998 resultados para Exposição continuada
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Este trabalho avalia a distribuição de dose recebida por médicos envolvidos em procedimentos hemodinâmicos de angioplastia coronária e coronariografia. A influência de alguns fatores, como o modo de fluoroscopia pulsado ou contínuo e o local de acesso à veia e/ou artéria, foi investigada. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Para esta avaliação foram feitas medições utilizando dosímetros termoluminescentes de LiF:Mg,Ti, posicionados em sete diferentes pontos do corpo dos profissionais: mãos, joelho, pescoço, testa e tórax, por dentro e por fora do avental de chumbo. A dose foi avaliada, por exame, nos médicos que executaram os procedimentos (30 de angioplastia e 60 de coronariografia). Os dosímetros termoluminescentes foram calibrados na grandeza operacional equivalente de dose pessoal, Hp(d), nas profundidades de 0,07, 3 e 10 mm. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostram a importância do uso do protetor de tireóide e avental de chumbo para a redução da dose recebida pelos médicos. As doses dos profissionais que executaram procedimentos por via braquial usando modo contínuo de fluoroscopia foram mais altas do que os que executaram por via femoral e modo pulsado de fluoroscopia. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostra a necessidade de medidas adicionais de proteção e a implementação de mecanismos de treinamento em proteção radiológica para os médicos que trabalham com cardiologia intervencionista.
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The education of a chemistry teacher is not being seen as a specific preparation for the exercise of a professional activity, which differs from the professional activity of a chemist or a chemistry researcher. This happens because in the academic field, mainly in the exact and natural sciences, the idea that knowing a determined subject is enough to be able to teach it, is tacitly accepted. This is, actually, the first condition to be able to be a university professor. There is another necessary condition for competent teaching: to have specific professional knowledege of teaching. I defend that this knowledge can be constitued in the interaction with other professionals in the form of research. Thus, as a chemist constitutes himself through the research in the interaction with other chemists, the teacher develops himself in this professional field in the interaction with other teachers and the permanent attitude of researching.
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La adaptación a la vida extrauterina es un proceso fisiológico de gran complejidad. En ella participan prácticamente todos los órganos y sistemas; sin embargo, se consideran...
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Increasing attention is being paid to the use of biomarkers for determining the exposure of humans to air toxics. Biomarkers include the nonreacted toxic substance, their metabolites, or the reaction products of these toxics with naturally substances in the body. Significant progress has been made in the measurement of biomarkers during the past several years. Much of this progress has been because of the development of advanced analytical techniques for identification and quantification of the chemical species in complex matrix, such as biological fluids. The assessment of the potential cancer risk associated with exposure to benzene at occupational and non-occupational ambient is necessary because of the toxicological implications of this air pollutant. Thus, in this review, the analytical methodologies used to determine the benzene metabolites, in special, urinary muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid, are described and several problems affecting the precision of these procedures are discussed. Finally, in view of the difficulty pointed out for selecting the more adequate biomarker, further studies to evaluate the human exposure levels to benzene should be done.
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The scope of this study involved the evaluation of the concentration of some volatile organic compounds in the internal environmental air of a naval shipyard in the State of Rio de Janeiro, during painting activities in enclosed, semi-enclosed and open areas. Xylene was the volatile compound found in greatest abundance (25.20 to 191.66 ppm) in the locations researched. Benzene in the air, which is a carcinogenic substance, attained levels of 3.34 ppm in semi-enclosed environments and the highest levels of toluene, xylene and n-butanol were found in the enclosed space of the ship. Results obtained highlight the need to establish air quality control programs in these internal areas, in order to safeguard the health of the workers.
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Son contraindicaciones generales de las vacunas: a) Las enfermedades febriles agudas v sus períodos de convalecencia. b) Los enfermos diagnosticados de tuberculosis v tratados con tuberculostáticos los dos meses anteriores...
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Samples of polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were submitted to ultraviolet radiation, in the natural environment and also in the laboratory. Chemical modifications were quantified by the carbonyl index (CI), mechanical properties and melt flow index. The degradation in the laboratory was comparatively faster than in the environment for both types of polymers. The accelerating factor was determined for the various properties investigated. This parameter, however, showed a large variation with the degradation criteria and the type of polymer. The existence of a "universal accelerating factor", therefore, was not observed in the current study.
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Desenvolupar un sistema de seguimentindividualitzat i grupal de les activitatsdocents dels estudiants en assignatures d’alta densitat de matricula per tal de fer efectius els pressupostos d’una veritable avaluació continuada en aquestes condicions.
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Biological monitoring is very important to guarantee health to workers. This method was developed for simultaneous determination of xylene, toluene, styrene and ethylbenzene metabolites. It involves only dilution and centrifugation of urine samples and improved chromatographic conditions. Analyses show recovery > 95%; r² > 0.99; intermediate precision CV% < 6% and % bias < ±10. Exposed subjects presented at least three metabolites in urine. The method proved to be feasible, reliable and important in biological monitoring, especially in exposure to organic solvent mixtures.
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A simple liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of creatinine, hippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid and o, m and p-methylhippuric acids was developed and validated. Sample preparation was only dilution with water (1:10), followed by centrifugation. Analysis was performed in a reversed phase column (Lichrospher RP 8ec), 250 x 4.0 mm, with isocratic elution with phosphate buffer pH 2.3 and acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). The method presents adequate linearity, precision and accuracy and allows the simultaneous determination of the biomarkers of exposure to toluene, xylene and styrene together with creatinine, reducing cost and laboratory time.
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Humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals from the consumption of food, including undesirable compounds such as pesticides and mycotoxins. Chemical human risk assessment is a process intended to estimate the risk to a given population from the exposure to a chemical (or to a chemical group having the same mechanism of action). The process consists of four steps, namely hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Chemical dietary risk assessment is an essential procedure to establish safe food standards. In this review the tools and data sources currently used in the risk assessment process will be discussed.
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Positive photoresists are widely used in lithographic process in microelectronics and in optics for the fabrication of relief components. With the aim of identifying molecular modifications among positive photoresists unexposed and previously exposed to ultraviolet light the electron stimulated ion desorption technique coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed in the study of the AZ-1518 photoresist. Mass spectra were obtained as a function of the electron beam energy, showing specific changes related to the photochemical decomposition of the photoresist. This reinforces the applicability of the technique to investigate and characterize structural changes in photosensitive materials.
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This work aimed to adapt the analysis of methemoglobin recommended by Evelyn - Malloy (visible spectrophotometry), in order to facilitate its application in the field, or to analysis in clinical laboratory, of existing sites of diflubenzuron application. The parameters changed included: centrifuge rotation speed; time between the collection of biological sample and analysis, and storage temperature of the samples; and the volume of reagents. The comparison of the rotation speed (rpm) of the reference methodology with the rpm of a "clinical centrifuge" did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the levels of methemoglobin. The time between the collection of biological sample and analysis was extended for a period of up to 48 hours for both conservation by refrigeration and ambient temperature, producing no statistically significant difference when compared to the standard duration of 2 hours. Regarding the reagents, the reference methodology already uses the volume necessary to ensure complete reaction, whereas a wider range from the recommended volume to a 5-fold reduction in comparison to the reference methodology could be used. It was concluded that the proposed changes to the methodology for adapting the analysis are applicable to studies of field / workplace exposure and ensure the reliability of results. The adapted methodology was inter-laboratory validated and the parameters changed can be selected according to the requirements of the laboratory at which the methemoglobin is to be measured.
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Com a intensa produção e veiculação de informações científicas, tornou-se difícil para o profissional médico manter-se atualizado com os recursos habituais. A necessidade de conhecer e de participar de processos de formação continuada se impõe. Entre outras iniciativas, a Associação Médica Brasileira e o Conselho Federal de Medicina lançaram o Programa Nacional de Educação Continuada a Distância para médicos, buscando divulgar o conhecimento produzido nos grandes centros para profissionais de áreas mais remotas ou com reduzida disponibilidade de tempo. Tendo como pressu posto que a Sociedade do Conhecimento requer a formação inicial e continuada de profissionais e de cidadãos com um novo conjunto de competências para atuar com eficiência e responsabilidade, esses programas devem ser desenvolvidos com base em abordagens pedagógicas que efetivamente valorizem, além dos conteúdos de ensino, a disposição para a pesquisa, a autonomia na busca da informação, o espírito colaborativo e a postura ética, entre outras. No intuito de contribuir para essa reflexão, este texto tem por objetivos retomar o processo de formalização da educação médica continuada a distância no Brasil em termos didático-pedagógicos e analisar perspectivas dessas ações educativas.
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A Universidade Aberta do Sistema Único de Saúde (Unasus) foi instituída para suprir as necessidades de capacitação e educação permanente dos trabalhadores do SUS, facilitando o acesso à formação continuada por meio da educação a distância. Este trabalho relata a experiência de alunos dos cursos de especialização em Saúde da Família e Saúde Materno-Infantil da Unasus, da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, a partir da produção de seus estudos científicos e da contribuição da educação a distância para a transformação das condições de saúde das comunidades em que atuam. Os principais temas estudados abordaram a saúde materno-infantil e constituíram-se em planos de ação, visando ao enfrentamento dos problemas identificados e à defesa da vida saudável como um direito de cidadania e bem público. A educação a distância possibilitou a esses profissionais o acesso à capacitação permanente e a ferramentas que sugerem meios de modificar a formação e execução de políticas na área da saúde.