Terrorism as war by other means: national security and state support for terrorism

The conventional approach in the discipline of International Relations is to treat terrorist organizations as "non-state" actors of international relations. However, this approach is problematic due to the fact that most terrorist organizations are backed or exploited by some states. In this article, I take issue with the non-stateness of terrorist organizations and seek to answer the question of why so many states, at times, support terrorist organizations. I argue that in the face of rising threats to national security in an age of devastating wars, modern nation states tend to provide support to foreign terrorist organizations that work against their present and imminent enemies. I elaborate on my argument studying three cases of state support for terrorism: Iranian support for Hamas, Syrian support for the PKK, and American support for the MEK. The analyses suggest that, for many states, terror is nothing but war by other means.

India, Latin America, and the Caribbean during the Cold War

In this period, the key to the relationship between India and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) was based in the political nature of this liaison: it was a "uni-multilateral" relationship, centered in India, where LAC countries operated as a group of autonomous entities (an "island chain" structure), and not as a unit of a supranational character with unified international conduct (an island structure). As we will see, faced with uniform and consistent Indian policies, LAC had national policies which make it impossible to discuss a regional policy towards India. The goal of this work is to form a general characterization of the bilateral policies during the period of the Cold War with the intent of identifying the key explanatory factors of the process. While this may be a limited objective, it addresses the non-existence of an academic debate surrounding the topic. We intend to contribute an analysis which in this phase is primarily descriptive.

Comparison of different methods for the determination of total organic carbon and humic substances in Brazilian soils

ABSTRACTAiming to compare three different methods for the determination of organic carbon (OC) in the soil and fractions of humic substances, seventeen Brazilian soil samples of different classes and textures were evaluated. Amounts of OC in the soil samples and the humic fractions were measured by the dichromate-oxidation method, with and without external heating in a digestion block at 130 °C for 30 min; by the loss-on-ignition method at 450 °C during 5 h and at 600 °C during 6 h; and by the dry combustion method. Dry combustion was used as reference in order to measure the efficiency of the other methods. Soil OC measured by the dichromate-oxidation method with external heating had the highest efficiency and the best results comparing to the reference method. When external heating was not used, the mean recovery efficiency dropped to 71%. The amount of OC was overestimated by the loss-on-ignition methods. Regression equations obtained between total OC contents of the reference method and those of the other methods showed relatively good adjustment, but all intercepts were different from zero (p < 0.01), which suggests that more accuracy can be obtained using not one single correction factor, but considering also the intercept. The Walkley-Black method underestimated the OC contents of the humic fractions, which was associated with the partial oxidation of the humin fraction. Better results were obtained when external heating was used. For the organic matter fractions, the OC in the humic and fulvic acid fractions can be determined without external heating if the reference method is not available, but the humin fraction requires the external heating.

Qualidade total: uma nova era para os supermercados

O autor apresenta um estudo, baseado em sua tese de doutorado, sobre a busca de qualidade total nos supermercados. Analisa um cenário de crescente competitividade, no qual os consumidores estão cada vez mais exigentes, induzindo os dirigentes de supermercados a buscar mais qualidade, eficiência e produtividade em suas operações.

Possible consequences of increasing life expectancy in Brazil: the perspective of a European historical demographer

Those over sixty years of age accounted for 6.6% of the total population of Brazil in 1985, in the Federal Republic of Germany this proportion was 20.3% in 1984. As early as 1950 it had been 14.5%. This proportion will not even be reached in Brazil in the year 2000 when persons aged sixty years and older are only projected to make up 8.8% of the total population. Similarly, in 1982/84 life expectancy at birth in the Federal Republic was 70.8 years for men and 77.5 for women; in Brazil the figures for 1980/85 were, by contrast, "only" 61.0 and 66.0. Against this background it is easy to understand why the discussion concerning an ageing society with its many related medical, economic, individual and social problems has been so slow in coming into its own in Brazil. As important as a more intensive consideration of these aspects may be in Brazil at present, they are, nevertheless, only one side of the story. For a European historical demographer with a long-term perspective of three of four hundred years, the other side of the story is just as important. The life expectancy which is almost ten years lower in Brazil is not a result of the fact that no one in Brazil lives to old age. In 1981 people sixty-five years and older accounted for 34.4% of all deaths! At the same time infants accounted for only 22.1% of total mortality. They are responsible, along with the "premature" deaths among youths and adults, for the low, "average" life expectancy figure. In Europe, by contrast, these "premature" deaths no longer play much of a role. In 1982/84 more than half of the women (52.8%) in the Federal Republic of Germany lived to see their eightieth birthdays and almost half of the men (47.3%) lived to see their seventy-fifth. Our biological existence is guaranteed to an extent today that would have been unthinkable a few generations ago. Then, the classic troika of "plague, hunger and war" threatened our forefathers all the time and everywhere. The radical transition from the formerly uncertain to a present-day certain lifetime, which is the result of the repression of "plague, hunger and war", led to unexpected consequences for our living together. Our forefathers were forced to live in closely knit Gemeinschaften in the interest of physical survival and to subordinate their egoistic goals to a common value, but now these pressures have, for the most part, fallen away. Correspondingly, this much more certain EGO has taken center stage. An ever greater number of us chooses to live life as single beings: the number of marriages is lower every year; the number of divorces is on the increase; in Berlin (West) more than half (sic! 52.3%) of all households are already composed on only one person. For the last dozen years the annual number of births in the Federal Republic has been insufficient to ensure population replacement. Not a population explosion but rather the opposite, a population implosion, is our problem. Human beings do not appear to be "social animals", as was axiomatically assumed for so long. They were only forced to behave as such for as long as "plague, hunger and war" forced them to do so. When these life endangering conditions no longer exist and life becomes certain even without their being integrated into a Gemeinschaft then humans suddenly show themselves more and more to be independent single beings. It is not the percentage of the population that is over sixty or sixty-five that is decisive in this context but rather how certain adults perceive their biological lives to be, since they are the ones who organize their lives, who build communities or who are ever more often willing only to enter into means-to-an-end personal unions without lasting or close ties and mutual responsibilities. There are many signs which seem to point to a development in this direction in Brazil as well. More and more adults in Brazil are caught up in the deep-seated transition from an uncertain to a certain lifetime. A third of them die after having reached their sixty-fifth birthday. It therefore seems to me to be high time that one began to give more consideration to the other side of the story in Brazil as well. And who is more suited intensively to consider the long-term perspectives than those engaged in the public health sector in whose competence, after all, such aspects, as "life certainty", "life expectancy" and "age at death" belong?

Implementação da total Productive maintenance (TPM) numa empresa de produção

No âmbito do Ciclo de Estudos conducente ao grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica, Per-fil de Manutenção e Produção, foi desenvolvida esta Dissertação, que consiste no estudo do estado actual de implementação da “Total Productive Maintenance – TPM” na Área de Pren-sas da Volkswagen Autoeuropa, identificando os benefícios colhidos com a referida imple-mentação, e também algumas dificuldades. No final desta Dissertação, são enunciadas as considerações resultantes do presente estudo e são emitidas algumas sugestões, no sentido de que este trabalho se torne uma mais-valia para a Área de Prensas da Volkswagen Autoeuropa, contribuindo positivamente na busca da melhoria contínua, dos zero defeitos e das zero falhas e dos zero desperdícios e, finalmente propor um plano de melhoria, ou seja, uma adaptação do actual modelo funcional face ao modelo teórico.

Abordagem da obstrução das vias aéreas superiores por pletismografia corporal total

Determinação da resistência das vias aéreas (Raw). Factores que afectam a Raw. Raw e obstrução das vias aéreas superiores (OVAS).

Determinação do azoto total num adubo (nitrato de cálcio e amónio) por termogravimetria

A acentuada diminuição da área arável per capita nas últimas décadas exige uma maior produtividade para os terrenos agrícolas. O acréscimo na produtividade é em parte conseguido pelo uso de adubos orgânicos e/ou inorgânicos. O consumo e consequente produção de adubos acompanham a tendência ditada pela necessidade de maximizar a produção agrícola. Recentes normas europeias exigem um controlo de qualidade rigoroso para os adubos em geral e em particular para os que tem um elevado teor em azoto. Para o nitrato de cálcio e amónio (NCa), essencial para a cultura de cereais, os teores em azoto nítrico e amoniacal tem de ser rigorosamente controlados dado que o nitrato de amónio pode ser usado na produção de explosivos. Na indústria o controlo de qualidade do NCa é feito por técnicas de análise volumétrica morosas e dispendiosas. Com o objectivo de seleccionar uma técnica mais expedita para o controlo de qualidade do NCa, várias amostras (sólidos granulares) comercializadas em Portugal e algumas de origem nórdica foram caracterizadas por difracção de raios x, espectroscopia do infravermelho por reflectância e termogravimetria. Todas as amostras foram previamente peneiradas de forma a obter a sua distribuição granulométrica. A difracção de raios X confirmou que as amostras eram semi-cristalinas, o que era previsível em face do processo de produção. A baixa cristalinidade não permitiu o cálculo dos parâmetros da rede cristalina que indicariam, ou não, a formação do sal duplo. A espectroscopia do infravermelho permitiu a identificação das bandas correspondentes aos dois nitratos. Os resultados da termogravimetria permitiram identificar os processos de desidratação e de decomposição dos dois nitratos. Numa só análise foi possível quantificar a água de cristalização, o azoto nítrico, o azoto amoniacal e o teor em CaO das amostras. Os resultados obtidos por termogravimetria mostraram elevada coerência com os análogos obtidos pelas técnicas clássicas de análise volumétrica. O teor em água de cristalização, obtido por TG, concorda com a estequiometria prevista para o nitrato duplo de cálcio e amónia (10 moléculas de água de hidratação). As réplicas efectuadas mostraram excelente reprodutibilidade da análise termogravimétrica das amostras de NCa. Não obstante o investimento inicial necessário, a termogravimetria afigura-se uma solução expedita para o controlo de qualidade do NCa na indústria.