牙鲆群体遗传多样性及鲽形目鱼类分子系统学初步研究

本文以山东近海野生和养殖牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(T．& S.)为研究对象，采用同工酶电泳和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)两种方法，进行了群体遗传学研究；另外，用PCR扩增了牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus(T．& S.)、石鲽Kareius bicoloratus，Basilewsky和大菱鲆Psetta maxima 4种鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16s rRNA基因区的部分片段，采用生物信息、学方法构建了鲽形目分子系统树。主要结果如下：1．首先建立了适于牙鲆同工酶分析的水平淀粉凝胶和垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统；对获得的牙鲆15种同工酶基本酶谱进行了生化遗传分析，进而对自然和养殖群体的生化遗传结构进行了分析，共记录了29个基因座位，发现了9个多态座位。2．野生群体的生化遗传参数多态基因座位比例(31．O％)、等位基因平均数(1．38)和群体平均杂合度(0．0802)都明显高于养殖群体(24．1％，1．28，O．0788)；在野生群体中有9个多态基因座位，而养殖群体仅7个多态基因座位；其中，除了Cat和Idhp-1(仅养殖群体)(P < 0．05)有显著差异、Ldh-C(P < O．01)完全偏离Hardy-Weinberg定律外，其余多态座位基因频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。野生和养殖群体的遗传相似性系数(I)为0．9877，它们的遗传距离(D)是0．0124；两群体间的遗传分化系数G_(st)为0．0681，D_m为0．01，表明总变异中的6．8％的遗传变异产生于群体间的基因差异。3．采用11个随机引物对20个野生个体和24个养殖个体进行了RAPD群体遗传多样性分析，分别扩增出88条和86条DNA带，片段大小在200-2500bp之间，平均每个引物扩增的带数是7．8-8．0。两个群体的多态座位比例分别是43．2％和34．9％，平均杂合度是0．2739和0．2255，而Shannon遗传多样性指数表明两群体的遗传变异中有88．12％的遗传变异来自种群内，只有11．88％的变异来自群体间。遗传分化指数G_(st)的结果也验证了Shannon遗传多样性指数的结果：总群体的遗传变异中约有12％是由两群体间的基因差异产生的。4．本文对牙鲆两个群体的同一批样品分别采用经典的同工酶方法和RAPD方法进行了较系统的比较分析。发现，RAPD所显示的多态性要比同工酶的高得多，因为大部分RAPD的变异是源于非编码区和重复DNA，可以遍布整个基因组，而同工酶仅是功能基因的产物，只表现编码区的变异。因此，自然选择在同工酶编码区的作用要多于RAPD标记。在遗传相似性系数(I)和遗传距离(D)上，RAPD的分析结果与同工酶的分析结果也是有差异的，用同工酶分析两个群体遗传距离只有0．0124，而用RAPD研究可达0．0508。遗传分化指数的差异也很大，同工酶为0．0681，RAPD为0．1237。5．RAPD和同工酶的分析结果是类似的，即自然群体的多态座位比例和平均杂合度要比养殖群体高，降低幅度在同工酶中界于1．7～22．3％之间，在RAPD中则界于15．9～19．2％之间。这充分证明了养殖群体的遗传多样性水平已有明显的丧失，值得我们注意。6．构建了鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16S rRNA基因的分子系统树。通过分子克隆法将牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆、大菱鲆和石鲽mtDNA 16S rRNA目的基因片段连接到质粒载体上，经MegaBACE测序仪测序，分别获得了590、595、582和590bp序列，通过生物信息学方法对其进行了序列分析和核酸变异比较，结合NCBI上6种鲽形目鱼类的同源序列探讨了这4种鱼类在鲽形目中的遗传分化和分子系统进化，构建了系统树，其中，桂皮斑鲆的16S rRNA基因在系统树中的位置与物种形态资料的系统演化不相符，而其它三种很好地呈现了它们在鲽形目中的系统位置。同时，可以看出mtDNA 16S rRNA基因片段可以构建一个相对准确的树，特别是NJ树和ML树比较接近，更为客观一些。由比对序列获得的物种之间的遗传距离也基本可以反映种、属、科间的不同变异水平。

种植青海大黄中微量元素研究

青海地道中药材"西宁大黄"野生资源濒临枯竭,人工种植规模不断扩大.定期采集青海西宁及邻近地区两年生种植大黄,跟踪分析了其微量无素铜、锌、铁、锰、铬,为地道西宁大黄资源的可持续开发和利用提供科学依据.研究表明,种植大黄中微量元素铁、锌、铜、锰的有效积累以及土壤地球化学环境中的微量元素锌、锰、铜对种植大黄的生长具有重要的作用和意义.

Genome constitutions of Hystrix patula, H-duthiei ssp duthiei and H-duthiei ssp longearistata (Poaceae : Triticeae) revealed by meiotic pairing behavior and genomic in-situ hybridization

Genomic constitutions of three taxa of Hystrix Moench, H. patula, H. duthiei ssp. duthiei and H. duthiei ssp. longearistata, were examined by meiotic pairing behavior and genomic in-situ hybridization. Meiotic pairing in hybrids of H. patula x Pseudoroegneria spicata (St), H. patula x Elymus wawawaiensis (StH), H. patula x H. duthiei ssp. longearistata, H. patula x Psathyrostachys huashanica (Ns(h)), H. duthiei ssp. duthiei x Psa. huashanica, H. duthiei ssp. longearistata x Psa. huashanica, Leymus multicaulis (NsXm) x H. duthiei ssp. longearistata averaged 6.53, 12.83, 1.32, 0.29, 5.18, 5.11 and 10.47 bivalents per cell, respectively. The results indicate that H. patula has the StH genome and H. duthiei ssp. duthiei and H. duthiei ssp. longearistata have the NsXm genome. Results of genomic in-situ hybridization analysis strongly supported the chromosome pairing data; therefore it is concluded that the type species of Hystrix, H. patula, should be included in Elymus, and that H. duthiei ssp. duthiei and H. duthiei ssp. longearistata should be transferred to Leymus.

Analysis of five pharmacologically active compounds from Rhodiola for natural product drug discovery with capillary electrophoresis

A rapid capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of five natural pharmacologically active compounds from extracted Rhodiola, namely salidroside, tyrosol, rhodionin, gallic acid and ethyl gallate has been developed. The separation of five natural pharmacologically active compounds was carried out in a fused-silica capillary with 14 mM boric acid, 30 mM SDS and 2.5% acetonitrile, adjusted to pH 10.7 with NaOH. Applied potential was 21 kV. The temperature of the capillary was maintained at 25 degreesC by the instrument thermostating system, with the correlation coefficients of 0.9805-0.9989 for migration time, and relative standards of < 3.52% for peak areas. The established method is rapid and reproducible for the separation of five natural pharmacologically compounds from extracts of Rhodiola with satisfactory results.

机器人迭代学习控制

该文介绍了机器人迭代学习控制的研究进展，指出了存在的问题及今后的研究方向。

金矿床测年方法的某些进展

本文系统地阐述了国内外有关金矿床同位素定年方面的最新进展和古地磁法，天然裂变径迹法的基本原理，并对常用同位素定年法的适用性和局限性进行了评述。

The Definition and Implementation of a Computer Programming Language Based on Constraints

The constraint paradigm is a model of computation in which values are deduced whenever possible, under the limitation that deductions be local in a certain sense. One may visualize a constraint 'program' as a network of devices connected by wires. Data values may flow along the wires, and computation is performed by the devices. A device computes using only locally available information (with a few exceptions), and places newly derived values on other, locally attached wires. In this way computed values are propagated. An advantage of the constraint paradigm (not unique to it) is that a single relationship can be used in more than one direction. The connections to a device are not labelled as inputs and outputs; a device will compute with whatever values are available, and produce as many new values as it can. General theorem provers are capable of such behavior, but tend to suffer from combinatorial explosion; it is not usually useful to derive all the possible consequences of a set of hypotheses. The constraint paradigm places a certain kind of limitation on the deduction process. The limitations imposed by the constraint paradigm are not the only one possible. It is argued, however, that they are restrictive enough to forestall combinatorial explosion in many interesting computational situations, yet permissive enough to allow useful computations in practical situations. Moreover, the paradigm is intuitive: It is easy to visualize the computational effects of these particular limitations, and the paradigm is a natural way of expressing programs for certain applications, in particular relationships arising in computer-aided design. A number of implementations of constraint-based programming languages are presented. A progression of ever more powerful languages is described, complete implementations are presented and design difficulties and alternatives are discussed. The goal approached, though not quite reached, is a complete programming system which will implicitly support the constraint paradigm to the same extent that LISP, say, supports automatic storage management.

Lord of The Rings database user guide

Sponsorship: This research was made possible by a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC Grant No. 000-22-0323)

Religijno-filozoficzne konteksty narracji apokryficznych w kulturze współczesnej

Wydział Nauk Społecznych: Instytut Kulturoznawstwa

[Asesoría a artesanos de San Andrés (San Andrés Isla) para el desarrollo de una línea de producto a partir de la creación] Formato consolidado general de trabajo : formato ficha de producto.

[75] hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

East of the barrier; or, Sidelights on the Manchuria mission, by the Rev. J. Miller Graham.

http://www.archive.org/details/eastofthebarrier00grahuoft

An analysis of political efficacy socialisation among threshold voters in the Republic of Ireland

The spread of democracy in the latter part of the twenty first century has been accompanied by an increasing focus on its perceived performance in established western democracies. Recent literature has expressed concern about a critical outlook among younger cohorts which threatens their political support and engagement. Political efficacy, referring to the feeling of political effectiveness, is considered to be a key indicator of the performance of democratic politics; as it refers to the empowerment of citizens, and relates to their willingness to engage in political matters. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the socialisation of political efficacy among those on the threshold of political adulthood; i.e., 'threshold voters'. The long-term significance of attitudes developed by time of entry to adulthood for political engagement during adulthood has been emphasised in recent literature. By capturing the effect of non-political and political learning among threshold voters, the study advances existing research frames which focus on childhood and early adolescent socialisation. The theoretical and methodological framework applied herein recognises the distinction between internal and external political efficacy, which has not been consistently operationalized in existing research on efficacy socialisation. This research involves a case study of 'threshold voters' in the Republic of Ireland, and employs a quantitative methodology. A study on Irish threshold voters is timely as the parliament and government have recently proposed a lowering of the voting age and an expansion of formal political education to this age group. A project-specific survey instrument was developed and administered to a systematic stratified sample of 1,042 post-primary students in the Cork area. Interpretation of the results of statistical analysis leads to findings on the divergent influence of family, school, associational, and political agents/environments on threshold voter internal and external political efficacy.

Do diabetic veterans use the Internet? Self-reported usage, skills, and interest in using My HealtheVet Web portal.

OBJECTIVE: The Veterans Health Administration has developed My HealtheVet (MHV), a Web-based portal that links veterans to their care in the veteran affairs (VA) system. The objective of this study was to measure diabetic veterans' access to and use of the Internet, and their interest in using MHV to help manage their diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional mailed survey of 201 patients with type 2 diabetes and hemoglobin A(1c) > 8.0% receiving primary care at any of five primary care clinic sites affiliated with a VA tertiary care facility. Main measures included Internet usage, access, and attitudes; computer skills; interest in using the Internet; awareness of and attitudes toward MHV; demographics; and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: A majority of respondents reported having access to the Internet at home. Nearly half of all respondents had searched online for information about diabetes, including some who did not have home Internet access. More than a third obtained "some" or "a lot" of their health-related information online. Forty-one percent reported being "very interested" in using MHV to help track their home blood glucose readings, a third of whom did not have home Internet access. Factors associated with being "very interested" were as follows: having access to the Internet at home (p < 0.001), "a lot/some" trust in the Internet as a source of health information (p = 0.002), lower age (p = 0.03), and some college (p = 0.04). Neither race (p = 0.44) nor income (p = 0.25) was significantly associated with interest in MHV. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that a diverse sample of older VA patients with sub-optimally controlled diabetes had a level of familiarity with and access to the Internet comparable to an age-matched national sample. In addition, there was a high degree of interest in using the Internet to help manage their diabetes.

Magnitude and breadth of a nonprotective neutralizing antibody response in an efficacy trial of a candidate HIV-1 gp120 vaccine.

BACKGROUND: A candidate vaccine consisting of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subunit gp120 protein was found previously to be nonprotective in an efficacy trial (Vax004) despite strong antibody responses against the vaccine antigens. Here we assessed the magnitude and breadth of neutralizing antibody responses in Vax004. METHODS: Neutralizing antibodies were measured against highly sensitive (tier 1) and moderately sensitive (tier 2) strains of HIV-1 subtype B in 2 independent assays. Vaccine recipients were stratified by sex, race, and high versus low behavioral risk of HIV-1 acquisition. RESULTS: Most vaccine recipients mounted potent neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1(MN) and other tier 1 viruses. Occasional weak neutralizing activity was detected against tier 2 viruses. The response against tier 1 and tier 2 viruses was significantly stronger in women than in men. Race and behavioral risk of HIV-1 acquisition had no significant effect on the response. Prior vaccination had little effect on the neutralizing antibody response that arose after infection. CONCLUSIONS: Weak overall neutralizing antibody responses against tier 2 viruses is consistent with a lack of protection in this trial. The magnitude and breadth of neutralization reported here should be useful for identifying improved vaccines.

Neuroprotection resulting from insufficiency of RANBP2 is associated with the modulation of protein and lipid homeostasis of functionally diverse but linked pathways in response to oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress is a deleterious stressor associated with a plethora of disease and aging manifestations, including neurodegenerative disorders, yet very few factors and mechanisms promoting the neuroprotection of photoreceptor and other neurons against oxidative stress are known. Insufficiency of RAN-binding protein-2 (RANBP2), a large, mosaic protein with pleiotropic functions, suppresses apoptosis of photoreceptor neurons upon aging and light-elicited oxidative stress, and promotes age-dependent tumorigenesis by mechanisms that are not well understood. Here we show that, by downregulating selective partners of RANBP2, such as RAN GTPase, UBC9 and ErbB-2 (HER2; Neu), and blunting the upregulation of a set of orphan nuclear receptors and the light-dependent accumulation of ubiquitylated substrates, light-elicited oxidative stress and Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency have a selective effect on protein homeostasis in the retina. Among the nuclear orphan receptors affected by insufficiency of RANBP2, we identified an isoform of COUP-TFI (Nr2f1) as the only receptor stably co-associating in vivo with RANBP2 and distinct isoforms of UBC9. Strikingly, most changes in proteostasis caused by insufficiency of RANBP2 in the retina are not observed in the supporting tissue, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Instead, insufficiency of RANBP2 in the RPE prominently suppresses the light-dependent accumulation of lipophilic deposits, and it has divergent effects on the accumulation of free cholesterol and free fatty acids despite the genotype-independent increase of light-elicited oxidative stress in this tissue. Thus, the data indicate that insufficiency of RANBP2 results in the cell-type-dependent downregulation of protein and lipid homeostasis, acting on functionally interconnected pathways in response to oxidative stress. These results provide a rationale for the neuroprotection from light damage of photosensory neurons by RANBP2 insufficiency and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and approaches promoting neuroprotection.