224 resultados para ARIA


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Il fine della presente tesi è quello di definire parametri di riferimento progettuali e di controllo sul funzionamento degli abbattitori ad umido e degli abbattitori degli ossidi di azoto dalle emissioni industriali, utili ad una valutazione preventiva del progetto di impianto ed alla gestione dello stesso, da proporre come rappresentativi dello stato dell’arte per questi abbattitori. E’ innanzitutto effettuata una breve disamina sui composti inorganici quali inquinanti atmosferici: da quali fonti deriva la loro presenza in aria, quali sono gli effetti sull’ambiente, quantificazione delle emissioni antropiche per questa categoria di inquinanti e quali obiettivi di riduzione si pone la Regione Emilia Romagna. Viene quindi affrontata una breve sintesi della legislazione nazionale e regionale necessaria a comprendere dove si innesta la necessità di definire questi parametri di riferimento, con il confronto di disposizioni normative vigenti sull’argomento a livello nazionale e delle regioni Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna per giungere infine ad una proposta aggiornata. Si passa poi ad una descrizione accurata degli abbattitori ad umido e, di seguito, degli abbattitori degli ossidi di azoto, fornendo il discrimine tra le diverse tipologie presenti sul mercato e concretamente utilizzate in campo; inoltre grazie allo studio di due impianti presenti nel territorio di Modena viene fornita una comprensione più approfondita dei parametri tecnici di progettazione e funzionamento. L’analisi ha interessato: - parametri tecnici costruttivi; - parametri di funzionamento; - efficienza di abbattimento. La proposta conclusiva rappresenta la sintesi di confronto tecnico con esperti costruttori/installatori di impianti di depurazione dell’aria, di una dettagliata analisi conoscitiva delle caratteristiche e delle rese di abbattimento di impianti autorizzati, installati e controllati, presenti nel territorio della regione Emilia Romagna.

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Scopo del presente lavoro è la presentazione del codice di calcolo semplificato adoperato nella sezione “Simulatore fotovoltaico” presente sul portale www.energia.cnr.it del progetto CNR ENERGY+. Utilizzando i valori reali di radiazione solare misurati dalle stazioni meteorologiche installate presso alcune sedi del CNR il codice, con appropriati algoritmi, generala scomposizione della radiazione sul piano orizzontale e su superfici inclinate e variamente orientate, in modo da pervenire alla potenza prodotta da un ipotetico impianto fotovoltaico posto sullo stesso sito di ubicazione della stazione.

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Mostly developed since the Industrial Revolution, the automation of systems and equipment around us is responsible for a technological progress and economic growth without precedents, but also by a relentless energy dependence. Currently, fossil fuels still tend to come as the main energy source, even in developed countries, due to the ease in its extraction and the mastery of the technology needed for its use. However, the perception of its ending availability, as well as the environmental impact of this practice has led to a growing energy production originated from renewable sources. Easy maintenance, coupled with the fact that they are virtually inexhaustible, makes the solar and wind energy very promising solutions. In this context, this work proposes to facilitate energy production from these sources. To this end, in this work the power inverter is studied, which is an equipment responsible for converting DC power available by solar or wind power in traditional AC power. Then it is discussed and designed a new architecture which, in addition to achieve a high energy e - ciency, has also the ability to adapt to the type of conversion desired by the user, namely if he wants to sell electricity to the power grid, be independent of it or bet on a self consumption system. In order to achieve the promised energy e ciency, the projected inverter uses a resonant DC-DC converter, whose architecture signi cantly decreases the energy dissipated in the conversion, allowing a higher power density. The adaptability of the equipment is provided by an adaptive control algorithm, responsible for assessing its behavior on every iteration and making the necessary changes to achieve maximum stability throughout the process. To evaluate the functioning of the proposed architecture, a simulation is presented using the PLECS simulation software.

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Extended exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs) may lead to consequences in children due to their increased susceptibility when compared to older individuals. Since children spend in average 8 h/day in primary schools, assessing the number concentrations of UFPs in these institutions is important in order to evaluate the health risk for children in primary schools caused by indoor air pollution. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess and determine the sources of indoor UFP number concentrations in urban and rural Portuguese primary schools. Indoor and outdoor ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentrations were measured in six urban schools (US) and two rural schools (RS) located in the north of Portugal, during the heating season. The mean number concentrations of indoor UFPs were significantly higher in urban schools than in rural ones (10.4 × 10(3) and 5.7 × 10(3) pt/cm(3), respectively). Higher UFP levels were associated with higher squared meters per student, floor levels closer to the ground, chalk boards, furniture or floor covering materials made of wood and windows with double-glazing. Indoor number concentrations of ultrafine-particles were inversely correlated with indoor CO2 levels. In the present work, indoor and outdoor concentrations of UFPs in public primary schools located in urban and rural areas were assessed, and the main sources were identified for each environment. The results not only showed that UFP pollution is present in augmented concentrations in US when compared to RS but also revealed some classroom/school characteristics that influence the concentrations of UFPs in primary schools.

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Indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters in 73 primary classrooms in Porto were examined for the purpose of assessing levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, particulate matter, ventilation rates and bioaerosols within and between schools, and potential sources. Levels of VOCs, aldehydes, PM2.5 , PM10 , bacteria and fungi, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), carbon monoxide, temperature and relative humidity were measured indoors and outdoors and a walkthrough survey was performed concurrently. Ventilation rates were derived from CO2 and occupancy data. Concentrations of CO2 exceeding 1000 ppm were often encountered, indicating poor ventilation. Most VOCs had low concentrations (median of individual species <5 μg/m(3) ) and were below the respective WHO guidelines. Concentrations of particulate matter and culturable bacteria were frequently higher than guidelines/reference values. The variability of VOCs, aldehydes, bioaerosol concentrations, and CO2 levels between schools exceeded the variability within schools. These findings indicate that IAQ problems may persist in classrooms where pollutant sources exist and classrooms are poorly ventilated; source control strategies (related to building location, occupant behavior, maintenance/cleaning activities) are deemed to be the most reliable for the prevention of adverse health consequences in children in schools.

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A cross-sectional survey was conducted to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools and its relationship with children's respiratory symptoms. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC), aldehydes, PM2.5, PM10, carbon dioxide, bacteria and fungi were assessed in 73 classrooms from 20 public primary schools located in Porto, Portugal. Children who attended the selected classrooms (n = 1134) were evaluated by a standardised health questionnaire completed by the legal guardians; spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide tests. The results indicated that no classrooms presented individual VOC pollutant concentrations higher than the WHO IAQ guidelines or by INDEX recommendations; while PM2.5, PM10 and bacteria levels exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines or national limit values. High levels of total VOC, acetaldehyde, PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with higher odds of wheezing in children. Thus, indoor air pollutants, some even at low exposure levels, were related with the development of respiratory symptoms. The results pointed out that it is crucial to take into account the unique characteristics of the public primary schools, to develop appropriate control strategies in order to reduce the exposure to indoor air pollutants and, therefore, to minimize the adverse health effects.

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The main aim of the research project "On the Contribution of Schools to Children's Overall Indoor Air Exposure" is to study associations between adverse health effects, namely, allergy, asthma, and respiratory symptoms, and indoor air pollutants to which children are exposed to in primary schools and homes. Specifically, this investigation reports on the design of the study and methods used for data collection within the research project and discusses factors that need to be considered when designing such a study. Further, preliminary findings concerning descriptors of selected characteristics in schools and homes, the study population, and clinical examination are presented. The research project was designed in two phases. In the first phase, 20 public primary schools were selected and a detailed inspection and indoor air quality (IAQ) measurements including volatile organic compounds (VOC), aldehydes, particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), bacteria, fungi, temperature, and relative humidity were conducted. A questionnaire survey of 1600 children of ages 8-9 years was undertaken and a lung function test, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and tear film stability testing were performed. The questionnaire focused on children's health and on the environment in their school and homes. One thousand and ninety-nine questionnaires were returned. In the second phase, a subsample of 68 children was enrolled for further studies, including a walk-through inspection and checklist and an extensive set of IAQ measurements in their homes. The acquired data are relevant to assess children's environmental exposures and health status.

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Children spend a large part of their time at schools, which might be reflected as chronic exposure. Ultrafine particles (UFP) are generally associated with a more severe toxicity compared to fine and coarse particles, due to their ability to penetrate cell membranes. In addition, children tend to be more susceptible to UFP-mediated toxicity compared to adults, due to various factors including undeveloped immune and respiratory systems and inhalation rates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine indoor UFP number concentrations in Portuguese primary schools. Ultrafine particles were sampled between January and March 2014 in 10 public primary schools (35 classrooms) located in Porto, Portugal. Overall, the average indoor UFP number concentrations were not significantly different from outdoor concentrations (8.69 × 10(3) vs. 9.25 × 10(3) pt/cm(3), respectively; considering 6.5 h of indoor occupancy). Classrooms with distinct characteristics showed different trends of indoor UFP concentrations. The levels of carbon dioxide were negatively correlated with indoor UFP concentrations. Occupational density was significantly and positively correlated with UFP concentrations. Although the obtained results need to be interpreted with caution since there are no guidelines for UFP levels, special attention needs to be given to source control strategies in order to reduce major particle emissions and ensure good indoor air quality.

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Tese para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Design, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

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Il presente lavoro di tesi riguarda lo studio di un modello di stima delle emissioni per la previsione della contaminazione ambientale in aria. Il lavoro è stato svolto all’interno del DICAM dell’Università di Bologna attraverso il supporto del relatore Giacomo Antonioni e dei correlatori Ada Saracino e Gigliola Spadoni. L’applicazione modellistica, attraverso l’uso del software CALPUFF, ha trattato le emissioni del camino E312 della sezione Agglomerazione dello stabilimento siderurgico ILVA di Taranto nell’anno 2015. Gli inquinanti simulati sono quelli per i quali lo SME fornisce il flusso di massa: SO2, NOx, PM. Le polveri sono state considerate completamente costituite da polveri PM10 e per esse si è calcolata la concentrazione al suolo e la deposizione. A partire dai risultati per le polveri, ipotizzando che siano in parte veicolati da esse, sono state valutate anche le concentrazioni e le deposizioni di Diossine. Della configurazione modellistica “ottimale” sono stati presentati: ▪ Per i macroinquinanti le medie annue di concentrazione al suolo, e quindi, la dispersione degli inquinanti. ▪ Per i microinquinanti i valori massimi di concentrazione annua e di deposizione ottenuti nell’area di studio. Nel caso in esame, lo studio è stato riferito alla rete deposimetrica di gestione ILVA (per mancanza di dati deposimetrici della rete di gestione ARPA). In particolare è stato preso in considerazione il deposimetro del quartiere Tamburi a fronte delle criticità rilevate nei mesi di Novembre 2014 e Febbraio 2015, tale per cui, visti gli elevatissimi valori di deposizione, vista la notevole importanza che i dati deposimetrici hanno rispetto al rischio sanitario per ingestione, è stata aperta un’indagine della procura che ha affidato l’analisi a ARPA PUGLIA congiunta con l’ISPRA (che ne ha mandato ministeriale) e la Regione Puglia. A fronte di tali episodi, il seguente studio ha voluto fornire un resoconto deposimetrico per l’anno 2015.

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Lo scopo di tale progetto è creare, dal sistema hardware fino alla programmazione software, un sistema che permetta da una parte il controllo autonomo delle condizioni climatiche di un ambiente, il monitoraggio e dall’altra di essere versatile, portatile e di facile utilizzo. Come esempio applicativo per il controllo delle condizioni climatiche in una teca per la misura della rigidità dinamica si andranno ad evidenziare inizialmente in cosa consistono le prove della rigidità dinamica e a cosa servono, per poi passare alla spiegazione dei fenomeni che regolano il comportamento delle miscele di aria e vapor d’acqua che permetteranno di capire le connessioni tra i fattori principali che regolano i cambiamenti climatici quali temperatura e umidità. Successivamente si andranno poi a descrivere con quali meccanismi si regola la climatizzazione degli ambienti, fino ad arrivare alla creazione di un sistema autonomo che gestisca autonomamente temperatura e umidità all’interno di una cella.

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Gli Open Data sono un'utile strumento che sta via via assumendo sempre più importanza nella società; in questa tesi vedremo la loro utilità attraverso la realizzazione di un'applicazione mobile, che utilizza questi dati per fornire informazioni circa lo stato ambientale dell'aria e dei pollini in Emilia Romagna, sfruttando i dataset forniti da un noto ente pubblico (Arpa Emilia Romagna). Tale applicazione mobile si basa su un Web Service che gestisce i vari passaggi dei dati e li immagazzina in un database Mongodb. Tale Web Service è stato creato per essere a sua volta messo a disposizione di programmatori, enti o persone comuni per studi e sviluppi futuri in tale ambito.

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Action Plan B3 of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) focuses on the integrated care of chronic diseases. Area 5 (Care Pathways) was initiated using chronic respiratory diseases as a model. The chronic respiratory disease action plan includes (1) AIRWAYS integrated care pathways (ICPs), (2) the joint initiative between the Reference site MACVIA-LR (Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif) and ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), (3) Commitments for Action to the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing and the AIRWAYS ICPs network. It is deployed in collaboration with the World Health Organization Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD). The European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing has proposed a 5-step framework for developing an individual scaling up strategy: (1) what to scale up: (1-a) databases of good practices, (1-b) assessment of viability of the scaling up of good practices, (1-c) classification of good practices for local replication and (2) how to scale up: (2-a) facilitating partnerships for scaling up, (2-b) implementation of key success factors and lessons learnt, including emerging technologies for individualised and predictive medicine. This strategy has already been applied to the chronic respiratory disease action plan of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing.

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Antecedentes: La rinitis alérgica es una enfermedad secundaria a la exposición a alérgenos con una inflamación de las mucosas nasales mediadas por la Ig-E, tiene síntomas como estornudos, obstrucción nasal, prurito nasal y descarga nasal. Los tratamientos de primera línea son los antihistamínicos orales y Montelukast los cuales se dan como monoterapia, existe la combinación de los dos tratamientos en el mercado, sin embargo se duda de su eficacia combinada para tratar los síntomas nasales. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento combinado de Montelukast con Antihistamínicos orales en el tratamiento de Rinitis Alérgica. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura con metaanálisis de los estudios clínicos que evaluaron la eficacia de los antihistamínicos orales y Montelukast tanto en monoterapia como en terapia combinada. Resultados: De 795 artículos publicados hasta febrero 2016 identificados en las bases de datos electrónicas y literatura gris, se seleccionaron por consenso nueve estudios. Los estudios mostraron una reducción significativa del TNSS de -2,61 (-3.32 a -1,90) de la terapia combinada de Montelukast más antihistamínicos orales en comparación con la monoterapia de cada uno de ellos. Los estudios reportaron que la seguridad de la terapia combinada de Montelukast más antihistamínicos orales no fue diferente a la monoterapia. Conclusiones: La terapia combinada de Montelukast con antihistamínico redujo el puntaje de TNSS en -2,61 (-3.32 a -1,90) por lo que es eficaz y seguro en pacientes con rinitis alérgica.