Sovereign debt markets in turbulent times: Creditor discrimination and crowding-out effects

In 2007, countries in the Euro periphery were enjoying stable growth, low deficits, and lowspreads. Then the financial crisis erupted and pushed them into deep recessions, raising theirdeficits and debt levels. By 2010, they were facing severe debt problems. Spreads increased and,surprisingly, so did the share of the debt held by domestic creditors. Credit was reallocatedfrom the private to the public sectors, reducing investment and deepening the recessions evenfurther. To account for these facts, we propose a simple model of sovereign risk in which debtcan be traded in secondary markets. The model has two key ingredients: creditor discriminationand crowding-out effects. Creditor discrimination arises because, in turbulent times, sovereigndebt offers a higher expected return to domestic creditors than to foreign ones. This providesincentives for domestic purchases of debt. Crowding-out effects arise because private borrowingis limited by financial frictions. This implies that domestic debt purchases displace productiveinvestment. The model shows that these purchases reduce growth and welfare, and may lead toself-fulfilling crises. It also shows how crowding-out effects can be transmitted to other countriesin the Eurozone, and how they may be addressed by policies at the European level.

Notice on Civil Rights Obligations Applicable to the Distribution of Funds under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Federal agencies will shortly begin distributing funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act). They must do so in accordance with all nondiscrimination and equal opportunity statutes, regulations, and Executive Orders that apply to the distribution of funds under the Recovery Act. Agencies that grant funds also must ensure that their recipients and sub recipients comply with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting race, color, and national origin discrimination including language access for limited English proficient persons), Section 504 of the rehabilitation Act of 1973 (prohibiting disability discrimination), Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (prohibiting sex discrimination in education and training programs), the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 (prohibiting age discrimination in the provision of services), and a variety of program-specific statutes with nondiscrimination requirements.

Status of Females in the Juvenile Justice System Iowa, 2009

Young women in the juvenile justice system present with characteristics and experiences that differentiate them from their male counterparts. As such, the juvenile justice system in Iowa must consider these factors if it is to effectively and efficiently impact recidivism, rehabilitation and public safety. Data reveal the following trends: All youth in the juvenile justice system experience a significantly higher rate of child maltreatment than do youth in the general population. Additionally, young women have a distinctly higher percentage of reported sexual abuse. Young women commit primarily non-violent offenses, with shoplifting and running away being the only two areas where they exceed young men in number. Young women are held in detention for a substantially higher percentage of misdemeanor versus felony offenses than young men. Young women of color, particularly African American females, are far more likely to come into contact with the juvenile justice system. Additionally, arrests of minority females have increased during the same time frame as arrests of Caucasian females have decreased. The general type of offense committed by young women is against public order (i.e. alcohol related violations, disorderly conduct) or property (i.e. shoplifting), though young women with subsequent charges of a violent nature are likely to have had violent offenses initially as well. Historically, young women have been a smaller segment of the juvenile justice population. They remain so today. Consequently, they are easy to overlook. But Iowa’s response to them is no less important. Perhaps, because they are fewer in number, our system can have a true and meaningful influence, with prevention of further penetration into both the juvenile and adult systems being the ultimate goal. The Iowa Task Force on Young Women recommends the following measures to facilitate movement toward that goal: 1. Facilities and programs striving to provide the most effective and efficient services to young women will opt for single gender environments with female responsive programming that includes components to address trauma. 2. All institutions and agencies that work with females involved in the juvenile justice system and which receive state funding should be required to provide annual female responsive training to their employees. Training should be research based, progressive, ongoing and result in an implementation plan. 3. As detention reform proceeds, gender and the disproportionate number of females in detention for misdemeanor offenses must be an integral part of policy and decision making discussions including any recommendations for solutions to be implemented. 4. As research, data and planning progresses related to disproportionate minority contact with the juvenile system, the needs of girls of color be given equal consideration. Specifically, assessment tools must be without race/ethnic bias and they must also be female responsive.

L'interdiction de discrimination en raison de la nationalité au sens de l'Accord sur la libre circulation des personnes

Introduction : 6 décembre 1992: le peuple suisse rejette l'Accord sur l'Espace économique européen (EEE). Le Conseil fédéral décide alors de privilégier la voie bilatérale pour réglementer ses relations avec l'Union européenne (UE). Près de sept ans plus tard, le 21 juin 1999, un premier paquet de sept accords bilatéraux sont signés à Luxembourg. L'Accord sur la libre circulation des personnes (ALCP ou Accord) en constitue certainement « la partie la plus importante ». L'ALCP a pour objectif de garantir la libre circulation des travailleurs salariés, des travailleurs indépendants ainsi que de certaines catégories de non-actifs, et de faciliter la prestation de services sur le territoire des parties contractantes. Or la réalisation de ces objectifs dépend directement de la mise en oeuvre de l'interdiction de discrimination en raison de la nationalité. Au coeur même du principe de libre circulation, l'interdiction de discrimination en raison de la nationalité constitue, sans aucun doute, la clé de voûte de l'Accords. Partant de ce constat, il conviendra d'étudier dans un premier temps le principe de libre circulation (Partie I), puis de nous pencher dans un second temps sur l'interdiction de discrimination en raison de la nationalité (Partie II). La première partie de notre étude (consacrée à la libre circulation des personnes en vertu de l'ALCP) débutera par un survol des dispositions essentielles à l'appréhension d'un droit fondamental à la libre circulation, ainsi que par une présentation succincte du régime communautaire de libre circulation. Après avoir rappelé les étapes du cheminement ayant conduit à l'adoption de l'ALCP, et après avoir défini les différentes sources régissant la libre circulation entre la Suisse et les Etats membres de l'UE, nous analyserons ensuite l'ALCP lui-même, en procédant à la détermination de son champ d'application ainsi qu'à l'examen des principes généraux qui le régissent. Cet examen nous amènera alors à déterminer le rôle que devrait jouer la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes (CJCE) dans le cadre de l'Accord. Fort de cette analyse, nous conclurons cette première partie par une présentation du régime de libre circulation tel qu'institué par l'ALCP, sans oublier bien sûr d'évoquer, finalement, la portée du concept d'entrave et de la notion de citoyenneté européenne dans le cadre de ce régime. La seconde partie de notre étude (consacrée à l'interdiction de discrimination en raison de la nationalité selon l'ALCP) identifiera, à titre liminaire, les différentes dispositions de l'Accord visant à prohiber les discriminations en raison de la nationalité. Ces dispositions mises en lumière, nous détaillerons alors les étapes de l'examen permettant de relever la présence d'une discrimination en raison de la nationalité, en nous appuyant sur la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice et celle du Tribunal fédéral d'une part, et sur la doctrine développée en matière d'interdiction de discrimination d'autre part. Dans la foulée, nous pourrons ainsi présenter les différentes formes que peut revêtir une discrimination. Nous examinerons, en particulier, le régime prévu par la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice et celle du Tribunal fédéral en matière de discriminations à rebours présentant un élément transfrontalier. Suite de quoi nous serons en mesure - après examen des jurisprudences allemande et autrichienne relatives aux situations internes de discriminations à rebours - de procéder à une appréciation critique de la solution adoptée par le Tribunal fédéral en pareilles situations. A la suite de ces deux chapitres portant sur la notion et sur les formes de discriminations, il y aura lieu de définir le champ d'application matériel et personnel des différentes dispositions de l'Accord visant à interdire les discriminations en raison de la nationalité. Lors de la définition du champ d'application personnel en particulier, il conviendra, en premier lieu, d'identifier les personnes susceptibles d'invoquer ces différentes dispositions (les bénéficiaires). Cet examen débutera par l'identification des conditions générales communes à l'ensemble des dispositions étudiées. Il se poursuivra par l'analyse des conditions spécifiques de chaque norme, et se terminera par une présentation du régime particulier réservé aux membres de la famille et aux travailleurs détachés. En second lieu, il s'agira de déterminer les sujets de droit à l'encontre desquels ces dispositions sont opposables (les destinataires). Plus précisément, il s'agira d'examiner dans quelle mesure les particuliers, en sus des Etats, peuvent être destinataires des différentes obligations de l'ALCP en matière de libre circulation et d'interdiction de discrimination. Les champs d'application ayant été définis, il nous restera alors à examiner les différentes dispositions de l'Accord susceptibles de limiter la portée du principe de non-discrimination. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons en détail l'article 5 Annexe I-ALCP qui permet de limiter les droits consacrés par l'Accord pour des raisons d'ordre public, de sécurité publique ou de santé publique. Nous nous pencherons aussi sur les limitations liées à l'exercice de la puissance publique, consacrées par les articles 10, 16 et 22 al. 1 Annexe I-ALCP. Après un passage en revue des dernières dispositions de l'Accord prévoyant des limitations, nous examinerons ensuite dans quelle mesure certains principes non expressément prévus par l'Accord sont également susceptibles de justifier une différence de traitement en raison de la nationalité. Nous conclurons cette étude en analysant les implications juridiques d'une violation de l'interdiction de discrimination, ceci non seulement dans les relations liant l'Etat à un particulier, mais aussi dans celles liant deux particuliers entre eux. Dans le premier cas de figure nous verrons qu'il y a lieu de différencier l'analyse en fonction du type d'acte en question - les implications d'une violation n'étant pas les mêmes selon que l'on se trouve en présence d'une norme, d'une décision ou d'un contrat (de droit administratif ou de droit privé) présentant un caractère discriminatoire. Dans le second cas de figure, il s'agira cette fois-ci de distinguer les implications des conditions discriminatoires en fonction des différentes phases d'une relation contractuelle - aux stades de la conclusion d'un contrat, de son exécution et de sa résiliation.

La sensación de color

La práctica de la pintura figurativa nos obliga al estudio del comportamiento del color como sensación discreta; fruto de este conocimiento se desprende el procedimiento de la elaboración de la superficie como resultado de la integración de los colores. A su vez, la noción de color como estado de conciencia -como sensación- nos lleva a planteamientos que sobrepasan el ámbito de la representación.

Iowa "50 States Project": A Review of the 1983 Code for Sexuality Discrimination, February 1984

The "50 States Project" is the name given to President Ronald D. Reagan;s 1981 pledge to encourage the fifty governors to initiate individual state projects to review their state Codes for unequal treatment of persons based upon sex. We believe that Iowa is the first state to complete this project. Project efforts in Iowa began in June of 1981, when the Governor Robert D. ray appointed Dr. Patricia L. Geadelmann, Chairperson on the Iowa commission on the Status of Women, as Iowa's 50 State Project representative. A 50 States planning committee was formed consisting of members from the Governor Ray's staff, the Iowa Commission on the Status of Women, and the Iowa Legislature. Various alternatives for reviewing the Iowa code and the Iowa Administrative Rules were studied and recommendations of the group were reported to Governor Terry E. Branstad prior to his inauguration.

Attention-related potentials allow for a highly accurate discrimination of mild cognitive impairment subtypes.

The three most frequent forms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are single-domain amnestic MCI (sd-aMCI), single-domain dysexecutive MCI (sd-dMCI) and multiple-domain amnestic MCI (md-aMCI). Brain imaging differences among single domain subgroups of MCI were recently reported supporting the idea that electroencephalography (EEG) functional hallmarks can be used to differentiate these subgroups. We performed event-related potential (ERP) measures and independent component analysis in 18 sd-aMCI, 13 sd-dMCI and 35 md-aMCI cases during the successful performance of the Attentional Network Test. Sensitivity and specificity analyses of ERP for the discrimination of MCI subgroups were also made. In center-cue and spatial-cue warning stimuli, contingent negative variation (CNV) was elicited in all MCI subgroups. Two independent components (ICA1 and 2) were superimposed in the time range on the CNV. The ICA2 was strongly reduced in sd-dMCI compared to sd-aMCI and md-aMCI (4.3 vs. 7.5% and 10.9% of the CNV component). The parietal P300 ERP latency increased significantly in sd-dMCI compared to md-aMCI and sd-aMCI for both congruent and incongruent conditions. This latency for incongruent targets allowed for a highly accurate separation of sd-dMCI from both sd-aMCI and md-aMCI with correct classification rates of 90 and 81%, respectively. This EEG parameter alone performed much better than neuropsychological testing in distinguishing sd-dMCI from md-aMCI. Our data reveal qualitative changes in the composition of the neural generators of CNV in sd-dMCI. In addition, they document an increased latency of the executive P300 component that may represent a highly accurate hallmark for the discrimination of this MCI subgroup in routine clinical settings.

A temporal hierarchy for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans.

The ability to discriminate conspecific vocalizations is observed across species and early during development. However, its neurophysiologic mechanism remains controversial, particularly regarding whether it involves specialized processes with dedicated neural machinery. We identified spatiotemporal brain mechanisms for conspecific vocalization discrimination in humans by applying electrical neuroimaging analyses to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in response to acoustically and psychophysically controlled nonverbal human and animal vocalizations as well as sounds of man-made objects. AEP strength modulations in the absence of topographic modulations are suggestive of statistically indistinguishable brain networks. First, responses were significantly stronger, but topographically indistinguishable to human versus animal vocalizations starting at 169-219 ms after stimulus onset and within regions of the right superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus. This effect correlated with another AEP strength modulation occurring at 291-357 ms that was localized within the left inferior prefrontal and precentral gyri. Temporally segregated and spatially distributed stages of vocalization discrimination are thus functionally coupled and demonstrate how conventional views of functional specialization must incorporate network dynamics. Second, vocalization discrimination is not subject to facilitated processing in time, but instead lags more general categorization by approximately 100 ms, indicative of hierarchical processing during object discrimination. Third, although differences between human and animal vocalizations persisted when analyses were performed at a single-object level or extended to include additional (man-made) sound categories, at no latency were responses to human vocalizations stronger than those to all other categories. Vocalization discrimination transpires at times synchronous with that of face discrimination but is not functionally specialized.

Relationship of breast fillet deboning time to shear force, pH, cooking loss and color in broilers stunned by high electrical current

Selostus: Korkealla virranvoimakkuudella tainnutettujen broilereiden rintafileen irroitushetken vaikutus lihaksen leikkausvoiman vastukseen, pH:hon, keittohävikkiin ja väriin

State of Iowa Diversity Plan and Report Affirmative Action/Equal Employment FY 2010 Progress, 2010

The State prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, creed, color, religion, national origin, sex and sexual orientation, age, or mental and physical disability in its employment policies and practices and is an equal employment opportunity and affirmative action employer. Please insert any additional statements of policy or commitment to achieving and maintaining a diverse workforce in your agency.

Statistical discrimination and employers' recruitment : Practices for low-skilled workers

This paper deals with the recruitment strategies of employers in the low-skilled segment of the labour market. We focus on low-skilled workers because they are overrepresented among jobless people and constitute the bulk of the clientele included in various activation and labour market programmes. A better understanding of the constraints and opportunities of interventions in this labour market segment may help improve their quality and effectiveness. On the basis of qualitative interviews with 41 employers in six European countries, we find that the traditional signals known to be used as statistical discrimination devices (old age, immigrant status and unemployment) play a somewhat reduced role, since these profiles are overrepresented among applicants for low skill positions. However, we find that other signals, mostly considered to be indicators of motivation, have a bigger impact in the selection process. These tend to concern the channel through which the contact with a prospective candidate is made. Unsolicited applications and recommendations from already employed workers emit a positive signal, whereas the fact of being referred by the public employment office is associated with the likelihood of lower motivation.