1000 resultados para GENÉTICA DO DESENVOLVIMENTO
Resumo:
A novel karyotype with 2n = 50, FN = 48, was described for specimens of Thaptomys collected at Una, State of Bahia, Brazil, which are morphologically indistinguishable from Thaptomys nigrita, 2n = 52, FN = 52, found in other localities. It was hence proposed that the 2n = 50 karyotype could belong to a distinct species, cryptic of Thaptomys nigrita, once chromosomal rearrangements observed, along with the geographic distance, might represent a reproductive barrier between both forms. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on partial cytochrome b sequences with 1077 bp were performed, attempting to establish the relationships among the individuals with distinct karyotypes along the geographic distribution of the genus; the sample comprised 18 karyotyped specimens of Thaptomys, encompassing 15 haplotypes, from eight different localities of the Atlantic Rainforest. The intra-generic relationships corroborated the distinct diploid numbers, once both phylogenetic reconstructions recovered two monophyletic lineages, a northeastern clade grouping the 2n = 50 and a southeastern clade with three subclades, grouping the 2n = 52 karyotype. The sequence divergence observed between their individuals ranged from 1.9% to 3.5%.
Resumo:
A new autosomal recessive genetic condition, the SPOAN syndrome (an acronym for spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy and neuropathy syndrome), was recently discovered in an isolated region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte in Northeast Brazil, in a population that was identified by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) as belonging to the Brazilian communities with the highest rates of "deficiencies" (Neri, 2003), a term used to describe diseases, malformations, and handicaps in general. This prompted us to conduct a study of consanguinity levels in five of its municipal districts by directly interviewing their inhabitants. Information on 7,639 couples (corresponding to about 40% of the whole population of the studied districts) was obtained. The research disclosed the existence of very high frequencies of consanguineous marriages, which varied from about 9% to 32%, suggesting the presence of a direct association between genetic diseases such as the SPOAN syndrome, genetic drift and inbreeding levels. This fact calls for the introduction of educational programs for the local populations, as well as for further studies aiming to identify and characterize other genetic conditions. Epidemiological strategies developed to collect inbreeding data, with the collaboration of health systems available in the region, might be very successful in the prospecting of genetic disorders.
Resumo:
The ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) system is one of the earliest known models of molecular evolution, and is still the most studied in Drosophila. Herein, we studied this model in the genus Anastrepha (Diptera, Tephritidae). Due to the remarkable advantages it presents, it is possible to cross species with different Adh genotypes and with different phenotype traits related to ethanol tolerance. The two species studied here each have a different number of Adh gene copies, whereby crosses generate polymorphisms in gene number and in composition of the genetic background. We measured certain traits related to ethanol metabolism and tolerance. ADH specific enzyme activity presented gene by environment interactions, and the larval protein content showed an additive pattern of inheritance, whilst ADH enzyme activity per larva presented a complex behavior that may be explained by epistatic effects. Regression models suggest that there are heritable factors acting on ethanol tolerance, which may be related to enzymatic activity of the ADHs and to larval mass, although a pronounced environmental effect on ethanol tolerance was also observed. By using these data, we speculated on the mechanisms of ethanol tolerance and its inheritance as well as of associated traits.
Resumo:
Pimelodidae is one of the most representative of Neotropical catfish families. However, these fish are still poorly studied in terms of cytogenetics, especially regarding the application of more accurate techniques such as the chromosomal localization of ribosomal genes. In the present work, fluorescent in situ hybridization with 5S and 18S rDNA probes was employed for rDNA site mapping in Pimelodus sp., P. fur and P. maculatus from the São Francisco River in the Três Marias municipality - MG. The results from the application of the 18S probe confirmed the previous data obtained by silver nitrate staining, identifying a simple nucleolar organizing region system for these species. However, the labeling results from the 5S rDNA probe demonstrated a difference in the number and localization of these sites between the analyzed species. The obtained data allowed inferences on the possible processes involved in the karyotypic evolution of this genus.
Resumo:
PURPOSE: To study were to reproduce an alveolar bone defect model in Wistar rats to be used for testing the efficacy of stem cell therapies. Additionally, we also aimed to determine the osteogenesis process of this osseous defect in the 1 month period post-surgery. METHODS: The animals were randomly divided into two groups of 7 animals each. A gingivobuccal incision was made, and a bone defect of 28 mm² of area was performed in the alveolar region. Animals were killed at 2 weeks after surgery (n=7) and 4 weeks after surgery (n=7). RESULTS: The average area of the alveolar defect at time point of 2 weeks was 22.27 ± 1.31 mm² and the average area of alveolar defect at time point of 4 weeks was 9.03 ± 1.17 mm². The average amount of bone formation at time point of 2 weeks was 5.73 ± 1.31 mm² and the average amount of bone formation at time point of 4 weeks was 19 ± 1.17 mm². Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after surgery were seen (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The highest rate of ossification occurred mostly from 2 to 4 weeks after surgery. This observation suggests that 4 weeks after the bone defect creation should be a satisfactory timing to assess the potential of bone inductive stem cells to accelerate bone regeneration in Wistar rats.
Resumo:
Cross-amplification was tested and variability in microsatellite primers (designed for Neotropical parrots) compared, in five macaw species, viz., three endangered blue macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii [extinct in the wild], Anodorhynchus leari [endangered] and Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus [vulnerable]), and two unthreatened red macaws (Ara chloropterus and Ara macao). Among the primers tested, 84.6% successfully amplified products in C. spixii, 83.3% in A. leari, 76.4% in A. hyacinthinus, 78.6% in A. chloropterus and 71.4% in A. macao. The mean expected heterozygosity estimated for each species, and based on loci analyzed in all the five, ranged from 0.33 (A. hyacinthinus) to 0.85 (A. macao). As expected, the results revealed lower levels of genetic variability in threatened macaw species than in unthreatened. The low combined probability of genetic identity and the moderate to high potential for paternity exclusion, indicate the utility of the microsatellite loci set selected for each macaw species in kinship and population studies, thus constituting an aid in planning in-situ and ex-situ conservation.
Resumo:
More than 90% of birds are socially monogamous, although genetic studies indicate that many are often not sexually monogamous. In the present study, DNA fingerprinting was used to estimate the genetic relationships between nestlings belonging to the same broods to evaluate the mating system in the socially monogamous macaw, Ara ararauna. We found that in 10 of 11 broods investigated, the nestlings showed genetic similarity levels congruent with values expected among full-sibs, suggesting that they shared the same parents. However, in one brood, the low genetic similarity observed between nestlings could be a result of intraspecific brood parasitism, intraspecific nest competition or extra-pair paternity. These results, along with available behavioral and life-history data, imply that the blue-and-yellow macaw is not only socially, but also genetically monogamous. However, the occurrence of eventual cases of extra-pair paternity cannot be excluded.
Resumo:
Objetivou-se com este trabalho utilizar regras de associação para identificar forças de mercado que regem a comercialização de touros com avaliação genética pelo programa Nelore Brasil. Essas regras permitem evidenciar padrões implícitos nas transações de grandes bases de dados, indicando causas e efeitos determinantes da oferta e comercialização de touros. Na análise foram considerados 19.736 registros de touros comercializados, 17 fazendas e 15 atributos referentes às diferenças esperadas nas progênies dos reprodutores, local e época da venda. Utilizou-se um sistema com interface gráfica usuário-dirigido que permite geração e seleção interativa de regras de associação. Análise de Pareto foi aplicada para as três medidas objetivas (suporte, confiança e lift) que acompanham cada uma das regras de associação, para validação das mesmas. Foram geradas 2.667 regras de associação, 164 consideradas úteis pelo usuário e 107 válidas para lift ≥ 1,0505. As fazendas participantes do programa Nelore Brasil apresentam especializações na oferta de touros, segundo características para habilidade materna, ganho de peso, fertilidade, precocidade sexual, longevidade, rendimento e terminação de carcaça. Os perfis genéticos dos touros são diferentes para as variedades padrão e mocho. Algumas regiões brasileiras são nichos de mercado para touros sem registro genealógico. A análise de evolução de mercado sugere que o mérito genético total, índice oficial do programa Nelore Brasil, tornou-se um importante índice para comercialização dos touros. Com o uso das regras de associação, foi possível descobrir forças do mercado e identificar combinações de atributos genéticos, geográficos e temporais que determinam a comercialização de touros no programa Nelore Brasil.
Resumo:
The genus Brycon, the largest subunit of the Bryconinae, has 42 valid species distributed from southern Mexico to the La Plata River in Argentina. Henochilus is a monotypic genus, comprising a single species (H. wheatlandii) found in the upper Rio Doce basin. In the present study, partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene 16S were obtained for fifteen species of Brycon and for Henochilus wheatlandii. The results showed that the genus Brycon is paraphyletic, since Henochilus is the sister-group of B. ferox and B. insignis. The most basal species analyzed were the trans-Andean species B. henni, B. petrosus, and B. chagrensis.
Resumo:
Neglected diseases are a major global cause of illness, long-term disability and death. Chagas' disease is a parasitic infection widely distributed throughout Latin America, with devastating consequences in terms of human morbidity and mortality. The existing drug therapy suffers from a combination of drawbacks including poor efficacy, resistance and serious side effects. In 2009, we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of Chagas' disease, facing the challenges of developing new, safe and effective drugs for the treatment of this disease. This brief review attempts to highlight the state of the art, limitations and perspectives of Chagas' disease drug development.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar histologicamente o desenvolvimento ovariano pré-natal em fetos eqüinos sem raça definida (SRD) nos trópicos, ressaltando surgimento e quantificação de ovogônias e folículos. Foram obtidos 131 fetos em frigorífico, os quais foram mensurados quanto ao comprimento (cm) equivalente à distância cefalococcígea (CR), seguido de corte das gônadas e fixação das amostras em Bouin por 24 horas. As idades foram estimadas por regressão. Foram preparados cortes histológicos ovarianos de 7µm de espessura, os quais foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina. O surgimento de ovogônias, folículos primordiais, em crescimento e antrais foi verificado, respectivamente, em fetos com CR entre 4,1 e 6,5cm (40 a 49 dias de gestação (DG)); 9,1 e 12,0cm (60 a 69 DG); 23,1 e 29,0cm (116 a 135 DG) e 50,1 e 65,0cm (201 a 245 DG). A quantidade máxima de ovogônias, folículos primordiais, em crescimento e antrais foi observada em fetos com CR entre, 4,1 e 6,0cm (40 a 49 DG); 16,1 e 23,0cm (90 a 115 DG); 29,1 e 36,0cm (136 a 155 DG) e 50,1 e 97,0cm (201 a 320 DG), respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que o desenvolvimento morfológico dos ovários fetais de eqüinos SRD nos trópicos é mais precoce que o observado nos relatos de literatura referentes a estudos de eqüinos de diversas raças em regiões temperadas.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir, em uma interlocução com o pensamento winnicottiano, a potencialidade mutativa de uma modalidade de prática psicológica denominada Enquadre Clínico para Desenvolvimento de Capacidades; propõe, ainda, uma elaboração conceitual que distingue capacidades integradas e competências dissociadas. À luz de tal distinção, essa alternativa clínica pode ser compreendida como constituição de um ambiente facilitador que favorece tanto o desenvolvimento de capacidades incipientes como a integração de competências dissociadas, que passam a ser vividas transicionalmente como experiências criativas. Esse enquadre vem sendo utilizado produtivamente na forma de uma oficina voltada ao desenvolvimento da capacidade de escrever.
Resumo:
Identidade é composta pelos valores, crenças e metas com que um indivíduo está comprometido. Existem quatro estados de identidade: difusão, pré-fechamento, moratória e identidade estabelecida, identificados de acordo com a presença de exploração das alternativas e com a intensidade dos compromissos. Este trabalho verificou os estados de identidade em que se encontravam 753 adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos, estudantes do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas de São Paulo que responderam ao EOMEIS 2, uma escala tipo Likert que avalia os estados de identidade. A maioria dos adolescentes encontrava-se em moratória. Verificou-se uma associação positiva entre o sexo feminino e os estados de moratória e identidade estabelecida; entre a primeira série do Ensino Médio e o estado de pré-fechamento.
Resumo:
Este artigo apresenta uma investigação do comportamento de 21 bebês prematuros (de 33 a 36 semanas de gestação), de 1 a 12 meses, realizada no Hospital da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando a Escala de Desenvolvimento do Comportamento da Criança - EDCC. Os resultados mostraram que os prematuros, a partir do 3º mês apresentaram uma recuperação importante no rítmo de desenvolvimento do comportamento, reduzindo de modo estatisticamente significante a frequência de comportamentos com indicadores patológicos, mas mantendo um fator de risco de 23% de comportamentos não-normalizados aos 12 meses incompletos. Este estudo contribui com elementos que podem favorecer o acompanhamento do processo de desenvolvimento do comportamento destas crianças e na detecção precoce de atrasos ou possíveis distúrbios neste processo
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desenvolvimento de conceitos por cegos congênitos. Participaram sete cegos congênitos, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 8 e 13 anos. Foi solicitado aos participantes que definissem 15 conceitos, subdivididos em concretos e abstratos. As respostas foram agrupadas em 13 categorias. Verificou-se que cada tipo de conceito envolve formas diferenciadas de definição e de utilização de recursos perceptivos. Foram identificados alguns meios utilizados pelo cego congênito na aquisição do conhecimento, evidenciando a multiplicidade de possibilidades de aquisição e expressão de conceitos. As implicações deste trabalho para o processo de ensino/aprendizagem de cegos foram consideradas.