A comparison of the spectral properties of high temperature annealed long period gratings inscribed by fs laser, UV and fusion-arc

Long period gratings have been inscribed in standard single mode fibre using a fs laser system, a fusion arc and a UV laser and a comparative study carried out of their thermal behaviour. The fs laser induced gratings can survive temperatures in excess of 800°C, however the inscription process can induce considerable birefringence within the device. Annealing studies have been carried out showing that below 600°C, all three grating types show a blue shift in their room temperature resonance wavelengths following cyclic heating, while above 600°C, the UV and arc induced LPGs exhibit a red shift, with the fs LPG showing an even stronger blue shift. High temperature annealing is also shown to considerably reduce the birefringence induced by the fs inscription process.

Thermochemical conversion of Brewers Spent Grain combined with catalytic reforming of pyrolysis vapours

The brewing process is an energy intensive process that uses large quantities of heat and electricity. To produce this energy requires a high, mainly fossil fuel consumption and the cost of this is increasing each year due to rising fuel costs. One of the main by-products from the brewing process is Brewers Spent Grain (BSG), an organic residue with very high moisture content. It is widely available each year and is often given away as cattle feed or disposed of to landfill as waste. Currently these methods of disposal are also costly to the brewing process. The focus of this work was to investigate the energy potential of BSG via pyrolysis, gasification and catalytic steam reforming, in order to produce a tar-free useable fuel gas that can be combusted in a CHP plant to develop heat and electricity. The heat and electricity can either be used on site or exported. The first stage of this work was the drying and pre-treatment of BSG followed by characterisation to determine its basic composition and structure so it can be evaluated for its usefulness as a fuel. A thorough analysis of the characterisation results helps to better understand the thermal behaviour of BSG feedstock so it can be evaluated as a fuel when subjected to thermal conversion processes either by pyrolysis or gasification. The second stage was thermochemical conversion of the feedstock. Gasification of BSG was explored in a fixed bed downdraft gasifier unit. The study investigated whether BSG can be successfully converted by fixed bed downdraft gasification operation and whether it can produce a product gas that can potentially run an engine for heat and power. In addition the pyrolysis of BSG was explored using a novel “Pyroformer” intermediate pyrolysis reactor to investigate the behaviour of BSG under these processing conditions. The physicochemical properties and compositions of the pyrolysis fractions obtained (bio-oil, char and permanent gases) were investigated for their applicability in a combined heat power (CHP) application.

(Table 1) Radionuclides and ESR dating of sediment cores PS1535-10 and PS1535-8

ESR-spectra of foraminifera in arctic sediment cores display the [CO2]- -signal (g=2.0006). Research on the thermal behaviour of the [CO2]- -signal shows that both natural and artificial irradiation generates a precursor and a thermal unstable component of the [CO2]- -signal. The precursor can be transfered to the stable radical, and unstable radicals can be removed by heating. The signal-change by heating depends on the irradiation dose. Because of the varying response on thermal treatment, the dose-response curves show systematic differences depending on the applied procedure (single- or multi-aliquot method with or without heating). A model for the description of the [CO2]- -signal-change is presented. The combination of two exponential saturation functions seems to be an adequate analytical description of the dose-response curve of the [CO2]- -signal in foraminifera. Due to the limited thermal stability this signal can be used for dating foraminifera with ages up to about 190 ka.

Combined Conduction-Convection-Radiation Heat Transfer of Slip Flow inside a Micro-channel Filled with a Cellular Porous Material

Combined conduction–convection–radiation heat transfer is investigated numerically in a micro-channel filled with a saturated cellular porous medium, with the channel walls held at a constant heat flux. Invoking the velocity slip and temperature jump, the thermal behaviour of the porous–fluid system are studied by considering hydrodynamically fully developed flow and applying the Darcy–Brinkman flow model. One energy equation model based on the local thermal equilibrium condition is adopted to evaluate the temperature field within the porous medium. Combined conduction and radiation heat transfer is treated as an effective conduction process with a temperature-dependent effective thermal conductivity. Results are reported in terms of the average Nusselt number and dimensionless temperature distribution, as a function of velocity slip coefficient, temperature jump coefficient, porous medium shape parameter and radiation parameters. Results show that increasing the radiation parameter (Tr)(Tr) and the temperature jump coefficient flattens the dimensionless temperature profile. The Nusselt numbers are more sensitive to the variation in the temperature jump coefficient rather than to the velocity slip coefficient. Such that for high porous medium shape parameter, the Nusselt number is found to be independent of velocity slip. Furthermore, it is found that as the temperature jump coefficient increases, the Nusselt number decrease. In addition, for high temperature jump coefficients, the Nusselt number is found to be insensitive to the radiation parameters and porous medium shape parameter. It is also concluded that compared with the conventional macro-channels, wherein using a porous material enhances the rate of heat transfer (up to about 40 % compared to the clear channel), insertion of a porous material inside a micro-channel in slip regime does not effectively enhance the rate of heat transfer that is about 2 %.

Otimização do comportamento térmico de edifícios do tipo LSF

No panorama energético atual, medidas de desenvolvimento sustentável têm uma preponderância cada vez mais significativa e, sendo os edifícios responsáveis por 40% da energia consumida na EU, enquadra-se o desafio de integrar medidas de eficiência energética nos novos edifícios desde a fase de conceção. Sendo que este setor se encontra em contínua expansão, a redução dos consumos passará largamente pela otimização do comportamento térmico dos edifícios e dos sistemas energéticos que os equipam. No presente trabalho estudou-se o papel da inércia térmica na redução das necessidades de energia para climatização de edifícios com o objetivo de identificar estratégias destinadas ao melhoramento do comportamento térmico e desempenho energético de edifícios construídos com recurso à técnica construtiva LSF, caracterizados por uma fraca inércia térmica quando comparados com edifícios em tudo semelhantes mas construídos recorrendo a tecnologias convencionais sem esquecer as questões relacionadas com a respetiva viabilidade económica. Com resultado geral destaca-se desde logo a importância do local onde é mais benéfico adicionar massa térmica (paredes exteriores, cobertura, paredes interiores), assim como a necessidade de utilização de um material com elevada densidade energética e baixo custo. A análise comparativa dos diferentes modelos de edifício simulados com recurso ao software DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus, foi realizada recorrendo a uma metodologia em que cada modelo construtivo é avaliado considerando quatro níveis de isolamento térmico e duas condições de cargas térmicas internas. A análise energética e económica foi realizada tendo como referência um período de 20 anos. O custo das soluções construtivas foi maioritariamente obtido através da ferramenta computacional Gerador de Preços, da Cype, SA©, tendo-se considerado um consumo energético anual constante e igual às necessidades de climatização anuais, assim como taxas de atualização de capital e de inflação do custo da energia constantes. De uma forma geral conclui-se que edifícios do tipo LSF melhorados através da adição criteriosa de massa térmica em determinados elementos construtivos, apresentam necessidades de climatização anuais na maioria dos casos estudados, inferiores àquelas verificadas em edifícios convencionais com inércia térmica média/forte. Conclui-se, também, que o método construtivo LSF se apresenta mais eficaz em termos energéticos e económicos quando comparado com soluções semelhantes construídas com recurso a um método convencional. Na secção seguinte são identificadas as principais conclusões deste trabalho.

Numerical analysis of wooden slabs with perforations under fire conditions

Wood is considered an ideal solution for floors and roofs building construction, due the mechanical and thermal properties, associated with acoustic conditions. These constructions have good sound absorption, heat insulation and relevant architectonic characteristics. They are used in many civil applications: concert and conference halls, auditoriums, ceilings, walls… However, the high vulnerability of wooden elements submitted to fire conditions requires the evaluation of its structural behaviour with accuracy. The main objective of this work is to present a numerical model to assess the fire resistance of wooden cellular slabs with different perforations. Also the thermal behaviour of the wooden slabs will be compared considering different material insulation, with different sizes, inside the cavities. A transient thermal analysis with nonlinear material behaviour will be solved using ANSYS© program. This study allows to verify the fire resistance, the temperature evolution and the char-layer, throughout a wooden cellular slab with perforations and considering the insulation effect inside the cavities.

Implicação das Alterações Legislativas ao Regulamento de Desempenho Energético de Edifícios de Habitação nas Soluções Construtivas

A presente dissertação centra-se no estudo das implicações originadas, ao nível das soluções construtivas presentes na envolvente dos edifícios de habitação, pelas recentes alterações efetuadas ao Regulamento de Desempenho Energético de Edifícios de Habitação (REH). Com o intuito de aferir o desempenho energético, através da aplicação do REH, considerou-se como caso de estudo um edifício de habitação novo, unifamiliar com tipologia T3, localizado a cerca de 10 metros acima do nível médio das águas do mar e na periferia da zona urbana de Vila Nova de Gaia. Após o levantamento das necessidades energéticas do edifício em estudo, realizaram-se diversas simulações, com o intuito de identificar e quantificar as alterações provocadas pela entrada em vigor da Portaria 379-A/2015, de 22 de outubro. Inicialmente estudou-se o comportamento térmico da habitação unifamiliar admitindo diferentes soluções construtivas: as soluções que cumpriam com as exigências em vigor até ao final de 2015 e as que cumprem as imposições atuais. Desta forma tentou perceber-se quais as implicações dessas alterações nas necessidades energéticas da habitação. Em seguida, e utilizando o mesmo conceito da simulação inicial, fez-se um estudo considerando que a fração se situava nas diferentes zonas climáticas existentes em Portugal. Para que tal fosse possível, teve que se considerar a implantação da habitação em diferentes localizações geográficas e a diferentes altitudes. Também se procurou avaliar a importância que as pontes térmicas planas assumem nas transferências de calor, nas duas estações. Assim, foi necessário fazer um pré- dimensionamento da solução estrutural adotada, quantificar a área destes elementos e o respetivo coeficiente de transmissão. Quantificou-se, posteriormente, quais as necessidades energéticas obtidas com a solução estrutural perfeitamente definida e as que se obteriam se se desprezasse a sua existência. Com as análises comparativas dos diferentes resultados obtidos, verificou-se que as atualizações das exigências regulamentares a que os edifícios de habitação estão sujeitos originam grande impacto nos sistemas construtivos adotados.

Impacte da nova regulamentação na certificação energética de edifícios

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Civil, Especialização em Construção, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Development and validation of a computationally efficient pseudo 3D model for planar SOFC integrated with a heating furnace

Efficient numerical models facilitate the study and design of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), stacks, and systems. Whilst the accuracy and reliability of the computed results are usually sought by researchers, the corresponding modelling complexities could result in practical difficulties regarding the implementation flexibility and computational costs. The main objective of this article is to adapt a simple but viable numerical tool for evaluation of our experimental rig. Accordingly, a model for a multi-layer SOFC surrounded by a constant temperature furnace is presented, trained and validated against experimental data. The model consists of a four-layer structure including stand, two interconnects, and PEN (Positive electrode-Electrolyte-Negative electrode); each being approximated by a lumped parameter model. The heating process through the surrounding chamber is also considered. We used a set of V-I characteristics data for parameter adjustment followed by model verification against two independent sets of data. The model results show a good agreement with practical data, offering a significant improvement compared to reduced models in which the impact of external heat loss is neglected. Furthermore, thermal analysis for adiabatic and non-adiabatic process is carried out to capture the thermal behaviour of a single cell followed by a polarisation loss assessment. Finally, model-based design of experiment is demonstrated for a case study.

Modelling and predictive control techniques for building heating systems

Model predictive control (MPC) has often been referred to in literature as a potential method for more efficient control of building heating systems. Though a significant performance improvement can be achieved with an MPC strategy, the complexity introduced to the commissioning of the system is often prohibitive. Models are required which can capture the thermodynamic properties of the building with sufficient accuracy for meaningful predictions to be made. Furthermore, a large number of tuning weights may need to be determined to achieve a desired performance. For MPC to become a practicable alternative, these issues must be addressed. Acknowledging the impact of the external environment as well as the interaction of occupants on the thermal behaviour of the building, in this work, techniques have been developed for deriving building models from data in which large, unmeasured disturbances are present. A spatio-temporal filtering process was introduced to determine estimates of the disturbances from measured data, which were then incorporated with metaheuristic search techniques to derive high-order simulation models, capable of replicating the thermal dynamics of a building. While a high-order simulation model allowed for control strategies to be analysed and compared, low-order models were required for use within the MPC strategy itself. The disturbance estimation techniques were adapted for use with system-identification methods to derive such models. MPC formulations were then derived to enable a more straightforward commissioning process and implemented in a validated simulation platform. A prioritised-objective strategy was developed which allowed for the tuning parameters typically associated with an MPC cost function to be omitted from the formulation by separation of the conflicting requirements of comfort satisfaction and energy reduction within a lexicographic framework. The improved ability of the formulation to be set-up and reconfigured in faulted conditions was shown.

Synthesis and spectral studies of polyamide-phosphate esters from phosphine-oxide-containing diols with aryl phosphorodichloridates and their thermal and flammability behaviour

Polyamide-phosphate esters were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of aryl phosphorodichloridates with the diols of phenoxaphosphine and phosphine oxide in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst. The polymers were characterized by infra-red and 1H, 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy. The molecular weights were determined by end-group analysis using 31P n.m.r. spectral data. The phenoxaphosphine-containing polymers showed superior thermostability and flame retardancy over the phosphine-oxide-containing polymers.

Thermal crystallization behaviour of Ge-Te-Se glasses

Ge10Te90-xSex (50 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 70) and Ge20Te80-xSex (x = 30, 50) glasses have been prepared by melt-quenching The thermal crystallization behaviour of these samples has been studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), in order to characterise these glasses for memory-threshold switching applications. It is found that Ge10Te90-xSex glasses have higher thermal stability and are more stable against devitrification. These samples may be suitable for threshold switching devices. Ge20Te80-xSex glasses, on the other hand, phase separate on heating and exhibit a double stage crystallization. Based on this, it can be expected that Ge20Te80-xSex samples will show memory behaviour. The activation energy for thermal crystallization of a representative Ge10Te40-xSe50 glass belonging to the Ge10Te90-xSex series has been found by the Kissinger's method to be 0.92 eV. The value of the activation energy obtained also indicates that Ge10Te90-xSex samples are less prone to devitrification and more suitable for threshold behaviour.

Hardening and corrosion behaviour of copper added SUS 304H austenitic steels subjected to thermal cycling

This research was aimed at determining optimum Cu content for the alloy design of SUS 30411 austenitic steels having enhanced heat and corrosion resistance. Samples of the steel containing 1, 3, and 5 wt.% Cu were subjected to repeated heating and cooling to a temperature of 760 degrees C and to a maximum of 15 cycles. Hardness measurement and the corrosion behaviour in 1M NaCl solution were evaluated. The hardness increases with an increase in the number of heating cycles for the three compositions. The hardening response to the thermal cycles is however higher for the 1 wt.% Cu composition and decreases with an increase in the Cu wt.%. The SUS 30411 steel containing 3 wt.% Cu exhibited the least susceptibility to corrosion in the 1M NaCl solution irrespective of the number of heating cycles. The SUS 30411 steel containing 1 wt.% Cu was found to exhibit the highest susceptibility to corrosion for all heating cycles compared.

Thermal-mechanical interface crack behaviour of a surface mount solder joint

The effect of thermal-mechanical loading on a surface mount assembly with interface cracks between the solder and the resistor and between the solder and the printed circuit board (PCB) was studied using a non-linear thermal finite element analysis. The thermal effect was taken as cooling from the solder eutectic temperature to room temperature. Mechanical loading at the ends of the PCB was also applied. The results showed that cooling had the effect of causing large residual shear displacement at the region near the interface cracks. The mechanical loading caused additional crack opening displacements. The analysis on the values of J-integral for the interface cracks showed that J-integral was approximately path independent, and that the effect of crack at the solder/PCB interface is much more serious than that between the component and solder.