Étude du régulateur transcriptionnel AtWhy1 chez Arabidopsis thaliana

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Control lumínico de la respuesta al ácido jasmónico (JA) en plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana

Al monitorear los cambios en el ambiente lumínico, las plantas pueden obtener información acerca de la proximidad de las plantas vecinas. Los jasmonatos (JAs) son reguladores lipídicos que juegan un papel central en el control de las respuestas de defensa frente a patógenos y plagas, así como también en la regulación de los procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo. Una disminución en la relación rojo: rojo lejano (R:RL) de la luz representa una señal de competencia para las plantas terrestres. Esta señal es detectada por el fotorreceptor fitocromo B (phyB) y, entre otras cosas, induce la aceleración del crecimiento y elongación y reprime la expresión de defensas de las plantas. Los efectos de las bajas relaciones R:RL sobre el sistema de defensas están mediados, al menos en parte, a través de una reducción en la señalización de los JAs. En esta tesis doctoral se pretende avanzar en la comprensión de los mecanismos que controlan el efecto de R:RL y phyB en las respuestas a JA en Arabidopsis thaliana. Se postulan posibles mecanismos mediante los cuales la inactivación del phyB por bajas relaciones R:RL produce la disminución en la sensibilidad de la vía de los JAs. Para este fin, he combinado un enfoque genético con el uso de herramientas fisiológicas, bioquímicas y moleculares para estudiar los efectos de la calidad de la luz sobre los componentes críticos de la vía de señalización de JA. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis demuestran que el efecto de las bajas relaciones R:RL, provocando una disminución de la sensibilidad a JA, requiere de la proteína JA-ZIM domain 10(JAZ10). También demostramos que la degradación de las proteínas DELLA (mediada por el aumento en la actividad de giberelinas (GAs) ), es necesaria para que se manifieste la represión de la vía de JA en condiciones de bajas relaciones R:RL. Por último, los resultados sugieren que, además de este efecto bien caracterizado de las GAs sobre la señalización de JA, mediado por la degradación de las proteínas DELLAs, GA reprime las respuestas de defensa por un nuevo mecanismo. En este mecanismo, GA aumenta la estabilidad de la JAZ10 y retarda la degradación de esta proteína inducida por JA.

Control lumínico de la respuesta al ácido jasmónico (JA) en plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana

Al monitorear los cambios en el ambiente lumínico, las plantas pueden obtener información acerca de la proximidad de las plantas vecinas. Los jasmonatos (JAs) son reguladores lipídicos que juegan un papel central en el control de las respuestas de defensa frente a patógenos y plagas, así como también en la regulación de los procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo. Una disminución en la relación rojo: rojo lejano (R:RL) de la luz representa una señal de competencia para las plantas terrestres. Esta señal es detectada por el fotorreceptor fitocromo B (phyB) y, entre otras cosas, induce la aceleración del crecimiento y elongación y reprime la expresión de defensas de las plantas. Los efectos de las bajas relaciones R:RL sobre el sistema de defensas están mediados, al menos en parte, a través de una reducción en la señalización de los JAs. En esta tesis doctoral se pretende avanzar en la comprensión de los mecanismos que controlan el efecto de R:RL y phyB en las respuestas a JA en Arabidopsis thaliana. Se postulan posibles mecanismos mediante los cuales la inactivación del phyB por bajas relaciones R:RL produce la disminución en la sensibilidad de la vía de los JAs. Para este fin, he combinado un enfoque genético con el uso de herramientas fisiológicas, bioquímicas y moleculares para estudiar los efectos de la calidad de la luz sobre los componentes críticos de la vía de señalización de JA. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis demuestran que el efecto de las bajas relaciones R:RL, provocando una disminución de la sensibilidad a JA, requiere de la proteína JA-ZIM domain 10(JAZ10). También demostramos que la degradación de las proteínas DELLA (mediada por el aumento en la actividad de giberelinas (GAs) ), es necesaria para que se manifieste la represión de la vía de JA en condiciones de bajas relaciones R:RL. Por último, los resultados sugieren que, además de este efecto bien caracterizado de las GAs sobre la señalización de JA, mediado por la degradación de las proteínas DELLAs, GA reprime las respuestas de defensa por un nuevo mecanismo. En este mecanismo, GA aumenta la estabilidad de la JAZ10 y retarda la degradación de esta proteína inducida por JA.

Estudo da associação dos genes GGR, GGPPS2 e GGPPS6 em Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Brassicaceae) a compostos alelopáticos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2016.

Superexpressão do gene dehidrina de Arachis duranensis em plantas transgênicas de Arabidopsis thaliana

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2016.

Quantitation of ascorbic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals distinct differences between organs and growth phases

Optimal plant growth is the result of the interaction of a complex network of plant hormones and environmental signals. Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a crucial antioxidant in plants and is involved in the regulation of cell division, cell expansion, photosynthesis and hormone biosynthesis. Quantitative analysis of AsA in Arabidopsis thaliana organs was conducted using HPLC with d -isoascorbic acid (Iso-AsA) as an internal standard. Analysis revealed Àuctuations in the levels of AsA in different organs and growth phases when plants were grown under standard conditions. AsA concentrations increased in leaves in direct proportion to leaf size and age. Young siliques (seed set stage) and Àowering buds (open and unopened) showed the highest levels of AsA. A relationship was found between the level of AsA and indole acetic acid (IAA) in leaves, stems, Àowers, and siliques and the highest level of IAA and AsAwere found in the Àowers. In contrast, the lowest level of the plant hormone, salicylic acid, was found in the Àowers and the highest quantity measured in the leaves. Consequently, AsA has been found to be a multifunctional molecule that is involved as a key regulator of plant growth and development.

Functional analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana lesion mimic mutant cfs1 in ESCRT complex-related protein trafficking

The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT)-complex is composed of four complexes, ESCRT-0-III. They sequentially act on a late endosome to sort mono-ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins into the intralumenal vesicle, forming of a multivesicular body(MVB) that is delivered to vacuole for degradation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the loss of an ESCRT-I component, elch displays a cytokinesis defect; while a dominant negative expression of an ESCRT-III component results in cell death due to vacuolar loss. In this work, the function of a plant-specific ELCH-interactor, CELL DEATH RELATED FYVE/SYLF DOMAIN CONTAINING 1 (CFS1) and its influences on the ESCRT-complex function are investigated. CFS1 is a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate- and actin-binding protein. The cfs1 mutants mimic lesions in the first eldest leaf that propagate to the next eldest one. Genetic analyses have demonstrated that cell death in cfs1 does not require a functional ESCRT-I component; nevertheless, the loss of CFS1 alleviates elchcytokinesis defect, suggesting its influence on the ESCRT-I function. Further analyses reveal that cfs1 accumulates autophagosomes throughout its lifespan due to a decrease in autophagosome degradation, suggesting that as the plant ages, the cumulated autophagosomes falsely trigger effectors-triggered immunity that executes cell death in cfs1. As the ESCRT-complex has been demonstrated to be involved in the delivery of autophagosomes to vacuole and CFS1 homolog, CFS2 reportedly interacts with ATG8, it can be postulated from the results of this work that CFS1 alone or together with CFS2 function in sequestering mature autophagosomes onto MVBs. At the MVBs, the ESCRT-complex then mediates the fusion of autophagosome and MVB for subsequent delivery to vacuole.

The role of FMT and FIS1A in mitochondrial morphology and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

Salt stress is known to have severe effects on plant health and fecundity, and mitochondria are known to be an essential part of the plant salt stress response. Arabidopsis thaliana serves as an excellent model to study the effects of salt stress as well as mitochondrial morphology. Arabidopsis contains several homologues to known mitochondrial proteins, including the fission protein FIS1A, and FMT, a homologue of the CLU subfamily. We sought to examine the effects of salt stress on knockout lines of FIS1A and FMT, as well as a transgenic line overexpressing FMT (FMT-OE) in columella cells in the root cap of Arabidopsis. fmt mutants displayed defects in both root and leaf growth, as well as a delay in flowering time. These mutants also showed a pronounced increase in mitochondrial clustering and number. FMT-OE mutants displayed severe defects in germination, including a decrease in total germination, and an increase in the number of days to germination. fis1A mutants exhibited shorter roots and slightly shorter leaves, as well as a tendency towards random mitochondrial clustering in root cells. Salt stress was shown to affect various mitochondrial parameters, including an increase in mitochondrial number and clustering, as well as a decrease in mitochondrial area. These results reveal a previously unknown role for FMT in germination and flowering in Arabidopsis, as well as insight into the effects of salt stress on mitochondrial morphology. FMT, along with FIS1A, may also help to regulate mitochondrial number and clustering, as well as root and leaf growth, under both control and salt-stressed conditions. This has implications for both FMT and FIS1A in whole-plant morphology as well as the plant salt stress response.

An egg apparatus-specific enhancer of Arabidopsis, identified by enhancer detection

Despite a central role in angiosperm reproduction, few gametophyte-specific genes and promoters have been isolated, particularly for the inaccessible female gametophyte (embryo sac). Using the Ds-based enhancer-detector line ET253, we have cloned an egg apparatus-specific enhancer (EASE) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The genomic region flanking the Ds insertion site was further analyzed by examining its capability to control gusA and GFP reporter gene expression in the embryo sac in a transgenic context. Through analysis of a 5' and 3' deletion series in transgenic Arabidopsis, the sequence responsible for egg apparatus-specific expression was delineated to 77 bp. Our data showed that this enhancer is unique in the Arabidopsis genome, is conserved among different accessions, and shows an unusual pattern of sequence variation. This EASE works independently of position and orientation in Arabidopsis but is probably not associated with any nearby gene, suggesting either that it acts over a large distance or that a cryptic element was detected. Embryo-specific ablation in Arabidopsis was achieved by transactivation of a diphtheria toxin gene under the control of the EASE. The potential application of the EASE element and similar control elements as part of an open-source biotechnology toolkit for apomixis is discussed.

Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis Spreads from the Root to the Shoot, through a Gating Barrier, by Template-Dependent, Nonvascular, Cell-to-Cell Movement

Upward long-distance mobile silencing has been shown to be phloem mediated in several different solanaceous species. We show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling grafting system and a counterpart inducible system generate upwardly spreading long-distance silencing that travels not in the phloem but by template-dependent reiterated short-distance cell-to-cell spread through the cells of the central stele. Examining the movement of the silencing front revealed a largely unrecognized zone of tissue, below the apical meristem, that is resistant to the silencing signal and that may provide a gating or protective barrier against small RNA signals. Using a range of auxin and actin transport inhibitors revealed that, in this zone, alteration of vesicular transport together with cytoskeleton dynamics prevented or retarded the spread of the silencing signal. This suggests that small RNAs are transported from cell to cell via plasmodesmata rather than diffusing from their source in the phloem.