877 resultados para Águas residuais - Purificação - Tratamento biológico
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The use of geophysical methods in the analysis and mapping of likely contamination plumes has shown a huge value in the development of researches related to environmental issues. Among the main geophysical methods applied to this purpose, the geoelectrical methods stand out, being based on the use of electric and electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic method (EM) uses physical environment responses created by electromagnetic field propagation, consisting of an alternated electric output and a magnetization force, used to obtain the electric conductivity (σ) of the subsurface materials. It has a broad application in the mineral exploration and prospection, and its use has been also efficient in environmental researches. By the electromagnetic method, this work examined and mapped possible contaminations created by cemetery leachate in the Saudade's Cemetery, located in the city of Monte Alto, Sao Paulo, where sedimentary rocks of the Bauru Group are exposed. Cemetery leachate is a putrefactive liquid, generated from the decomposition of organic matter, which contains substances that can contaminate soil and groundwater. Results achieved in this work show that the use of the electromagnetic method is an important indirect tool in the investigation of environmental contaminations in areas with highly contrasting physical properties
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Objective: One of the factors associated with low rates of compliance in the treatment for alcoholism seems to be the intensity of craving for alcohol. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between alcohol craving and biopsychosocial addiction model-related variables and to verify whether these variables could predict treatment retention. Methods: The sample consisted of 257 male alcoholics who were enrolled in two different pharmacological trials conducted at the Universidade de Sao Paulo in Brazil. Based on four factors measured at baseline - biological (age, race, and family alcoholism), psychiatric (depression symptoms), social (financial and marital status), and addiction (craving intensity, severity of alcohol dependence, smoking status, drinking history, preferential beverage, daily intake of alcohol before treatment) - direct logistic regression was performed to analyze these factors' influence on treatment retention after controlling for medication groups and AA attendance. Results: Increasing age, participation in Alcoholics Anonymous groups, and beer preference among drinkers were independently associated with higher treatment retention. Conversely, higher scores for depression increased dropout rates. Conclusion: Health services should identify the treatment practices and therapists that improve retention. Information about patients' characteristics linked to dropouts should be studied to render treatment programs more responsive and attractive, combining pharmacological agents with more intensive and diversified psychosocial interventions.
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Stabilization ponds are biological treatment systems in that stabilization of organic matter is performed by the bacterial oxidation and / or reduction of photosynthetic algae. This study aimed to monitor and evaluate the efficiency of stabilization ponds in the Rio Grande do Norte State. Collections were made of the treated effluent, made directly in the output boxes of facultative lagoons and maturation (M1 and M2) and raw sewage (EB) that arrived at the stations. The variables analyzed were: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chlorophyll "a", apparent color, total phosphorus, organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen, turbidity, cyanobacteria density and concentrations of microcystin. Variance analysis (ANOVA one way) observing the premises using the Tukey test, so as to check differences between treatments. The evaluate the stations found to COD removals in the bands of 48,8% (Pipa) to 75,8% (Caiçara Rio do Vento) and 57,5% (Pipa) to 83,0% (Santo Antônio), respectively. The mean concentrations of cyanobacteria varied from LFs density of 62,545 cels.mL-1 (Pedro Velho Roça) cels.mL-1 to 2,669,048 (Ponta Negra), while the final effluent showed range between 9,072 Cels.mL- 1 (Pedro Velho Roça) to 1,899,981 cels.mL-1 (Macau – Ilha de Santana) and the average concentrations of microcystin the final effluent ranged from 0.02 μg.L-1 (Ponta Negra) to 0.15 μg.L-1 (Macau – Ilha de Santana) at the studied the stations.
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Nos centros urbanos próximos das orlas marítimas, tem-se optado pela descarga de águas residuais para o mar, aproveitando-se da elevada capacidade de depuração do oceano. Neste trabalho coloca-se o seguinte desafio: será possível um programa usado para a modelação de rede de distribuição de água ser capaz de modelar um exutor submarino? Para responder a este desafio, recorreu-se a um conjunto de artifícios, tendo por base conhecimentos da hidráulica. Foi construído um modelo unidimensional usando o EPANET cujas fronteiras são: a montante, a Câmara de Carga, a jusante os difusores. Recorreu-se aos componentes do EPANET, tais como: válvulas TCV (Throttle Control Valve) e reservatórios de nível fixo para simular a descarga e o nível de maré respetivamente. A modelação hidráulica de um exutor submarino tem implicações no impacto da descarga pelo que torna-se necessário o estudo da diluição inicial conseguida numa descarga. No presente trabalho desenvolveu-se um programa EPANET / MatLab com o objetivo de facilitar a aplicação desses artifícios e de estimar a diluição inicial. Aplicou-se o programa desenvolvido num caso de estudo e utilizou-se a versão beta do CORHYD, usado em obras de engenharia com alguma importância, para validar os resultados obtido através do programa EPANET /MatLab.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica com Especialização em Energia, Climatização e Refrigeração
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The main objective of the present thesis consists on the development of an analytical preconcentration technology for the concomitant extraction and concentration of human pollution tracers from wastewater streams. Due to the outstanding tunable properties of ionic liquids (ILs), aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ILs can provide higher and more selective extraction efficiencies for a wide range of compounds, being thus a promising alternative to the volatile and hazardous organic solvents (VOCs) typically used. For that purpose, IL-based ABS were employed and adequately characterized as an one-step extraction and concentration technique. The applicability of IL-based ABS was verified by their potential to completely extract and concentrate two representative pharmaceutical pollution tracers, namely caffeine (CAF) and carbamazepine (CBZ), from wastewaters. The low concentration of these persistent pollutants (usually found in μg·dm-3 and ng·dm-3 levels, respectively) by conventional analytical equipment does not permit a proper detection and quantification without a previous concentration step. Preconcentration methods commonly applied are costly, timeconsuming, with irregular recoveries and make use of VOCs. In this work, the ABS composed of the IL tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl) and the salt potassium citrate (K3[C6H5O7]) was investigated while demonstrating to be able to completely extract and concentrate CAF and CBZ, in a single-step, overcoming thus the detection limit of the applied analytical equipment. Finally, the hydrotropic effect responsible for the ability of IL-based ABS to extract and concentrate a wide variety of compounds was also investigated. It was shown that the IL rules the hydrotropic mechanism in the solubility of CAF in aqueous solutions, with an increase in solubility up to 4-fold. Moreover, the proper selection of the IL enables the design of the system that leads to a more enhanced solubility of a given solute in the IL-rich phase, while allowing a better extraction and concentration. IL-based ABS are a promising and more versatile technique, and are straightforwardly envisaged as selective extraction and concentration routes of target micropollutants from wastewater matrices.
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The cerium oxide has a high potential for use in removing pollutants after combustion, removal of organic matter in waste water and the fuel-cell technology. The nickel oxide is an attractive material due to its excellent chemical stability and their optical properties, electrical and magnetic. In this work, CeO2-NiO- systems on molars reasons 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-citric acid were synthesized using the Pechini method. We used techniques of TG / DTG and ATD to monitor the degradation process of organic matter to the formation of the oxide. By thermogravimetric analysis and applying the dynamic method proposed by Coats-Redfern, it was possible to study the reactions of thermal decomposition in order to propose the possible mechanism by which the reaction takes place, as well as the determination of kinetic parameters as activation energy, Ea, pre-exponential factor and parameters of activation. It was observed that both variables exert a significant influence on the formation of complex polymeric precursor. The model that best fitted the experimental data in the dynamic mode was R3, which consists of nuclear growth, which formed the nuclei grow to a continuous reaction interface, it proposes a spherical symmetry (order 2 / 3). The values of enthalpy of activation of the system showed that the reaction in the state of transition is exothermic. The variables of composition, together with the variable temperature of calcination were studied by different techniques such as XRD, IV and SEM. Also a study was conducted microstructure by the Rietveld method, the calculation routine was developed to run the package program FullProf Suite, and analyzed by pseudo-Voigt function. It was found that the molar ratio of variable metal-citric acid in the system CeO2-NiO (I), (II), (III) has strong influence on the microstructural properties, size of crystallites and microstrain network, and can be used to control these properties
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Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Ramo: Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Especialização em Ecotoxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016
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As questões ambientais têm assumido cada vez mais um papel importante e principalmente de reflexão no setor da construção civil e no público em geral. Consequentemente é notória a crescente consciencialização em questões ambientais desde a década de 60. O sector da construção civil gera grandes impactes ambientais, assim, surgiu a necessidade de pensar e desenvolver medidas e ações de modo a melhorar o seu desempenho. É essencial que o Dono da Obra e o Empreiteiro adotem medidas de prevenção ambiental, apostando na promoção da gestão ambiental, de acordo com a legislação em vigor garantindo o seu cumprimento e tornando o seu desempenho ambiental mais eficiente. Este projeto propõe uma abordagem à valorização da gestão ambiental na construção civil, abordando questões de sustentabilidade e planos de minimização e mitigação dos impactes ambientais gerados neste sector, apresentando-se como guia de procedimentos em obra, estabelecendo diretrizes e instruções a este nível. No desenvolvimento deste projeto, no enquadramento das questões ambientais e dos impactes gerados no sector da construção civil, aborda-se com maior pormenor os aspetos da gestão ambiental, efetuando-se um levantamento ao nível dos requisitos legais e boas práticas ambientais em relação à gestão dos resíduos, substâncias perigosas, águas residuais, emissões difusas, ruído e situações de emergência. Como caso prático, efetuou-se o acompanhamento ao nível da gestão ambiental a uma obra, por forma aplicar e demonstrar os conhecimentos adquiridos, no período compreendido entre setembro e março do ano atual, na qual foram identificados os impactes ambientais da empreitada, as medidas que foram implementadas, o controlo e monitorização, a análise dos dados constatados e as propostas de melhoria ao desempenho ambiental observado.
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Comunicação seleccionada e artigo em Livro de Actas
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Este trabalho teve como objectivo, o desenvolvimento de um método electroquímico, para quantificação do fármaco carbamazepina (CBZ) em águas contaminadas. Neste trabalho foram utilizados quatro métodos voltamétricos: a voltametria cíclica, a voltametria de varrimento linear, a voltametria de onda quadrada e a voltametria de impulso diferencial. Os eléctrodos de trabalho utilizados foram, o eléctrodo de mercúrio de gota suspensa, o eléctrodo de carbono vítreo clássico e um eléctrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com um filme de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNTs). O eléctrodo de mercúrio de gota suspensa permitiu o estudo da redução da CBZ numa região de potencial mais catódico, e os eléctrodos de carbono vítreo, com e sem modificação, permitiram o estudo da oxidação da CBZ numa região de potencial mais anódico. Nas condições experimentais estudadas, o eléctrodo de mercúrio de gota suspensa revelou ser um sensor voltamétrico pouco eficaz na determinação quantitativa da carbamazepina, em amostras com uma matriz complexa. Entre os eléctrodos de carbono vítreo, o eléctrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com os MWCNTs revelou ser o sensor voltamétrico mais eficaz e sensível, na detecção e determinação da carbamazepina. Modificado com um filme de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas, que previamente foram dispersos em dihexadecilhidrogenofosfato (DHP) e água, este novo eléctrodo permitiu obter uma resposta electroquímica da CBZ, consideravelmente superior ao eléctrodo não modificado. Utilizando a voltametria de varrimento linear e as condições experimentais consideradas óptimas, o eléctrodo nanoestruturado permitiu obter uma relação linear entre o sinal medido e a concentração da CBZ no intervalo 0.13- 1.60 M (30.7- 378 g -1), com os limites de detecção e quantificação mais baixos, até à data reportados com métodos electroquímicos (0.04 e 0.14M, respectivamente). O eléctrodo modificado foi aplicado na quantificação da CBZ, em formulações farmacêuticas, em águas naturais tratadas e em amostras de águas residuais, ambas dopadas, obtendo-se taxas de recuperação consideravelmente elevadas (100.6%, 98.0%,95.8%, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos, na análise da CBZ em amostras ambientais, com o eléctrodo modificado, foram comparados com resultados obtidos por HPLC-UV e LC ESI-MS/MS, validando o método electroquímico desenvolvido neste trabalho. ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to develop a new electrochemical method for the quantification of carbamazepine (CBZ) in contaminated waters. ln this study, four voltammetric methods were used: cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. the working electrodes used were the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), the classical glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and a glassy carbon electrode modified with a film of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNls). Using HMDE, the reduction of CBZ was studied in the cathodic potential region. the CGE sensors, with or without modification, allowed the study of CBZ oxidation in the anodic potential region. ln the tested conditions, the results obtained for the quantification of CBZ using the HMDE sensor were not very satisfactory, especially when more complex samples were analysed. When the MWCNls-dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (DHP) film coated GCE was used for the voltammetric determination of CBZ, the results obtained showed that this modified electrode exhibits excellent enhancement effects on the electrochemical oxidation of CBZ. the oxidation peak current of CBZ at this film modified electrode increased significantly, when compared with that at a bare glassy carbon electrode. The enhanced electrooxidation and voltammetry of CBZ at the surface of MWCNTs-DHP film coated GCE in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.71) was attributed to the unique properties of MWCNTs such as large specific surface area and strong adsorptive properties providing more reaction sites. The proposed method was applied to the quantification of CBZ in pharmaceutical formulations, drinking water and wastewater samples with good recoveries and low limits of detection and quantification (0.04 and 0.14 M, respectively), and was positively compared with chromatographic techniques usually used in the quantification of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental samples. HPLC-UV and LC-ESI-MS/MS were also used in the quantification of CBZ in pharmaceutical formulations and wastewater samples to prove the importance and accuracy of his voltammetric method.
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Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária - FCAV
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)