Reforma financeira: aspectos gerais e análise do projeto de lei complementar

Como se sabe, o artigo 192 da Constituição Federal de 1988 estabelece a necessidade de criação de uma Lei Complementar reguladora do sistema financeiro nacional. Com este objetivo já foram apresentados vários Projetos de Lei no Congresso, realizados seminários e recolhidas inúmeras sugestões de vários setores da sociedade. Em abril de 1992 foi realizada em conjunto pela FIPE-USP e EPGE-FGV a última grande conferência sobre o tema, reunindo vários especialistas. Analisou-se nesta ocasião a última versão disponível do Substitutivo do Relator, de 31/03/92, referente a este assunto. Desta data em diante a questão tem permanecido um pouco adormecida face às necessidades mais prementes de discussão do Projeto de Reforma Fiscal e da chamada CPI do P.C. Este trabalho sumariza algumas reflexões do autor sobre pontos específicos do Projeto de Lei após a coordenação do último seminário Rio de Janeiro.

Tests of conditional asset pricing models in the brazilian stock market

In this paper, we test a version of the conditional CAPM with respect to a local market portfolio, proxied by the Brazilian stock index during the period 1976-1992. We also test a conditional APT modeI by using the difference between the 3-day rate (Cdb) and the overnight rate as a second factor in addition to the market portfolio in order to capture the large inflation risk present during this period. The conditional CAPM and APT models are estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and tested on a set of size portfolios created from individual securities exchanged on the Brazilian markets. The inclusion of this second factor proves to be important for the appropriate pricing of the portfolios.

Educação e investimentos externos como determinantes do crescimento a longo prazo

Esse artigo usa uma metodologia de decomposição tendência-ciclo para estimar o produto potencial brasileiro e investigar a importância relativa dos choques permanentes e transitórios. Conclui-se que os primeiros explicam quase que 100% da variância do produto privado. A partir desta evidência, investiga-se a existência de relações de longo prazo entre o produto potencial e diversos possiveis determinantes do crescimento a longo prazo, como investimentos externos, escolaridade média e taxa de analfabetismo da população econolTÚcamente ativa. Conclui-se que as duas primeiras possuem uma relação de longo prazo com o produto potencial, e que a elasticidade de longo prazo é não desprezível. A luz desta evidência, discute-se questões de política econômica.

The trade-off between incentives and endogenous risk

Standard models of moral hazard predict a negative relationship between risk and incentives, but the empirical work has not confirmed this prediction. In this paper, we propose a model with adverse selection followed by moral hazard, where effort and the degree of risk aversion are private information of an agent who can control the mean and the variance of profits. For a given contract, more risk-averse agents suppIy more effort in risk reduction. If the marginal utility of incentives decreases with risk aversion, more risk-averse agents prefer lower-incentive contractsj thus, in the optimal contract, incentives are positively correlated with endogenous risk. In contrast, if risk aversion is high enough, the possibility of reduction in risk makes the marginal utility of incentives increasing in risk aversion and, in this case, risk and incentives are negatively related.

Nonparametric specification tests for conditional duration models

This paper deals with the testing of autoregressive conditional duration (ACD) models by gauging the distance between the parametric density and hazard rate functions implied by the duration process and their non-parametric estimates. We derive the asymptotic justification using the functional delta method for fixed and gamma kernels, and then investigate the finite-sample properties through Monte Carlo simulations. Although our tests display some size distortion, bootstrapping suffices to correct the size without compromising their excellent power. We show the practical usefulness of such testing procedures for the estimation of intraday volatility patterns.

Dinâmica não-linear e sustentabilidade da dívida pública brasileira

This paper contributes to the debate on whether the Brazilian public debt is sustainable or not in the long run by considering threshold effects on the Brazilian Budget Deficit. Using data from 1947 to 1999 and a threshold autoregressive model, we find evidence of delays in fiscal stabilization. As suggested in Alesina (1991), delayed stabilizations reflect the existence of political constraints blocking deficit cuts, which are relaxed only when the budget deficit reaches a sufficiently high level, deemed to be unsustainable. In particular, our results suggest that, in the absence of seignorage, only when the increase in the budget deficit reaches 1.74% of the GDP will fiscal authorities intervene to reduce the deficit. If seignorage is allowed, the threshold increases to 2.2%, suggesting that seignorage makes government more tolerant to fiscal imbalances.

Trade liberalization and industrial concentration: evidence from Brazil

This paper applies an endogenous lobby formation model to explain the extent of trade protection granted to Brazilian manufacturing industries during the 1988- 1994 trade liberalization episode. Using a panel data set covering this period, we find that even in an environment in which a major regime shift has been introduced, more concentrated sectors have been able to obtain policy advantages, that lead to a reduction in international competition. The importance of industry structure appears to be substantial: In our baseline specification, an increase in concentration by 20% leads to an increase in protection by 5%-7%.

Collateral, default penalties and almost finite-time solvency

We argue that it is possible to adapt the approach of imposing restrictions on available plans through finitely effective debt constraints, introduced by Levine and Zame (1996), to encompass models with default and collateral. Along this line, we introduce in the setting of Araujo, Páscoa and Torres-Martínez (2002) and Páscoa and Seghir (2008) the concept of almost finite-time solvency. We show that the conditions imposed in these two papers to rule out Ponzi schemes implicitly restrict actions to be almost finite-time solvent. We define the notion of equilibrium with almost finite-time solvency and look on sufficient conditions for its existence. Assuming a mild assumption on default penalties, namely that agents are myopic with respect to default penalties, we prove that existence is guaranteed (and Ponzi schemes are ruled out) when actions are restricted to be almost finite-time solvent. The proof is very simple and intuitive. In particular, the main existence results in Araujo et al. (2002) and Páscoa and Seghir (2008) are simple corollaries of our existence result.