831 resultados para ESI-FTICRMS


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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)和新疆雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Karel. et Kir.)是我国珍稀的药用植物资源,具有清热解毒、止痉镇痛、敛伤、消肿及治疗热病、风湿等多种功效。雪莲的主要药用成份为紫丁香甙(Syringin)、芦丁(Rutin)、高车前素(Hispidulin)和Jaceosidin等苯基丙酸类(phenylpropanoid)和黄酮类(flavonoids)物质。最新的药理研究表明,上述物质还具有抗菌消炎、保肝降压、延缓衰老和抑制癌细胞增殖等重要的研发价值。 雪莲生境恶劣,生长缓慢,人工引种困难,加上长期掠夺性采挖,已使雪莲处于灭绝的边缘。为了保存国家珍稀植物品种,保护生态环境,满足临床上对雪莲药物的需求,本研究在雪莲组织培养的基础上,应用诱导子添加技术和毛状根培养技术对雪莲中具有重要药用价值的次生代谢物质进行调控,并对雪莲MYB类转录因子的功能进行了初步探索,为保护珍稀植物资源、维护生态环境、开发野生雪莲替代产品、缩短雪莲药用成份的生产周期奠定了基础。另外,分析了野生雪莲和雪莲培养物中主要生物活性成份的种类及含量,为今后雪莲药理药效研究及品质评价奠定了基础。 为了提高雪莲黄酮的产量,满足工业化生产的需要,在细胞培养水平上,通过添加茉莉酸甲酯(MJ),对雪莲黄酮类物质的代谢进行调控。研究了诱导子的添加时间、添加浓度对水母雪莲红色系悬浮细胞的生物量和总黄酮产量的影响。发现在细胞培养的指数期(第9天)添加5.0 µmol/L的MJ,可以使总黄酮产量提高2.4倍(1134.5 ± 63.86 mg/L),而雪莲细胞干重(dw)仅比对照提高23.8 %(20.4 ±0.27 g/L)。另外,细胞中苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)的活性分析表明,MJ添加后PAL活性的增加与雪莲总黄酮含量增长之间存在相关性。 在器官培养水平上,对雪莲毛状根的诱导频率及其培养条件进行了研究。结果表明,选择发根农杆菌R1601侵染预培养2天的新疆雪莲根段外植体,毛状根的诱导效率可达到83 %。毛状根的冠瘿碱检测、PCR和Southern分析表明,Ri质粒中的T-DNA已整合到植物基因组中并稳定表达。以新疆雪莲毛状根为外植体,能够容易地获得再生芽。在含有1.0 mg/L 6-BA的MS固体培养基上,其再生频率高达91 ± 5.9 %,是其正常根的2.4倍。而水母雪莲在该培养条件下,仅有少量的畸形芽出现。进而对毛状根的培养条件进行初步研究,结果表明在无激素附加的MS液体培养基中,新疆雪莲的HR1601根系在一个培养周期内(32 天),其生物量能够达到接种量的16倍,而紫丁香甙含量(43.5 ± 1.13 mg/g dw)能够达到野生雪莲的83倍。从而显示了雪莲毛状根培养体系的优良特性。 在基因水平上,对雪莲黄酮类物质代谢调控的研究已经展开。玉米P基因编码的Myb类转录因子能够调节黄酮类物质代谢途径关键酶基因的表达。根据P基因的保守序列设计引物,从雪莲细胞培养物中获得了SmP基因。核酸序列分析表明,SmP基因与烟草中涉及苯丙素类物质代谢途径的LBM 1、LBM 3和MybAS 1基因具有较高的一致性,分别为66 %、60 %和61 %。因此为了研究雪莲SmP基因的功能,构建了正义表达载体,并与先前构建好的反义表达载体分别导入烟草,分析了转基因植株的形态特征及黄酮类物质的含量变化。其中,约有30 %转反义SmP基因的株系表现叶片皱缩、叶脉紊乱、主侧脉角度缩小、叶片、花瓣失去对称性以及花粉败育等性状。 另外,通过正交试验设计优化了雪莲提取工艺的条件,并对雪莲细胞提取物进行了分离纯化。正交试验设计结果表明,温度对雪莲黄酮提取效率的影响极为显著,而分批多次提取比一次性浸提,能够收到较好的提取效果。考虑到工业生产中的实际问题,推荐在60 ℃水浴条件下,采用50 %乙醇对雪莲样品连续浸提2次的方案。对雪莲提取物的纯化研究表明,雪莲成份复杂,仅依靠单一的分离手段,往往难以奏效。另外,野生雪莲及雪莲培养物中生物活性成份的比色法、HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography)、LC-ESI-MS(Liquid Chromotagraphy Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry)分析表明,传统的NaNO2-AlCl3 法测定雪莲总黄酮的含量,结果偏高,不利于雪莲黄酮的实验室研究分析与今后工业化生产的质量监控。而AlCl3 法的显色反应较为特异,今后有望取代NaNO2-AlCl3 法,作为雪莲类药材品质评价的标准。而HPLC-DAD结合LC-ESI-MS可以对雪莲中的主要生物活性成份进行较为准确的定性分析,从而解决了由于缺乏相应的雪莲化合物标准品而难以对雪莲中的成份进行定性定量分析及比较的难题。最后综合利用上述分析方法,对雪莲细胞培养物中的花素类物质进行了分析。结果表明,雪莲细胞中至少含有7种花色素类物质,分别为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖甙及其衍生物、天竺葵素糖甙衍生物和芍药色素糖甙衍生物。

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草地退化不仅仅是今天中国才发生的事情。历史上曾经发生“黑尘暴”的美国North Dakota州,现在仍然有62.7%土地被用作耕作,林地所占面积仅仅占1%。私有制和种植业较畜牧业的高的利润率,是该州种植业比重高于畜牧业的重要原因。草原保护项目(CRP)得到了美国政府财政的大力支持, 在North Dakota州采用了以草地恢复为主的措施。美国发达的教育体系带来的高流动率,使得North Dakota州自30年代后居住人口稳定在60-70万成为可能,从而避免了我国出现的草原地区不断增加的人口压力。由此可见:草地作为重要的自然资源,不可能完全保护起来;没有其他配套措施,私有制可能会带来新一轮垦殖;草地畜牧业仍然是畜牧业的重要组成部分,畜牧业发展需要结合种植业尤其需要与饲料生产相结合。 依据生态系统服务的理念,首次发展了生态系统服务指数(ESI),试图通过对生态系统服务功能的综合考虑,提出科学的适宜放牧率的评价方法。本文利用美国北达科他州立大学中部草原研究站17年长期放牧试验数据,选取植物多样性Shannon-Wiener指数、地上净初级生产力、土壤表层含水量和单位面积家畜增重等四个指标,通过对不同指标分别赋予不同的权重,计算不同管理目标下ESI及其稳定性,并对单目标管理与多目标管理进行了比较研究。结果表明,对于北美混合普列里(Prairie)草地,围封不利用或建立自然保护区,虽然生态系统比较稳定,但既不能有效的提高植物多样性、初级生产力和土壤水分含量等生态功能,又没有畜产品产出;而在重牧或极重牧处理下虽然获得了较大的畜产品生产,但导致了草地生态系统的退化和较大的系统不稳定性。因此,这两种管理方式在实践中都是不可取的。应用生态系统服务指数综合考虑,认为应该权衡各项生态功能和生产功能,此时轻牧或中牧是最适宜的。因此,ESI的建立避免了单项指标的评价偏差,使得适宜放牧率的确定更加合理。 利用前面构建的多目标权重评价体系,结合内蒙古草原生态系统定位站放牧试验样地的数据,探讨了锡林郭勒盟定位站附近的适宜放牧率为2.67羊/ha,低于单目标条件下的每公顷绵羊4羊/ha。同时在经济学和生态系统系统服务理论的基础上,依据谢高地等人(2001年)的研究,并提出了环境税和生态补偿的标准,分别是每公顷15元和90元。

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本文通过对蓝细菌Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803在添加葡萄糖、Na2S203的BG-11培养基中的生长特性、脂类及脂肪酸组成、细胞低温荧光、色素组成进行分析测定,总结出如下规律: 当蓝细菌Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803在添加有葡萄糖的BG-11培养基中培养时细胞出现了一种新的糖脂(记为糖脂-x),在添加果糖、麦芽糖、乳糖等其它碳源的培养基中生长的细胞中也检测到糖脂-x糖脂-x的出现经推测是与活性氧相作用的产物,当在含糖的培养基中加入活性氧猝灭剂Na2S203时能有效地抑制糖脂-x的出现。糖脂一x的出现伴随着其它脂、尤其是双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)的含量下降,这可能与细胞营养代谢类型的转变相适应。糖脂-x的出现使细胞适应异养生长条件,这时藻胆体(PBS),光系统II(PSII),光系统I(PSD降解,叶绿素消失。 糖脂-x经1H-NMR波谱术检测证实为甘油糖脂,经气质联谱分析其脂肪酸组成中含大量的枝链脂肪酸,12-甲基十四碳酸、12-甲基十五碳酸、12-甲基十六碳酸以及两种稀有的含氮脂肪酸。这些脂肪酸在添加高浓度葡萄糖的培养基中生长的.Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803中的单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)也能检测到。ESI-MS以及P-SI-MS测定结果表明糖脂.x含一分子的脂酰基侧链以及两分子的己糖,半乳糖与葡萄糖。 对.Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803生长在不同浓度的葡萄糖与Na2S203培养基中脂类组成与脂肪酸组成进行比较,发现Na2S203能有效地增加膜脂中硫代异鼠李糖二酰基甘油(SQDG)和磷脂酰甘油(PG)的百分含量,培养基中同时添加葡萄糖时能抵消Na2S203的这一效应。此外,Na2S203能显著增加单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)中十六碳酸(C16:0)的百分含量,这一效应也能为葡萄糖恢复。Na2S203不能显著地改变SQDG中C16:0的百分含量,加入葡萄糖时能降低C16:0的百分含量。这些结果说明Na2S203可能充当一种还原剂使膜脂处于一种低的不饱和状态,同时加入葡萄糖时能降低Na2S203的还原力。此外,Na2S203还可作为SQDG合成中的硫供体。 用HPLC测定.Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803在添加不同浓度的Na2S203,葡萄糖的BG-11培养基中生长时的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素浓度,结果表明葡萄糖表现出对叶绿素与类胡萝卜素水平的抑制效应,Na2S203在低浓度时表现出对叶绿素与类胡萝卜素水平的促进效应,但在高浓度时表现出抑制效应。因此适当浓度的Na2S203的加入有利于维持蓝细菌在培养基中添加葡萄糖的生长条件下的低水平自由基,能使葡萄糖表现出促进细胞生长的特性。 通过测定Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803生长曲线中葡萄糖、Na2S203的浓度效应,结果表明葡萄糖在低浓度(例如5 mmoI.L-l)时表现出促进细胞的生长,在相对高的浓度表现出抑制细胞生长的效应。在培养基中同时加入Na2S203时可恢复葡萄糖对细胞的生长的促进效应。单独加入Na2S203表现出对细胞生长的抑制效应。这说明葡萄糖、Na2S203对细胞的生长存在着正的协同效应。

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本文以9 个芍药野生种(15 份种质)、104 个品种及2 个牡丹芍药组间杂种的花瓣为材料,利用液质联用技术鉴定了花瓣中的色素成分并探讨了芍药花色形成的化学机制和化学分类法。 结果表明,芍药花中主要含有5 种花青素,即芍药花素-3,5-二葡糖苷( peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside , Pn3G5G ); 矢车菊素-3 , 5- 二葡糖苷( cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside , Cy3G5G ); 天竺葵素-3 , 5- 二葡糖苷( pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside , Pg3G5G ); 芍药花素-3- 葡糖苷(peonidin-3-O-glucoside,Pn3G)和矢车菊素-3-葡糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,Cy3G)。此外,3 种微量的花青素首次在芍药中发现:它们分别为芍药花素-3-葡萄糖-5-阿拉伯糖苷(peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside,Pn3G5Ara)、矢车菊素-3- 葡萄糖-5- 半乳糖苷( cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside ,Cy3G5Gal)和天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖-5-半乳糖苷(pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-Ogalactoside,Pg3G5Gal)。特征花青素Cy3G5Gal 和Pg3G5Gal 仅在新疆芍药(Paeonia anomala L.)及其亚种川赤芍(P. anomala subsp. veitchii(Lynch) D. Y.Hong & K. Y. Pan)中被检测出来,表明它们属于同一个种。Pn3G5Ara 仅存在于欧洲的野生芍药花瓣中,表明中国野生芍药和欧洲芍药的花青素代谢途径不同。 芍药花瓣中主要含有11 种花黄素,均为黄酮醇类物质。包括栎精-3,7 二葡糖苷( quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside )、山奈酚-3 , 7 二葡糖苷(kaempferol-3,7-di-O-glucoside)、异鼠李素-3,7 二葡糖苷(isorhamnetin-3,7-di-Oglucoside)、栎精-3-O-(6”-没食子酰基)-葡糖苷 [quercetin-3-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-glucoside] 、栎精-3- 葡糖苷( quercetin-3-O-glucoside )、山奈酚-7- 葡糖苷( kaempferol-7-O-glucoside )、山奈酚-3-O- ( 6”- 没食子酰基) - 葡糖苷[kaempferol-3-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-glucoside]、异鼠李素-3-O-(6”-没食子酰基)-葡糖苷 [isorhamnetin-3-O- ( 6”-O-galloyl ) -glucoside] 、山奈酚-3- 葡糖苷(kaempferol-3-O-glucoside)、异鼠李素-3-葡糖苷(isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside)和山奈酚-丙二酰葡糖苷(kaempferol-malonyl-glucoside)。此外,查耳酮在黄色的栽培品种‘黄金轮’和牡丹芍药组间杂交种‘伊藤杂种’中首次被检测到。其化学结构为查耳酮-2’-葡糖苷(chalcononaringenin 2’-O-glucoside),它是花瓣表现出黄色的主要色素,它与黄色牡丹野生种‘滇牡丹’(P. delavayi Franchet)花瓣中主要黄色色素成分一致。 通过对所有芍药野生种和栽培品种的色素分析,研究发现花青素是芍药花瓣中主要的色素,其中Pn3G5G 是花瓣中含量最高的花青素苷,其次为Cy3G5G。3G 型糖苷仅在少数品种中检测出来。此外,黄酮醇是芍药花瓣中重要的辅助色素。山奈酚苷是花瓣中含量最高的黄酮醇类,其次是栎精。 多元线性回归分析的结果表明,芍药花色的形成主要与花瓣中Pn3G5G、Cy3G5G 和Pg3G5G 的含量及总花青素量(TA)有关。根据8 种花青素结构与花色组成,将国内的野生种和大部分品种进行了化学分类:所有样本聚成3 大类,聚类后的树状图与其花色、花色素组成数据相一致,直观反映了野生种和栽培品种花色形成的化学背景和表型相似性程度。 芍药成色机理和化学分类的初步研究,对芍药新花色育种具有重要意义:芍药鲜红色花的育种中,育种亲本应具有高的Cy3G 含量、低的辅助色素效应指数。选育深紫色花或紫黑色花的品种,亲本应具有高的Pn3G5G 含量和低的Pg3G5G 含量。

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大豆是重要的油料和蛋白植物。在生产实践中,在播种后达到早苗和齐苗是大豆丰收的前提。种子的吸胀冷害是农业生产的严重问题。吸胀冷害发生在种子开始吸水萌动的萌发初始阶段。吸胀冷害不仅发生在高寒地带和低温冷湿地区,尤其在我国东北地区,造成我国乃至全球大豆不同程度的减产。吸胀冷害的原初作用位点在生物膜上,本实验从呼吸代谢的角度研究吸胀冷害对种子活力的影响,探讨吸胀冷害的机制。 本实验选用由黑龙江省黑河农业科学院提供的对低温中度敏感的黑河13 号大豆种子为材料,分别经22°C、10°C 和4°C 恒温培养箱24 h 后,测定其生理指标,通过透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,利用蛋白质组技术研究低温吸胀与种子呼吸代谢的关系,得到的结果如下: 低温吸胀阻碍胚轴膜系统的修复。通过电解质渗漏率测定发现,4°C 到22°C 温度范围内,提高吸胀温度有助于保持细胞膜的完整性,显著降低吸胀后胚轴电解质渗漏。在低温下吸胀,胚轴活性氧清除酶的活性受到抑制,活性氧含量增加,增强了膜脂过氧化作用,进而导致种子活力下降。 通过透射电子显微镜观察,大豆种子在22°C 吸胀24 h 后,胚轴细胞液泡明显变大,在细胞中所占比例很高,并且细胞内膜系统比较发达,能清晰观察到细胞核,线粒体,质膜,内质网整齐有序的形状。胚轴的细胞含有其它结构正常的细胞器,包括细胞壁,胞间连丝,淀粉粒和油体等。线粒体的外膜、内膜、嵴发育较完善。10°C 和4°C 的吸胀严重损伤了胚轴中细胞器的修复,细胞膜不规则,没有发现内质网和胞间连丝,线粒体的体积较小以及膜系统不发达,尤其是4°C 吸胀的胚轴中细胞器的损伤更加严重,细胞膜系统紊乱。 低温吸胀抑制了线粒体从轻线粒体向重线粒体的修复,以及线粒体的耗氧能力。22°C 吸胀的线粒体的总体耗氧能力较高,电子传递主要是利用复合体I 的电子传递途径。10°C 吸胀的线粒体总体耗氧呼吸较低,且其线粒体的电子传递主要以复合体II 的途径。4°C 吸胀的线粒体的耗氧能力则更低。 将分离得到的线粒体进行的蛋白质组分析,共分离400 多个蛋白点,其中有20 个点有表达差异。经ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS 鉴定,六个下调的蛋白质分别为ATP 合成酶的亚基 (线粒体的氧化磷酸化),线粒体延长因子Tu(线粒体基因组转录), 苹果酸脱氢酶(三羧酸循环),精氨酸酶(尿素循环)和2 个线粒体chaperonin-60 (热稳定蛋白)。这些蛋白在低温吸胀时下调表达,影响了线粒体的正常生理代谢,说明它们在维持线粒体正常代谢中起到了重要的作用。 综上所述,低温吸胀影响了线粒体的结构和生理功能的修复,减少了能量和中间物质供应给种子萌发,造成了种子活力的下降。

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A novel bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP), designated as TmF, has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus by 70% cold methanol extraction, Sephadex G-15 gel filtration and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The amino acid sequence of TmF was determined to be pGlu-Gly-Arg-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Pro (pGlu denotes pyroglutamic acid), which shared high homology with other BPPs. The molecular mass of TmF was 1.1107 kD as determinated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), which was in accordance with the calculated value of 1.1106 kD. The potentiating "unit" of TmF to bradykinin-induced (BK-induced) contraction on the guinea-pig ileum in vitro was (1.13 +/- 0.3) unit (mg/L), and TmF (5.0 x 10(-4) mg/kg) increased the pressure-lowering-effect of bradykinin (5.0 x 10(-5) mg/kg) with approximate descent value of (14 +/- 2) mmHg. In addition, TmF inhibited the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin 11, 2 x 10(-3) mg of TmF caused 50% inhibition (IC50) of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) hydrolyzing activity to bradykinin.

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本文研究了野外蓝藻水华样品甲醇提取物的液相色谱和电喷雾质谱特征图谱,利用电喷雾离子化-串联质谱(ESI-MSn)离子阱技术对特征图谱中主要微囊藻毒素的分子离子峰进行了二级质谱分析,获得相应的子离子质谱图,并对其进行了结构解析,确定了野外蓝藻水华样品中微囊藻毒素种类,为准确鉴定和分析水华蓝藻中微囊藻毒素提供了基础。

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研究了鮰鱼体内六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)异构体的浓度分布与生物累积特征。首先采用基质固相分散(MSPD)法,同位素稀释定量,高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)检测技术,建立了渔业饲料和鱼体中α-HBCD、β-HBCD和γ-HBCD的分析方法。该法对α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD的回收率分别为80.7%~110.5%、80.1%~109.0%、86.9%~104.5%,其检出限分别为0.002、0.002、0.001 ng/g。采用所建立的方法对25个渔业饲料样品和30个

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A liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) method working in multiple reactions monitoring mode for the determination of trace amounts of microcystin variants (MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR) in waters was developed. The limit of quantification was 0.05 mu g/L and the limit of detection was 0.015 mu g/L for MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR, respectively. Recoveries for MCs were in the range of 68%-81%. MC-LR and [Dha(7)] MC-LR were chemically stable with similar physiochemical behavior.

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This paper describes seasonal changes of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and its glutathione (MC-LR-GSH) and cysteine conjugates (MC-LR-Cys) in three aquatic animals - snail (Bellamya aeruginosa), shrimp (fMacrobrachium nipponensis) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) collected from Lake Taihu, China. MC-LR, MC-LR-GSH, and MC-LR-Cys were determined by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrum (LC-ESI-MS). The mean MC-LR concentrations in the hepatopancreas of snail and shrimp and liver of silver carp were 6.61, 0.24, and 0.027 mu g g(-1) dry weight (DW), respectively: while the average MC-LR-Cys concentrations were 0.50, 0.97, and 5.72 mu g g(-1) DW, respectively. MC-LR-GSH was usually not detectable in these samples. The above results suggest that: (1) in aquatic animals, especially fish, the main excretion form of MC-LR could be MC-LR-Cys, but not MC-LR-GSH, whereas MC-LR-Cys might play an important role in detoxication of MC-LR and (2) that efficiency of MC-LR-Cys formation differs among species. The main detoxication pathway of MC-LR in aquatic animals is suggested as follows: when MC-LR enters into liver/hepatopancreas, it firstly conjugates with polypeptide or protein (including GSH, PP-1 and 2A) containing Cys residues, perhaps also some free cysteine; subsequently, MC-LR-Cys is degraded from these polypeptide or protein; and finally is excreted from animals by the compound of MC-LR-Cys. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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In this paper, accumulation and distribution of microcystins (MCs) was examined monthly in six species of fish with different trophic levels in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China, from June to November 2005, Microcystins were analyzed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 67.7% for MC-RR, 85.3% for MC-YR, and 88.6% for MC-LR. The MCs (MC-RR+MC-YR+MC-LR) concentration in liver and gut content was highest in phytoplanktivorous fish, followed by omnivorous fish, and was lowest in carnivorous fish; while MCs concentration in muscle was highest in omnivorous fish, followed by phytoplanktivorous fish, and was lowest in carnivorous fish. This is the first study reporting MCs accumulation in the gonad of fish in field. The main uptake of MC-YR in fish seems to be through the gills from the dissolved MCs. The WHO limit for tolerable daily intake was exceeded only in common carp muscle. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The antibacterial drug furazolidone belonging to the group of nitrofuran antibacterial agents has been widely used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal feed additive for poultry, cattle, and farmed fish in China. During application a large proportion of the administered drug may reach the environment directly or via feces. Although the use of furazolidone is prohibited in numerous countries, there are indications of its illegal use. It is known that furazolidone can be rapidly metabolized to 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) in the body of the target organism. In this study, a total of 21 fish feed samples, including 17 commercial fish feeds from local markets in China (representing 15 different formulations) and 4 fish feeds obtained from Germany and Turkey, respectively, are analyzed to determine whether the drug is still illegally used or commercially available feeds are contaminated by this drug. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) methods have been implemented to determine furazolidone and its metabolite AOZ in fish feeds containing animal protein, respectively. An efficient and convenient cleanup method for the determination of furazolidone in fish feeds is developed, and a simple cleanup method for the determination of AOZ is used. Method recoveries for samples used were determined as 87.7-98.3% for furazolidone at two spike levels of 2.0 and 5.0 ng g(-1) and as 95.6-102.8% for AOZ at spike levels of 0.4 and 0.8 ng g(-1). Limits of detections were 0.4 ng g(-1) for furazolidone and 0.05 ng g(-1) for AOZ. The established methods are therefore suitable for the determination of furazolidone and its metabolite AOZ in fish feeds at trace contamination levels. Using the established methods, all fish feed samples have been proved to be furazolidone negative; however, AOZ is tested in 16 of 17 fish feeds obtained from local markets in the Hubei province of China, with a positive rate as high as 94.1%.

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Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been shown to be a useful tool for silencing genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio), while the blocking specificity of dsRNA is still of major concern for application. It was reported that siRNA (small interfering RNA) prepared by endoribonuclease digestion (esiRNA) could efficiently silence endogenous gene expression in mammalian embryos. To test whether esiRNA could work in zebrafish, we utilized Escherichia coli RNaseIII to digest dsRNA of zebrafish no tail (ntl), a mesoderm determinant in zebrafish and found that esi-ntl could lead to developmental defects, however, the effective dose was so close to the toxic dose that esi-ntl often led to non-specific developmental defects. Consequently, we utilized SP6 RNA polymerase to produce si-ntl, siRNA designed against ntl, by in vitro transcription. By injecting in vitro synthesized si-ntl into zebrafish zygotes, we obtained specific phenocopies of reported mutants of ntl. We achieved up to a 59%no tail phenotype when the injection concentration was as high as 4 mu g/mu L. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis showed that si-ntl could largely and specifically reduce mRNA levels of the ntl gene. As a result, our data indicate that esiRNA is unable to cause specific developmental defects in zebrafish, while siRNA should be an alternative for downregulation of specific gene expression in zebrafish in cases where RNAi techniques are applied to zebrafish reverse genetics.

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探索一套简单、易于操作的小尺度生态经济耦合效应指标体系及其评价方法模型。【方法】基于生态经济协调理论,在继承传统指标的基础上,引用了2个创新性指标——能值可持续性指数(ESI)和生态压力指数(EFPI),应用模糊综合评价方法对县南沟流域生态恢复的生态经济耦合进行评价。【结果】县南沟"农-经济林果型"生态恢复模式的生态经济处于基本协调状态。【结论】"农-经济林果型"模式有效地改善了流域生态条件,促进了经济发展,产生了生态经济耦合效应。

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生态恢复不但是自然和技术过程,更重要的是经济过程,生态经济耦合是生态恢复成败及能否持续的关键。综合应用经济学、能值和生态足迹分析工具,系统研究了黄土丘陵区县南沟流域生态恢复过程中的生态经济系统演变过程及其特征,旨在探索生态可持续的经济社会发展机制。结果表明,2000~2005年流域产业结构及其多样性显著改善,生产力显著提高并跨越低水平进入高水平发展阶段,农民的生活状况已经由温饱逐步迈向小康水平。基于能值的生态经济耦合分析结果显示2002~2005年流域环境负载率(ELR)下降,持续性指数(ESI)增加。生态足迹结果显示流域2000年和2005年的生态盈余分别为0.03hm2和0.239hm2,新指标万元产值生态足迹(EFprod)分别为53.5hm2/万$和33.6hm2/万$,生态压力指数(EFPI)分别为0.980和0.838,流域处于弱可持续状态。上述结果显示生态恢复提高了流域资源利用和转换效率,环境负载率下降,人类经济活动对生态生产性有效空间的占用减少,可持续性提高。研究结果表明生态恢复是黄土丘陵区实现生态经济良性耦合、协调发展的基本途径。