quello dell’ Ex cementificio Marchino, uno fra i tanti esempi di archeologia industriale presenti a Prato. Il complesso abbandonato da più di 60 anni, vede la presenza di fenomeni riappropriativi da parte dell’elemento naturale a tal punto da aver ricostituito al suo interno un personale equilibrio ecosistemico, trasfigurando la cementizia in opera-luogo adatto ad accogliere la biodiversità urbana. La scelta del sito è un atto apertamente provocatorio, in quanto questo - situato alle pendici della Calvana - è oggetto dell’ennesimo fenomeno di speculazione edilizia qualificato, ancora una volta, come intervento di riqualificazione urbana.

Il segno della Centuriazione romana: un progetto lungo il Canale dei Molini a Castel Bolognese

Tutti i luoghi hanno qualcosa da raccontare, frammenti di storia che pian piano rischiano di svanire e rimanere soltanto memorie. Il territorio di Castel Bolognese parla di campagna, di pianura, di tradizioni agricole e rurali, ma ha anche una storia più antica, risalente ai tempi romani. La pianura castellana è stata “misurata” per la prima volta da loro, abili costruttori che, partendo dalla Via Emilia, realizzarono una maglia di strade regolare e precisa: la Centuriazione. È incredibile come un sistema così antico sia stato in grado di conferire un assetto territoriale al paese percepibile ancora oggi. Il progetto nasce come forma di valorizzazione del territorio di Castel Bolognese e affronta tre tematiche principali: la tutela del paesaggio naturale, la “ricucitura” delle Centurie e il progetto di una nuova costruzione. L’ambito di intervento è il Canale dei Molini, un tracciato storico che inizia il suo percorso a Castel Bolognese e ricalca per buona parte un asse centuriale. Esso attraversa vari comuni di pianura e si immette nel Canale di Bonifica destra di Reno. Il primo intervento progettuale riguarda la realizzazione di un itinerario ciclopedonale lungo questo canale, con l’obiettivo di “ricucire” e valorizzare la maglia centuriale attraverso varie azioni puntuali. Inoltre, laddove la trama è andata quasi completamente persa sono state progettate aree boschive per recuperarne l’aspetto originale con grande forza, rispettandone le dimensioni ed i confini. A scala urbana l’intervento consiste nel progetto di una Velostazione nell’area dismessa dell’ex scalo merci, con il fine di creare un collegamento tra il centro storico e la campagna, e conferendo un valore aggiunto alla ciclovia del Canale dei Molini. In conclusione, si vuole affrontare il rapporto fra architettura e paesaggio attribuendo un valore fondamentale alla conoscenza, all’ascolto ed al rispetto di questi luoghi, per poterne conservare nel tempo la loro identità e mantenerne viva la memoria.

Hypothalamic Inflammation And The Central Nervous System Control Of Energy Homeostasis.

The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.

Nebivolol Reduces Central Blood Pressure In Stage I Hypertensive Patients: Experimental Single Cohort Study.

Assessment of central blood pressure (BP) has grown substantially over recent years because evidence has shown that central BP is more relevant to cardiovascular outcomes than peripheral BP. Thus, different classes of antihypertensive drugs have different effects on central BP despite similar reductions in brachial BP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nebivolol, a β-blocker with vasodilator properties, on the biochemical and hemodynamic parameters of hypertensive patients. Experimental single cohort study conducted in the outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Twenty-six patients were recruited. All of them underwent biochemical and hemodynamic evaluation (BP, heart rate (HR), central BP and augmentation index) before and after 3 months of using nebivolol. 88.5% of the patients were male; their mean age was 49.7 ± 9.3 years and most of them were overweight (29.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2) with large abdominal waist (102.1 ± 7.2 cm). There were significant decreases in peripheral systolic BP (P = 0.0020), diastolic BP (P = 0.0049), HR (P < 0.0001) and central BP (129.9 ± 12.3 versus 122.3 ± 10.3 mmHg; P = 0.0083) after treatment, in comparison with the baseline values. There was no statistical difference in the augmentation index or in the biochemical parameters, from before to after the treatment. Nebivolol use seems to be associated with significant reduction of central BP in stage I hypertensive patients, in addition to reductions in brachial systolic and diastolic BP.