1000 resultados para Bens imóveis – Preços
Resumo:
Vários trabalhos sugerem que os benefícios privados podem explicar o diferencial de preços entre espécies de ações com direitos diferenciados de voto. Entretanto, no Brasil o diferencial de preço entre a ação ordinária e a ação preferencial é negativo para várias empresas no período de julho de 1994 a setembro de 2002. Este trabalho investiga os determinantes que implicam este desconto da ação ordinária em relação à ação preferencial. Em particular, o trabalho analisa os impactos da liquidez, dos dividendos diferenciados, e das recentes mudanças na legislação sobre o prêmio pelo voto. Este artigo documenta que liquidez é extremamente relevante na determinação dos preços relativos. Constatações empíricas confirmam o impacto negativo da Lei n° 9.457 revogando os direitos dos ordinaristas minoritários de venda conjunta com controlador e o impacto positivo da introdução da Lei n° 10.303, restabelecendo estes direitos aos ordinaristas. Finalmente, a estrutura de propriedade se mostrou ter uma relação positiva com o prêmio pelo voto, mas a participação do maior acionista em ações ordinárias não apresentou uma relação significativa.
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O trabalho procurou analisar as demandas que a nova ordem internacional coloca sobre as grandes metrópoles que se pretendem cidades mundiais e as formas como podem se dar seu financiamento. Assim, é discutido o impacto da globalização sobre as metrópoles e os investimentos feitos por algumas cidades que se internacionalizaram. Com respeito aos financiamentos desses investimentos, foi dada ênfase à análise que privilegia a cooperação público-privada, principalmente project finance.
Resumo:
A pesquisa teve como objetivo testar se preços no mercado futuro brasileiro seguem um passeio aleatório - uma das versões da chamada Hipótese do Mercado Eficiente. Foram estudados os preços dos contratos futuros de Ibovespa e de dólar comercial, de 30 de junho de 1994 a 31 de dezembro de 1998. Aplicação de testes paramétricos e não-paramétricos envolvendo a Relação de Variâncias (Variance Ratio) de Lo-MacKinlay levam à conclusão de que a hipótese testada não pode ser rejeitada, apontando, portanto, para eficiência em tais mercados.
Resumo:
As empresas brasileiras tendem a colocar apenas ações preferenciais no mercado. Este trabalho discute algumas das conseqüências dessa prática, procurando demonstrar que esta afugenta os investidores de longo prazo que podem exercer uma dupla função: monitorar algumas atividades da empresa coibindo certas práticas indesejadas da direção e estabilizar o mercado reduzindo as chances de takeovers hostis, mas não dos takeovers sob os quais o monitoramento ocorre, levando em consideração sua natureza de bem público e o problema de reputação, que tipicamente levam a uma oferta subótima desse tipo de atividade. Também é analisado como a presença dos investidores de longo prazo afeta a ação dos arbitradores que procuram extrair sinais do mercado para auferir ganhos com preços fora dos fundamentos.
Resumo:
Leilões são instituições seculares utilizadas nas relações comerciais entre indivíduos e organizações. Provêem maior flexibilidade aos processos de determinação de preços e alocação de bens, aumentando o espaço para negociações entre compradores e vendedores. Na Internet, têm sido empregados, de maneira crescente, em atividades de comércio eletrônico B2B e G2B, em sua maioria, através da modalidade de leilão reverso. No entanto, seu aspecto unidimensional reduz as negociações à variável preço, produzindo, muitas vezes, resultados aquém do desejado. No caso brasileiro, o Governo Federal instituiu o Portal Comprasnet, através do qual, as organizações públicas adquirem bens e serviços de fornecedores cadastrados. Dentre as modalidades de licitação disponíveis, destaca-se o Pregão Eletrônico, um mecanismo de leilão eletrônico reverso baseado no atributo preço, através do qual, fornecedores submetem lances decrescentes, na disputa por contratos do setor público. No presente trabalho, o autor propõe uma abordagem de decisão multicritério, baseada na Teoria da Utilidade Multiatributo, como uma alternativa para a adoção de leilões reversos baseados em múltiplos atributos e, consequentemente, para uma maior agregação de valor pelas organizações compradoras do setor público brasileiro.
Resumo:
Essa dissertação trata de algumas variáveis que podem influenciar a percepção dos consumidores no contexto de análises comparativas de preços durante o processo de compra. As variáveis estudadas foram: a forma de apresentação das ofertas dos produtos, a escolaridade dos participantes do estudo e a familiaridade para com o uso do produto. A importância desse estudo está fundamentada na necessidade de entendimento de como a percepção de vantagem na aquisição de produtos ocorre na presença das variáveis de influência estudadas, com o propósito prático de aplicação dos resultados no mercado varejista. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de um estudo empírico, na cidade de São Luís ¿ MA, utilizando uma amostra de cento e noventa e duas pessoas, divididas igualmente entre estudantes de escolaridade média e superior. Os participantes do estudo avaliaram situações de compra em cenários fictícios com formas de apresentação de ofertas distintas, em que a percepção de vantagem foi avaliada em função das escolaridades e das familiaridades utilizadas no estudo. A base teórica para desenvolvimento do trabalho considerou a Teoria dos Prospectos de Kahneman e Tversky (1979) e a Teoria da Contabilidade Mental de Thaler (1985). Em função da natureza da base de dados foram utilizados testes não-paramétricos de Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon e Mann-Withney. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram as hipóteses levantadas e geraram subsídios para pesquisa futura envolvendo o aspecto familiaridade relacionada às marcas. Palavras-chave: contabilidade mental, percepção, preço de referência.
Resumo:
In 1964, year of the military coup, the Brazilian government established a housing finance system with the intention of reducing the housing shortage that had been going on for decades. In order to reach this goal, the government created the Housing Finance System (acronym in Portuguese ¿ SFH), a set of rules which intended to set up a regulated market through standardized contracts and compulsory sources of funds. The system survived for some time, due to the state control of prices and salaries in the authoritarian regime. However, the increasing inflationary pressure obliged the government to adopt a populist subsidy policy, which left as a consequence outstanding balances at the end of the contracts that very often exceeded the value of the financed units. The solution adopted was to create a fund to settle these residual balances. Such fund should be capitalized by the government and by compulsory contributions from borrowers and financial institutions. Since the government did not make such contributions, the debt of this fund increased on a yearly basis, reaching around 3,5 % of Brazil¿s GDP in December 31, 2006. Due to the decline of private investments in the housing finance system, this debt concentrated mostly on public and state-owned companies, government agencies and public funds. The outcome of this policy was the Salary Variations Compensation Fund (acronym in Portuguese ¿ FCVS), which has a negative net equity of 76 billion reais and costs 100 million reais per year to be managed, and whose main creditor is the Federal Government itself.
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REPETRO, the special tax regime for importing and exporting goods for the exploration and drilling of oil and gas, aims at bringing foreign assets to Brazil enjoying a suspension or even an exemption of taxes, so that Brazilian industry may profit from about 8 billion American dollars in investments. The creation of normative devices as well as the management of the REPETRO model are under the exclusive responsibility of the Brazilian Internal Revenue Services. REPETRO was created in 1999 and is composed of the following customs treatments: importation of goods with suspension of taxes by use of the drawback special regime, suspension mode for national exporting industry; exportation with fictitious exit for the national industry; temporary admission of goods or assets used in oil exploration and production, attending to the needs of both the national and foreign market. Considering the inability of the Brazilian government in restructuring its foreign trade model so that a strong investment in technology could provide for the sector¿s needs, we must ask how we can change REPETRO to help the various companies in the oil business? The issue is very important for one of our main economic activities, though not enough studied. The energy sector has a strategic importance for the development and the economic independence of any country. The winds of globalization lead Brazil to open its economy in the last decade and the national policy for exploration and drilling (E&D) was altered. The government created a new agency dedicated to market control and energy policies, the National Agency for Oil and Biofuels (ANP). With the opening of the market, Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. - Petrobras, the Brazilian giant, lost the monopoly of the oil business. The P-50 Platform, with a capacity for 180,000 barrels per day, was imported based on REPETRO. When it began operating on April 21st, 2006, Brazil achieved self-sufficiency in oil production. The present work intends to estimate the main variables affecting the importation and exportation of goods and assets for E&D, showing how REPETRO works. We also intend to look at the results yielded by the REPETRO model for the development of the production of oil and gas in Brazil, as well as show proposals for its modernization. It has been established that even though since its implementation the REPETRO model has brought fiscal advantages through the reduction of tax costs relating to foreign commerce operations and the incentive of investments in the E&D area with the increase in the national oil production there remain the following limitations: lack of preparation and of knowledge of the model; lack of adjustement of the model to the reality of actitity of E&D of oil and gas; taxes over the pre-operational stage or investment in oil production stage; non-allowance of full access by the national industry to the supply of goods and products relating to the industrialization of goods allowed by REPETRO; other fiscal and administrative difficulties. We conclude that the REPETRO model is important for the development of the area of E&D of oil and gas, but not completely effective. It is necessary to change it or create a new model based on a new perspective of the customs treatment of the activities of exploration and production, minimizing administrative procedures relating to the operations of exportation and importation.
Resumo:
This case study investigates, empirically, cost methods and criteria of price discrimination made from hospital organizations when they set up their prices of hospital services to private patients and push down their prices to patients affiliated to health insurance and/or health maintenance organizations (HMO). The theory sought to show the Brazilian health systems either public or private, the aspects about corporate culture, the relationship among three players of the private health system ¿ health insurance companies (or HMO), hospitals and the patients, the importance of the cost systems, and the criteria of price discrimination. With these theories, it was developed a qualitative exploratory research, through open interviews, with hospital¿s managers and co-workers from invoicing department from two hospitals located at the Rio de Janeiro City. Based on results we didn¿t identify appropriate cost systems to help the managers to make a correct decision about price discrimination, but was identified corporate culture factors that could influence the price discrimination. Among the results, we can see unprepared hospital managers. Finally, we discussed some contributions and weakness of this case study, and there are presented suggestions for future researches.
Resumo:
Over the last 40 years there has been a profusion of studies about the ccumulation of technological capacities in firms from developing economies. However, there remain few studies that examine, on a combined basis, the relationship among: the trajectories of technological capacities accumulation; the underlying learning mechanisms; and, the implications of organizational factors for these two variables. Still scarcer are the studies that examine the relationship among these variables along time and based on a comparative case study. This dissertation examines the relationship among the trajectory of accumulation of innovative capacities in complex project management, the learning mechanisms underlying these technological capacities and the intra-organizational factors that influence these learning echanisms. That set of relationships is examined through a comparative and a long-term (1988-2008) case study in a capital goods firm (for the pulp and paper industry) and a pulp mill in Brazil. Based on first-hand quantitative and qualitative empiric evidence, gathered through extensive field research, this dissertation found: 1. Both firms accumulated innovative capacity in project management at the international frontier level (Level 6). However, there was variability between the firms in terms of the nature and speed of accumulation of those capacities. It was also observed that, at this level of innovation, the innovative capacities of both firms are not confined to their organizational boundaries, but they are distributed beyond their boundaries. 2. So that these companies could accumulate those levels of innovative capacities it was necessary to manage several learning mechanisms: leveraging of external knowledge and its internalization in terms of internal apacities of the firm. In other words, as the companies accumulated more innovative levels of capacities for project management, it was necessary to manage different cycles of technological learning. 3. Further, the relationship between the ccumulation of technological capacities and learning was affected positively by intra-organizational factors, such as 'authority disposition', 'mutability of work roles' and 'intensity of internal crises', and negatively by the factor 'singularity of goals'. This dissertation revealed divergent results between firms in two of the four factors studied. These results contribute to advance our understanding of the complexity and variability involved in the process of accumulation of innovative capacities in firms from developing economies. This highlights the growing importance of the organizational and the human resource dimensions of innovation and technological capacity as the company approaches the international frontier. The results suggest to managers that: (i) the good performance in project management in the two firms studied did not occur simply as a result of the pulp and paper Brazilian industry growth, rather as a result of the deliberate construction and accumulation of the capacities through an intensive and coordinated cyclical process of technological learning, (ii) to develop innovative capabilities in project management, besides looking for learning mechanisms they should also look at the organizational factors that influence the learning mechanisms directly, (iii) performance of pulp mill¿s projects is better when projects are implemented together with technology suppliers than when performed only by the mill. This dissertation concludes that capital goods firms have been having a fundamental role for the innovative capabilities accumulation in project management of pulp mills in Brazil (and vice-versa) for a long time. This contradicts some authors' propositions that affirm that: a) equipment suppliers for the pulp and paper industry have been creating little, if any, development of processes or engineering projects in Brazil; b) firms in the pulp and paper industry have little capacity for machinery and equipments projects only taking place in few technological activities, being internal or external to the firm. Finally, some studies are proposed for future research.
Resumo:
This dissertation is concerned with the implications of the learning processes for the technological capability accumulation at the firm level. This relationship was examined in Kvaerner Pulping over the period from 1980 to 2000. The firm is located in Curitiba/PR and supplies equipment and complete plants (capital goods) for pulp mills. In other words, based on an individual case study, this dissertation examines how the learning processes influence the building and accumulation of technological capability. The accumulation of technological capabilities is crucial for the survival and the competitive performance of the firms. An analytical framework already available in the literature was used to describe the paths (way and speed) of technological capability accumulation in the firm studied. However, the framework was adapted specifically for the capital goods industry for the pulp & paper sector. The paths of technological capability accumulation are analysed for three different technological functions: ¿engineering activities and project management¿, ¿operational processes and practices¿ and ¿process equipment¿. The learning mechanisms were examined in the light of four key features: variety, intensity, functioning and interaction. During the 1980s and 1990s the firm accumulated different levels of technological capability in the technological functions studied. It was only when the firm started to coordinate systematically the efforts to acquire and convert the knowledge from the individual to the organizational level, at the mid 1990s, that the accumulation of technological capability was accelerated. By the end of this decade the firm was able to accumulate innovative capabilities in all the functions analysed. Similarly to previous studies that investigated other types of firms, the conclusion of this dissertation suggests that the way and rate by which the firm accumulates technological capability can be explained by the learning process and its key features over time.
Resumo:
Esta tese investiga as estratégias de precificação em ambientes macroeconômicos distintos, utilizando uma base de dados única para o IPC da Fundação Getulio Vargas. A base de dados primária consiste em um painel de dados individuais para bens e serviços representando 100% do IPC para o período de 1996 a 2008. Durante este período, diversos eventos produziram uma variabilidade macroeconômica substancial no Brasil: duas crises em países emergentes, uma mudança de regime cambial e monetário, racionamento de energia, uma crise de expectativas eleitorais e um processo de desinflação. Como consequência, a inflação, a incerteza macroeconômica, a taxa de câmbio e o produto exibiram uma variação considerável no período. No primeiro capítulo, nós descrevemos a base de dados e apresentamos as principais estatísticas de price-setting para o Brasil. Em seguida, nos capítulos 2 e 3, nos construímos as séries de tempo destas estatísticas e das estatísticas de promoções, e as relacionamos com as variáveis macroeconômicas utilizando análises de regressões. Os resultados indicam que há uma relação substancial entre as estatísticas de price-setting e o ambiente macroeconômico para a economia brasileira.
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Este trabalho compara procedimentos de previsão de preços de commodities, utilizados de maneira impírica pelos analistas de mercado, com os procedimentos fornecidos pela Análise de Séries Temporais. Aplicamos os métodos de previsão utilizando as Médias Móveis, os métodos baseados em Alisamentos exponenciais e principalmente os modelos ARIMA de Box-Jenkins. Estes últimos são, em geral, generalizações dos primeiros, com a vantagem de utilizar os instrumentos estatísticos de medidas das incertezas, como o desvio-padrão e os intervalos de confiança para as previsões
Resumo:
Uma análise de como a estrutura da cadeia de suprimento agrícola pode gerar comportamentos cíclicos nos preços. Aplicando a análise espectral às séries de preços agrícolas no Brasil identifica-se ciclos nos preços. Usando um modelo de Dinâmica de Sistemas da cadeia de suprimento agrícola são feitas algumas simulações para verificar se o modelo gera comportamentos similares aos encontrados nas séries históricas. Identifica pontos de alavancagem que podem ser usados para criar políticas de estabilização de preços.