Parâmetros associados a sibilância recorrente após bronquite aguda

RESUMO Introdução: a bronquiolite aguda afecta 30 a 60% das crianças saudáveis até ao terceiro aniversário. Destas, 50% evoluem para sibilância recorrente, com consequências pessoais, familiares e sociais relevantes. Objectivos: identificação de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais associados à sibilância recorrente em crianças saudáveis. A detecção da actividade local de quatro citocinas intervenientes nas vias imunológicas Th1 ou Th2 permitiu, gualmente, o estudo do respectivo comportamento em função dos referidos parâmetros. Material e Métodos: estudo prospectivo de coorte, efectuado no serviço de urgência pediátrica do HSFX no Inverno 2004/2005. Recrutada amostra de conveniência de 188 lactentes de idade inferior a 24 meses e diagnóstico de bronquiolite aguda. Excluídos portadores de doença crónica, ex-prematuros e os doentes sujeitos a corticoterapia nas duas semanas anteriores. A todos foi feito questionário padronizado, exame clínico e estratificação da gravidade através de índice validado. Na mucosa nasal, foram pesquisados Ag víricos e estudada a expressão génica de quatro citocinas - representativas da via Th1 (IFN-g e IL-12) ou Th2 (IL-4 e IL-13). Esta determinação foi efectuada por RT-PCR, no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Centro de Histocompatibilidade do Sul. Durante o seguimento, em consulta de pneumologia pediátrica até à idade de 36 meses, foram excluídos os seguintes casos: patologia anatómica ou funcional que justificasse sibilância recorrente, valores totais de IgE elevados, Phadiatop® positivo ou défice de IgG, IgA ou IgM. Os resultados foram estudados por estatística descritiva, análise univariada e multivariada. Foi considerado com significado estatístico, em todas as análises, o valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: das 188 crianças recrutadas, foram excluídas 36 (principalmente por identificação de outras causas de sibilância recorrente). Da amostra final de 152 doentes, 76 (50%) foram considerados sibilantes e 76 não sibilantes. Os seguintes parâmetros à entrada relacioram-se com a evolução para sibilância recorrente: idade inferior a 6 meses (OR: 3,8; IC95% 1,8-9,1); exposição ao fumo de tabaco na vida intrauterina (OR: 2,5; IC95% 1,2-5,2) ou após o nascimento (OR: 2,4; IC95% 1,0-5,8); atopia materna (OR: 4,0; IC95% 1,5-10,3); maior gravidade (OR: 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,4); apirexia (OR: 4,7; IC95% 1,8-11,8); identificação de vírus (OR: 3,5; IC95% 1,4-8,7); predomínio imunitário de tipo Th2 em lactentes com idade superior a seis meses (OR:1,3; IC95% 1,0-1,7). Verificou-se predomínio Th1 na mucosa nasal das crianças com irmãos ou que frequentavam o infantário (OR: 3,1; IC95% 1,4-6,5); nas amamentadas (OR: 1,2; IC95% 1,1-1,4) e naquelas em que se identificaram Ag víricos (OR: 4,0; IC95% 1,3-11,9). O contacto com fumo de tabaco no domicílio foi o determinante mais importante de predomínio Th2 (OR: 2,3; IC95% 1,1-4,7). Discussão e Conclusões: Foram considerados factores de risco para sibilância recorrente em lactentes saudáveis: idade inferior no momento do primeiro episódio de bronquiolite; exposição passiva (antenatal ou pós-natal) ao fumo de tabaco;antecedentes maternos de atopia; primeiro episódio com maior gravidade, sem febre e com dentificação de Ag víricos nas secreções nasais. Os resultados do presente estudo reforçam as recomendações usuais de aleitamento materno, limitação de contactos sociais em lactentes e evicção tabágica durante a gravidez e após o nascimento.

Notch tumor suppressor function

Cancer development results from deregulated control of stem cell populations and alterations in their surrounding environment. Notch signaling is an important form of direct cell-cell communication involved in cell fate determination, stem cell potential and lineage commitment. The biological function of this pathway is critically context dependent. Here we review the pro-differentiation role and tumor suppressing function of this pathway, as revealed by loss-of-function in keratinocytes and skin, downstream of p53 and in cross-connection with other determinants of stem cell potential and/or tumor formation, such as p63 and Rho/CDC42 effectors. The possibility that Notch signaling elicits a duality of signals, involved in growth/differentiation control and cell survival will be discussed, in the context of novel approaches for cancer therapy

Écologie de la besnoitiose chez les populations de caribous (Rangifer tarandus) des régions subarctiques

Bien que les infections à Besnoitia tarandi sont documentées chez l’espèce Rangifer sp. depuis 1922, les données récoltées sur l’écologie et la distribution de cette parasitose demeurent rares. Les objectifs de cette étude ont donc été (i) d’identifier le meilleur tissu à échantillonner pour détecter les infections à Besnoitia tarandi dans les populations de caribous, (ii) de calculer la sensibilité et la spécificité de l’examen visuel comparativement à l’examen microscopique et (iii) d’identifier les facteurs de risques intrinsèques et extrinsèques associés à cette parasitose afin (iv) de comparer la prévalence et la densité des kystes parasitaires entre certains troupeaux. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'examen microscopique du derme superficiel d’une section de peau provenant du tiers moyen antérieur du métatarse devrait être privilégié pour dépister les infections par B. tarandi et en évaluer l'intensité. L’examen microscopique est également un outil très sensible comparativement à l’examen visuel des kystes parasitaires. Besnoitia tarandi, qui semble être absent du Groenland, a été observé dans environ un tiers des caribous nord-américains. Une variation saisonnière de prévalence et d'intensité de B. tarandi a été détectée; le parasite étant plus abondant chez cet hôte intermédiaire durant la période de l'automne/hiver comparativement à celle du printemps/été. Cet effet saisonnier pourrait être associé à une augmentation de l'abondance du parasite suite à la saison des insectes (i.e. été), supportant ainsi le rôle présumé des arthropodes piqueurs comme vecteurs de la maladie. Cette différence saisonnière pourrait aussi être expliquée par la diminution de la charge parasitaire par le système immunitaire et/ou par un taux de survie inférieur des animaux les plus parasités durant la saison froide. Les niveaux d'infection étaient légèrement plus élevés chez les mâles que chez les femelles, ce qui suggère soit une diminution du taux de mortalité, soit une exposition accrue ou une plus grande susceptibilité au parasite des mâles en comparaison aux femelles. La densité d’infection supérieure dans le troupeau Rivière-aux-Feuilles (Nunavik) suggère des niveaux d'exposition au parasite plus élevés et/ou une diminution des niveaux de résistance de ces caribous à ce protozoaire. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que B. tarandi peut réduire les chances de survie des caribous infectés. Il sera donc important de continuer à surveiller les infections à B. tarandi surtout en cette période de changements climatiques.

Évaluation de la prévalence individuelle et de troupeau de quatre pathogènes d'importance dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques du Québec

INTRODUCTION La production biologique contribue de façon significative aux défis du développement durable. Les infections à Mycobacterium avium sous-espèce paratuberculosis (MAP), Neospora caninum (NC), au virus de la diarrhée virale bovine (BVD) et au virus de la rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine (IBR) sont bien reconnues pour affecter de manière significative la production dans les élevages laitiers. Il n’existe toutefois aucune donnée sur l’importance de ces pathogènes dans les troupeaux biologiques. HYPOTHESE Ces quatre pathogènes sont présents dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques, mais leur prévalence est moindre par rapport à l’élevage conventionnel. OBJECTIFS Estimer les séroprévalences de NC, MAP, BVD, IBR dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques québécois. MÉTHODOLOGIE Dans la province du Québec, 60 troupeaux laitiers biologiques ont été sélectionnés aléatoirement. Un échantillon sanguin a été prélevé sur 30 vaches adultes, pour l’évaluation de NC et MAP, et sur 5 animaux plus de 6 mois non vaccinés, pour l’évaluation de BVD et IBR. Une détection d’anticorps par ELISA, pour NC et MAP, et par séroneutralisation pour BVD et IBR a été réalisée sur les sérums obtenus. Un questionnaire a été rempli par chaque éleveur. RÉSULTATS La séroprévalence individuelle de NC et MAP, avec un intervalle de confiance de 95%, étaient de 4.1% (3.2%-5.2%) et 0.8% respectivement (0.0%-1.3%). La séroprévalence de troupeau de NC, MAP, BVD, IBR, si au moins un animal est positif dans un troupeau étaient de 50.8%, 20.3%, 37.3%, 31.0% respectivement. Ces séroprévalences étaient de 30.5%, 3.4%, 28.8% et 18.9%, respectivement, si au moins deux animaux sont positifs. La taille du troupeau a un effet significatif sur le statut de BVD (p=0.02) et il y a une bonne corrélation entre le statut BVD et IBR (Kappa-0.54). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION La séroprévalence individuelle de NC, MAP, IBR semblent être moindre dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques comparativement au conventionnel. Il ne semble pas y avoir de grandes différences entre la séroprévalence du BVD des troupeaux biologiques et celle des conventionnels.

Progress in front propagation research

We review the progress in the field of front propagation in recent years. We survey many physical, biophysical and cross-disciplinary applications, including reduced-variable models of combustion flames, Reid's paradox of rapid forest range expansions, the European colonization of North America during the 19th century, the Neolithic transition in Europe from 13 000 to 5000 years ago, the description of subsistence boundaries, the formation of cultural boundaries, the spread of genetic mutations, theory and experiments on virus infections, models of cancer tumors, etc. Recent theoretical advances are unified in a single framework, encompassing very diverse systems such as those with biased random walks, distributed delays, sequential reaction and dispersion, cohabitation models, age structure and systems with several interacting species. Directions for future progress are outlined

Molecular mechanism involved in the mutagenicity induced by Aflatoxin B1

The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin that has been identified as the most potent hepatocarcinogen. The metabolite resulting from detoxification process of AFB1 in liver, has the ability to react with the genomic DNA, generating AFB1-DNA adducts; during DNA replication process, this adduct induced the G:C→T:A transversion. Polymorphism in genes encoding for enzymes involved in the activation and detoxification of AFB1 and DNA repair enzymes has been associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Additionally, in populations of high exposure to aflatoxin and high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, has been demonstrated a synergism between these two risk factors for the development of HCC.

Infection of hybrid primula seeds by Botrytis cinerea and latent disease spread through the plants

Botrytis cinerea occurred commonly on cultivated Primula ×polyantha seed. The fungus was mostly on the outside of the seed but sometimes was present within the seed. The fungus frequently caused disease at maturity in plants grown from the seed, demonstrated by growing plants in a filtered airflow, isolated from other possible sources of infection. Young, commercially produced P. ×polyantha plants frequently had symptomless B. cinerea infections spread throughout the plants for up to 3 months, with symptoms appearing only at flowering. Single genetic individuals of B. cinerea, as determined by DNA fingerprinting, often were dispersed widely throughout an apparently healthy plant. Plants could, however, contain more than one isolate.

Demographic characteristics and prevalence of serologic markers among blood donors who use confidential unit exclusion (CUE) in Sao Paulo, Brazil: implications for modification of CUE polices in Brazil

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated demographic profiles and prevalence of serologic markers among donors who used confidential unit exclusion (CUE) to assess the effectiveness of CUE and guide public policies regarding the use of CUE for enhancing safety versus jeopardizing the blood supply by dropping CUE. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of whole blood donations at a large public blood center in Sao Paulo from July 2007 through June 2009, compared demographic data, and confirmed serologic results among donors who used and who have never used CUE (CUE never). RESULTS: There were 265,550 whole blood units collected from 181,418 donors from July 2007 through June 2009. A total of 9658 (3.6%) units were discarded, 2973 (1.1%) because CUE was used at the current donation (CUE now) and 6685 (2.5%) because CUE was used in the past (CUE past). The CUE rate was highest among donors with less than 8 years of education (odds ratio [OR], 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.51-3.08). CUE now donations were associated with higher positive infectious disease marker rates than CUE never donations (OR, 1.41; CI, 1.13-1.77), whereas CUE past donations were not (OR, 1.04; CI, 0.75-1.45). CONCLUSION: The CUE process results in a high rate of unit discard. CUE use on an individual donation appears predictive of a high-risk marker-positive donation and, thus, appears to contribute modestly to blood safety. The policy of discarding units from donors who have previously CUE-positive donations does not improve safety and should be discontinued.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of IgG antibodies against Babesia equi in horses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

DNA viruses in human cancer: An integrated overview on fundamental mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis

The first experimental data suggesting that neoplasm development in animals might be influenced by infectious agents were published in the early 1900s. However, conclusive evidence that DNA viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of some human cancers only emerged in the 1950s, when Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered within Burkitt lymphoma cells. Besides EBV, other DNA viruses consistently associated with human cancers are the hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Although each virus has unique features, it is becoming clearer that all these oncogenic agents target multiple cellular pathways to support malignant transformation and tumor development. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Cigarette smoking and high-risk HPV DNA as predisposing factors for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in young Brazilian women

Background. This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the role of cigarette smoking and high-risk HPV types as risk factors of CIN 2 and 3 in young, sexually active Brazilian women. Materials and method. A series of 100 consecutive women with abnormal Pap smears were recruited, subjected to colposcopy, punch biopsy, and questionnaire for their social, sexual and reproductive factors. Of these, 77 women between 20 and 35 years of age (median 26.5 years) with biopsy-confirmed CIN 1 or CIN 2 and 3, were enrolled in this study. Representative samples from the exocervix and endocervix were obtained for HPV testing with the Hybrid Capture HPV-DNA assay, including the probes for the oncogenic HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52 and 56). Results. The overall rate of CIN 2 and 3 was 23/77 (29.8%). The women with CIN 1, 2 and 3 did not differ from each other with regard to their age, race, schooling, marital status, life-time number of sexual partners, age at first intercourse, use of oral contraceptives, or parity. However, current cigarette smoking was strongly associated with CIN 2 and 3 (p < 0,001), and among smokers, the risk of high-grade CIN increased in parallel with the time of exposure (years of smoking) p = 0.07), HPV-DNA of the oncogenic types was detected in 43 (56%) women, the risk of being HPV DNA-positive was significantly higher in CIN 2 and 3 as compared with CIN 1 (p = 0.037). Importantly, the prevalence of high-risk HPV types was significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers (p = 0.046). Conclusions. The results indicate that the severity of CIN lesions was clearly related to two fundamental risk factors: 1) high-risk HPV types, and 2) current cigarette smoking. These two risk factors were closely interrelated in that the high-risk HPV types were significantly more frequent in current smokers than in non-smokers, suggesting the possibility of a synergistic action between these two risk factors in cervical carcinogenesis.

Computer-assisted analysis of p53 and PCNA expression in oral lesions infected with human papillomavirus

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a retrospective study to determine whether human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and immunohistochemical expression of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are related to the risk of oral cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-seven oral biopsies, consisting of 30 oral squamous papillomas (OSPs) and 27 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) were tested for the presence of HPV 6/11 and 16/18 by in situ hybridization using catalyzed signal amplification and in situ hybridization. p53 And PCNA expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated quantitatively by image analysis. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 57 oral lesions (33.3%) were positive for HPV. HPV 6/11 was found in 6 of 30 (20%) OSPs and 1 of 27 (3.7%) OSCCs. HPV 16/18 was found in 10 of 27 (37%) OSCCs and 2 of 30 (6.7%) OSPs. Sixteen of the 19 HPV-positive cases (84.2%) were p53 negative; 5 (9%) were HPV 6/11 and 11 (19%) HPV 16/18, with an inverse correlation between the presence of HPV DNA and p53 expression (P=.017, P < .05). PCNA expression appeared in 18 (94.7%) of HPV positive cases, showing that HPV 16/18 was associated with intensity of PCNA expression and with OSCCs (P=.037, P < .05). CONCLUSION: Quantitative evaluation of p53 by image analysis showed an inverse correlation between p53 expression and HPV presence, suggesting protein degradation. Image analysis also demonstrated that PCNA expression was more intense in HPV DNA 16/18 OSCCs. These findings suggest involvement of high-risk HPV types in oral carcinogenesis.

p16INK4A immunohistochemical overexpression in premalignant and malignant oral lesions infected with human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is believed to promote the oncogenic process, and the correlation between viral oncoproteins and dysfunction of p16 INK4A tumor suppressor protein in oral lesions is controversial. To test the hypothesis that anogenital HPV types participate in disruption of the regulation of p16INK4A suppressor protein in oral lesions, we analyzed 46 oral biopsy specimens for the presence of HPV 6/11 and 16/18 by in situ hybridization (ISH) and for p16INK4A expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Eighteen (39%) of the 46 oral lesions were HPV-positive and 28 (61%) were HPV-negative. HPV 6/11 DNA was found in 5 (11%) and HPV 16/18 in 13 (28%) of 46 biopsies. Nine of the 18 HPV-positive oral lesions (50%), assessed by catalyzed signal amplification coupled to ISH (CSA-ISH), gave high-intensity p16INK4A immunostaining. Focal and diffuse patterns were observed in 11/13 (77%) lesions with HPV 16/18, focal immunopositivity in 3/5 (80%) with HPV 6/11, and negative or sporadic p16-labeling in 18/28 (64%) without the presence of HPV DNA. These results showed a strong association between overexpression of p16 protein and malignant oral lesions, mainly those infected by HPV 16/18. We can conclude that high-risk HPV types are associated with p16 overexpression, and p16 may serve as a biomarker in oral cancer related to high-risk HPV infection.