Fast plasma sintering deposition of nano-structured silicon carbide coatings

Fast plasma sintering deposition of SiC nano-structured coatings was achieved using a specially designed non-transferred dc plasma torch operated at reduced pressure. Employing the Taguchi method, the deposition parameters were optimized and verified. With the optimized combination of deposition parameters, homogeneous SiC coatings were deposited on relatively large area substrates of Φ50 mm and 50×50 mm with a deposition rate as high as 20 μm/min. Ablation test showed that such coatings can be used as oxidation resistance coatings in high temperature oxidizing environment.

土壤的年龄

通过文物考证,地质历史及14C测定的资料对多种土壤推断,大部分土壤形成的年龄约在二千年前到一万年之间,提出土壤来之不易,要爱惜土壤资源,保护和合理利用土壤资源。

土壤镉污染对玉米质量安全影响的研究

以辽宁省昌图县为研究区域,采集26个采样点的土壤以及玉米样品,分析土壤镉总量与有效态镉之间的相关性,以及玉米可食部位中镉含量与土壤镉总量、有效态镉之间的相关性,发现作物可食部位中镉含量与土壤有效态镉之间有明显的相关性。并通过盆栽试验,确定土壤有效态镉临界值,并根据此临界值评价研究区域的土壤环境质量状况。

深部流体对天然气成藏影响

深部流体是地球内部物质和能量交换最活跃的组分，超临界状态存在的深部流体中含有大量的气体，通过地震、火山或以其他各种构造通道向地球的浅部运移。上升过程中由于物理化学条件变化（主要是温度和压力降低），其中的挥发分首先从岩浆中析出，在合适的构造部位直接聚集成藏；同时流体上升过程中带出的大量地球深部的物质或能量为天然气形成提供有利条件。中国东部郯庐大断裂带气藏天然气碳同位素及稀有气体地球化学特征表明，深部流体直接或间接对天然气形成以及运移有重要的影响。国外一些天然气形成的模拟实验结果也显示以二氧化碳和水为主的流体在深部油气的无机合成、运移和富集中起着重要的作用。深入研究深部流体与天然气形成之间的关系可以为天然气勘探提供重要的方向和目标，将对天然气成因及来源产生重要的理论和实践意义。

Matriz para avaliação do impacto ambiental das produções de suínos e aves

2009

TECNOLOGIAS de produção de soja - região central do Brasil 2003.

A importância da soja; Origens; Introdução no Brasil; Produção; Causas da expansão; Impactos; Perspectivas; Pesquisa; Exigências climáticas; Exigências hídricas; Exigências térmicas e fotoperiódicas; Rotação de culturas; Seleção de espécies para compor esquemas de rotação; Planejamento da propriedade; Sugestão de um esquema de rotação de culturas; Manejo de solo; Sistema plantio direto; Preparo do solo; Alternância do uso de implemento no preparo de solo; Rompimento da camada compactada; Correção e manutenção da fertilidade do solo; Amostragem e análise do solo; Acidez do solo; Calagem; Calagem no sistema de semeadura direta; Qualidade e uso do calcário; Correção da acidez subsuperficial; Exigências minerais e adubação para a cultura da soja; Adubação; Cultivares; Tecnologia de sementes e colheita; Qualidade da semente; Armazenamento das sementes; Padronização da nomenclatura do tamanho das sementes, após classificação por tamanho; Tratamento de sementes com fungicidas; Seleção do local para produção de sementes; Avaliação da qualidade na produção de sementes - DIACOM (Diagnóstico Completo da Qualidade da Semente de Soja); Metodologia alternativa para o teste de germinação de sementes de soja; Remoção de torrões para prevenir a disseminação do nematóide de cisto; Colheita; Inoculação das sementes com Bradyrhizobium; Qualidade e quantidade dos inoculantes; Aplicação de fungicidas às sementes junto com o inoculante; Aplicação de micronutrientes nas sementes; Aplicacão de fungicidas e micronutrientes nas sementes, junto com o inoculante; Inoculação em áreas com cultivo anterior de soja; Inoculação em áreas de primeiro cultivo com soja; Nitrogênio mineral; Instalação da lavoura; Umidade e temperatura do solo; Cuidados na semeadura; Época de semeadura; Diversificação de cultivares; População e densidade de semeadura; Cálculo da quantidade de sementes e regulagem da semeadora; Controle de plantas daninhas; Informações importantes; Semeadura direta; Disseminação; Resistência; Dessecação em pré-colheita da soja; Manuseio de herbicidas e descarte de embalagens; Manejo de insetos-pragas; Espécies de insetos que atacam a soja; Níveis de dano para tomada de decisão de controle; Medidas de controle; Pragas de difícil controle; Manuseio de inseticidas e descarte de embalagens; Doenças e medidas de controle; Considerações gerais; Doenças identificadas no Brasil; Principais doenças e medidas de controle; Manuseio de fungicidas e descarte de embalagem; Retenção foliar e haste verde.

Synthesis and structural characterization of (pyrazolyl)alkenyl Fischer carbene complexes of chromium and tungsten

Michael addition of substituted pyrazoles 2 to 1-alkynyl Fischer carbene complexes (CO)(5)M=C(OEt)(CdropCPh) (1) (a, M = Cr and b M = W) afforded (pyrazolyl)alkenyl Fischer carbene complexes (CO)(5)M=C(OEt)(CH=C(R(1)R(2)R(3)pz)Ph) (R(1)R(2)R(3)pz = pyrazolyl) 3 (M = Cr) and 4 (M = W), respectively, with an exclusive (E)-configuration in mild to excellent yields. The reaction of la and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (2b) was monitored to demonstrate the formation and decomposition of complex 3b by H-1 NMR measurements in CDCl3 at 23degreesC. Complexes 3 and 4 were characterized with H-1, C-13{H-1} NMR, IR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. When the substituted pyrazoles were 3-methylpyrazole (2a) and 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (2d), molecular structures of the corresponding (pyrazolyl)alkenyl Fischer carbene complexes 3a and 4d were characterized by X-ray crystallographic study. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular analysis of the anaerobic rumen fungus Orpinomyces - insights into an AT-rich genome

Matthew J. Nicholson, Michael K. Theodorou and Jayne L. Brookman. (2005). Molecular analysis of the anaerobic rumen fungus Orpinomyces - insights into an AT-rich genome. Microbiology, 151 (1), 121-133. Sponsorship: BBSRC RAE2008

Load Balancing a Cluster of Web Servers using Distributed Packet Rewriting

In this paper, we propose and evaluate an implementation of a prototype scalable web server. The prototype consists of a load-balanced cluster of hosts that collectively accept and service TCP connections. The host IP addresses are advertised using the Round Robin DNS technique, allowing any host to receive requests from any client. Once a client attempts to establish a TCP connection with one of the hosts, a decision is made as to whether or not the connection should be redirected to a different host---namely, the host with the lowest number of established connections. We use the low-overhead Distributed Packet Rewriting (DPR) technique to redirect TCP connections. In our prototype, each host keeps information about connections in hash tables and linked lists. Every time a packet arrives, it is examined to see if it has to be redirected or not. Load information is maintained using periodic broadcasts amongst the cluster hosts.

Climate change and marine benthos: a review of existing research and future directions in the North Atlantic

There is growing evidence that climate change could affect marine benthic systems. This review provides information of climate change‐related impacts on the marine benthos in the North Atlantic. We cover a number of related research aspects, mainly in connection to two key issues. First, is the relationship between different physical aspects of climate change and the marine benthos. This section covers: (a) the responses to changes in seawater temperature (biogeographic shifts and phenology); (b) altered Hydrodynamics; (c) ocean acidification (OA); and (d) sea‐level rise‐coastal squeeze. The second major issue addressed is the possible integrated impact of climate change on the benthos. This work is based on relationships between proxies for climate variability, notably the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, and the long‐term marine benthos. The final section of our review provides a series of conclusions and future directions to support climate change research on marine benthic systems. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:203–223. doi: 10.1002/wcc.330

The Impact of Polystyrene Microplastics on Feeding, Function and Fecundity in the Marine CopepodCalanus helgolandicus

Microscopic plastic debris, termed “microplastics”, are of increasing environmental concern. Recent studies have demonstrated that a range of zooplankton, including copepods, can ingest microplastics. Copepods are a globally abundant class of zooplankton that form a key trophic link between primary producers and higher trophic marine organisms. Here we demonstrate that ingestion of microplastics can significantly alter the feeding capacity of the pelagic copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Exposed to 20 μm polystyrene beads (75 microplastics mL–1) and cultured algae ([250 μg C L–1) for 24 h, C. helgolandicus ingested 11% fewer algal cells (P = 0.33) and 40% less carbon biomass (P < 0.01). There was a net downward shift in the mean size of algal prey consumed (P < 0.001), with a 3.6 fold increase in ingestion rate for the smallest size class of algal prey (11.6–12.6 μm), suggestive of postcapture or postingestion rejection. Prolonged exposure to polystyrene microplastics significantly decreased reproductive output, but there were no significant differences in egg production rates, respiration or survival. We constructed a conceptual energetic (carbon) budget showing that microplastic-exposed copepods suffer energetic depletion over time. We conclude that microplastics impede feeding in copepods, which over time could lead to sustained reductions in ingested carbon biomass.

A note on the prediction of liquid hold-up with the stratified roll wave regime for gas/liquidco-current flow in horizontal pipes.

This note presents a simple model for prediction of liquid hold-up in two-phase horizontal pipe flow for the stratified roll wave (St+RW) flow regime. Liquid hold-up data for horizontal two-phase pipe flow [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6] exhibit a steady increase with liquid velocity and a more dramatic fall with increasing gas rate as shown by Hand et al. [7 and 8] for example. In addition the liquid hold-up is reported to show an additional variation with pipe diameter. Generally, if the initial liquid rate for the no-gas flow condition gives a liquid height below the pipe centre line, the flow patterns pass successively through the stratified (St), stratified ripple (St+R), stratified roll wave, film plus droplet (F+D) and finally the annular (A+D, A+RW, A+BTS) regimes as the gas rate is increased. Hand et al. [7 and 8] have given a detailed description of this progression in flow regime development and definitions of the patterns involved. Despite the fact that there are over one hundred models which have been developed to predict liquid hold-up, none have been shown to be universally useful, while only a handful have proven to be applicable to specific flow regimes [9, 10, 11 and 12]. One of the most intractable regimes to predict has been the stratified roll wave pattern where the liquid hold-up shows the most dramatic change with gas flow rate. It has been suggested that the momentum balance-type models, which give both hold-up and pressure drop prediction, can predict universally for all flow regimes but particularly in the case of the difficult stratified roll wave pattern. Donnelly [1] recently demonstrated that the momentum balance models experienced some difficulties in the prediction of this regime. Without going into lengthy details, these models differ in the assumed friction factor or shear stress on the surfaces within the pipe particularly at the liquid–gas interface. The Baker–Jardine model [13] when tested against the 0.0454 m i.d. data of Nguyen [2] exhibited a wide scatter for both liquid hold-up and pressure drop as shown in Fig. 1. The Andritsos–Hanratty model [14] gave better prediction of pressure drop but a wide scatter for liquid hold-up estimation (cf. Fig. 2) when tested against the 0.0935 m i.d. data of Hand [5]. The Spedding–Hand model [15], shown in Fig. 3 against the data of Hand [5], gave improved performance but was still unsatisfactory with the prediction of hold-up for stratified-type flows. The MARS model of Grolman [6] gave better prediction of hold-up (cf. Fig. 4) but deterioration in the estimation of pressure drop when tested against the data of Nguyen [2]. Thus no method is available that will accurately predict liquid hold-up across the whole range of flow patterns but particularly for the stratified plus roll wavy regime. The position is particularly unfortunate since the stratified-type regimes are perhaps the most predominant pattern found in multiphase lines.