Understanding the socio-economic distribution of multiple deprivation: An application of self-organising maps

In this paper we seek to contribute to recent efforts to develop and implement multi-dimensional approaches to social exclusion by applying self-organising maps (SOMs) to a set of material deprivation indicators from the Irish component of EU-SILC. The first stage of our analysis involves the identification of sixteen clusters that confirm the multi-dimensional nature of deprivation in contemporary Ireland and the limitations of focusing solely on income. In going beyond this mapping stage, we consider both patterns of socio-economic differentiation in relation to cluster membership and the extent to which such membership contributes to our understanding of economic stress. Our analysis makes clear the continuing importance of traditional forms of stratification relating to factors such as income, social class and housing tenure in accounting for patterns of multiple deprivation. However, it also confirms the role of acute life events and life cycle and location influences. Most importantly, it demonstrates that conclusions relating to the relative impact of different kinds of socio-economic influences are highly dependent on the form of deprivation being considered. Our analysis suggests that debates relating to the extent to which poverty and social exclusion have become individualized should take particular care to distinguish between different kinds of outcomes. Further analysis demonstrates that the SOM approach is considerably more successful than a comparable latent class analysis in identifying those exposed to subjective economic stress. (C) 2010 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mapping patterns of multiple deprivation using self-organising maps: An application to EU-SILC data for Ireland

The development of conceptual frameworks for the analysis of social exclusion has somewhat out-stripped related methodological developments. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap through the application of self-organising maps (SOMs) to the analysis of a detailed set of material deprivation indicators relating to the Irish case. The SOM approach allows us to offer a differentiated and interpretable picture of the structure of multiple deprivation in contemporary Ireland. Employing this approach, we identify 16 clusters characterised by distinct profiles across 42 deprivation indicators. Exploratory analyses demonstrate that, controlling for equivalised household income, SOM cluster membership adds substantially to our ability to predict subjective economic stress. Moreover, in comparison with an analogous latent class approach, the SOM analysis offers considerable additional discriminatory power in relation to individuals' experience of their economic circumstances. The results suggest that the SOM approach could prove a valuable addition to a 'methodological platform' for analysing the shape and form of social exclusion. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Compositional data-driven alternatives to single geochemical component maps

Conventional practice in Regional Geochemistry includes as a final step of any geochemical campaign the generation of a series of maps, to show the spatial distribution of each of the components considered. Such maps, though necessary, do not comply with the compositional, relative nature of the data, which unfortunately make any conclusion based on them sensitive
to spurious correlation problems. This is one of the reasons why these maps are never interpreted isolated. This contribution aims at gathering a series of statistical methods to produce individual maps of multiplicative combinations of components (logcontrasts), much in the flavor of equilibrium constants, which are designed on purpose to capture certain aspects of the data.
We distinguish between supervised and unsupervised methods, where the first require an external, non-compositional variable (besides the compositional geochemical information) available in an analogous training set. This external variable can be a quantity (soil density, collocated magnetics, collocated ratio of Th/U spectral gamma counts, proportion of clay particle fraction, etc) or a category (rock type, land use type, etc). In the supervised methods, a regression-like model between the external variable and the geochemical composition is derived in the training set, and then this model is mapped on the whole region. This case is illustrated with the Tellus dataset, covering Northern Ireland at a density of 1 soil sample per 2 square km, where we map the presence of blanket peat and the underlying geology. The unsupervised methods considered include principal components and principal balances
(Pawlowsky-Glahn et al., CoDaWork2013), i.e. logcontrasts of the data that are devised to capture very large variability or else be quasi-constant. Using the Tellus dataset again, it is found that geological features are highlighted by the quasi-constant ratios Hf/Nb and their ratio against SiO2; Rb/K2O and Zr/Na2O and the balance between these two groups of two variables; the balance of Al2O3 and TiO2 vs. MgO; or the balance of Cr, Ni and Co vs. V and Fe2O3. The largest variability appears to be related to the presence/absence of peat.

Los indios Cayapas del Ecuador: Colección Biblioteca Abya-Yala

Toda la información que aparece en este volumen fue obtenida durante el perÍodo comprendido entre julio de 1908 y abril de 1909, en el cual convivimos con los Cayapas que habitan en el noroeste del Ecuador. El hallazgo de extensos depósitos arqueológicos en La Tolita, cerca de la desembocadura del río Santiago, fue lo que animó al profesor Marshall H. Saville a sugerir una investigación al Sr. George G. Heye, cuyo objetivo principal era el de recopilar información, que pudiera aclarar las dudas surgidas al encontrar muestras de arte prehistórico muy desarrollado, alrededor de las tolas de la lolita, especialmente en alfarerÍa y metalurgia.

Contacto y conflicto: El impacto de la aculturación entre los Coaiquer del Ecuador

EI hecho (asombroso, como puede parecer a una mentalidad civilizada) es que la mayoría de los hombres a traves de Ia moyor parte de la historia humana y la prehistoria, han hallado sociedades primitivas económicas, social y espiritualmente ( o como diríamos, ideológicamente ) viables. La aasencia de revoluciones y movimientos reformistas: la oposición nativista que surge cuando las culturas primitivas son asaltadas con doctrinas que tornan el anaculturado estado en un Eden y a los jefes en profetas, predicando que la civilización no es sino la ira de Dios que puede ser exorcisada por la penitencia y el vivir correctamente; el disgusto espontóneo y pronunciado (a pesar del préstamo selectivo de potentes instrumentos) cuando Ia cultura primitíva retiene una base desde Ia cual examinar la civilización y Ia ausencia de alternativa alguna de modo de vida como un elemento sistemótico en la tradición oral prímitiva, todos éstos son slntomas de lo humanamente adecuado que resultan las instituciones primitivas. La nación apasionada de la muerte y el renacimiento por medio del ritual; eI enlace de los truertos con los vivos y los no nacidos; el parentesco de la sociedad reflejado con la naturaleza y de Ia persona con la sociedad, en creativa correlación con las técnicas tradicionales de subsistencia; todos estos emplazan las primitivas percepciones en contra de la idea del progreso.

Análisis de la evolución de la gestión, uso y cobertura vegetal del suelo del Bosque Protector Aguarongo y sectores colindantes, área de estudio : San Juan y Jadán

Esta investigación se enfoca en encontrar datos históricos en cuanto a la gestión, uso y cobertura del suelo en el Bosque Protector Aguarongo, en lo que se refiere a técnicas, tecnologías y tradiciones ancestrales de la gestión del suelo. Utilizando como metodología la investigación bibliográfica, así como la observación in situ, la ejecución de encuestas a los usuarios del bosque y la aplicación de sistemas de información geográfica para la obtención de mapas temáticos.

Proyecto de creación e implementación de un sistema de administración de talentos humanos en la Empresa Grupo Chova del Ecuador

En la actualidad n las organizaciones enfocan mayores recursos para obtener productividad y unos mejor recursos humanos quien desarrolla de manera eficiente y eficaz el trabajo, por tal razón, invierten en la administración del talento humano. Las competencias laborales, incorporadas en la gestión del talento humano, conforman un eje central del trabajo institucional, por ende son parte fundamental para el funcionamiento en las organizaciones. Las investigaciones e implementación de dicha administración de talento humano, realizadas en diversas regiones del mundo, nos dan como resultados un impacto positivo del enfoque de gestión para competencias y utilización de los subsistemas de talento humano para el manejo y desarrollo óptimo del personal en las organizaciones. En el presente estudio que se realizó, se puede detectar que no existe una adecuada administración de talento humano dentro de cada organización. Lo que impide una productividad eficiente y optimización de recursos.

Regional Knowledge Maps - Potential and Challenges

Regional knowledge map is a tool recently demanded by some actors in an institutional level to help regional policy and innovation in a territory. Besides, knowledge maps facilitate the interaction between the actors of a territory and the collective learning. This paper reports the work in progress of a research project which objective is to define a methodology to efficiently design territorial knowledge maps, by extracting information of big volumes of data contained in diverse sources of information related to a region. Knowledge maps facilitate management of the intellectual capital in organisations. This paper investigates the value to apply this tool to a territorial region to manage the structures, infrastructures and the resources to enable regional innovation and regional development. Their design involves the identification of information sources that are required to find which knowledge is located in a territory, which actors are involved in innovation, and which is the context to develop this innovation (structures, infrastructures, resources and social capital). This paper summarizes the theoretical background and framework for the design of a methodology for the construction of knowledge maps, and gives an overview of the main challenges for the design of regional knowledge maps.

Challenges and Potentials for Keyword Extraction from Company Websites for the Development of Regional Knowledge Maps

Regional Innovation Systems describe the relations between actors, structures and infrastructures in a region in order to stimulate innovation and regional development. For these systems the collection and organization of information is crucial. In the present paper we investigate the possibilities to extract information from websites of companies. First we describe regional innovation systems and the information types that are necessary to create them. Then we discuss the possibilities of text mining and keyword extraction techniques to extract this information from company websites. Finally, we describe a small scale experiment in which keywords related to economic sectors and commodities are extracted from the websites of over 200 companies. This experiment shows what the main challenges are for information extraction from websites for regional innovation systems.