579 resultados para secteur informel


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Trabalho de projeto de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Formação de Adultos), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2013

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Para qualquer empresa o seu maior objetivo passa pela produção de lucro e, atualmente, esse aspeto está diretamente relacionado com a sua capacidade de manter uma gestão que incorpore a responsabilidade social, ambiental e económica, em prol de um desenvolvimento global mais sustentável. As grandes empresas já iniciaram e continuam este processo de mudança, desenvolvendo medidas e estratégias neste sentido. Porém, apesar de representarem o grosso do tecido empresarial, as Pequenas e Médias Empresas só agora começam a dar os primeiros passos em direção a uma gestão mais ponderada ambiental e energeticamente. Com este trabalho pretende-se reunir informação relativa às Pequenas e Médias Empresas portuguesas de forma a compreender quais as principais áreas de atuação, as medidas que poderão ser implementadas e, consolidar o ponto de situação deste sector acerca dos vários temas ao nível do meio ambiente e da energia. Para tal, foram realizados levantamentos energéticos e aplicado um questionário acerca dos comportamentos e práticas ambientais. Verificou-se que apesar da grande maioria das empresas analisadas já terem ponderado a importância e as vantagens da eficiência energética, ainda são poucas as organizações que têm implementados planos, estratégias ou instrumentos para melhoria do seu desempenho ambiental e energético.

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Résumé Avec 8% des accidents en Suisse, le genou est une articulation fréquemment blessée. Si la majorité des traumatismes surviennent lors de la pratique du sport, les conséquences sur la reprise de l'activite professionnelle sont relativement méconnues. Pourtant, en 2002, un quart des patients hospitalises dans le service de rééducation de l'appareil locomoteur de la CRR, présentait une lésion du genou responsable d'une limitation fonctionnelle significative. Les diagnostics principaux sont les entorses graves et les lésions dégénératives. Une majorité de patients est issue du secteur secondaire et exerce souvent une profession exigeante d'un point de vue physique. Le but de cet article est d'une part de présenter aux praticiens des repères utiles à la compréhension de cette problématique particulière; d'autre part d'initier une reflexion pratique sur la réadaptation professionnelle de ces patients, par la discussion d'un cas clinique. From approximately 8% of the accidents in Switzerland, the knee is a frequently wounded articulation. If the majority of the traumas occur whilst playing sport, the effects on the resumption of professional activity are relatively ignored. However, in 2002, a quarter of the patients hospitalized in the locomotor service of rehabilitation at the CRR, presented a lesion of the knee as factor most commonly responsible for their functional limitations. The principal diagnoses consisted of serious distorsions and degenerative lesions. A majority of patients come from industry which, from a physical point of view, is generally a demanding occupation. The goals of this article are to present information concerning the comprehension of these particular problems as well as to initiate practises for the vocational rehabilitation of these patients, by the discussion of a clinical case.

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La dialectique entre radiodiffusion et histoire des relations culturelles internationales est un domaine largement inexploré. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le rôle de la Société suisse de radiodiffusion (SSR), société privée qui exerce jusqu'en 1983 le monopole sur l'ensemble des stations de radio suisses, dans l'intensification des relations culturelles internationales de la Confédération. Pour examiner cette dimension des activités de la SSR, je me suis prioritairement penchée sur l'étude de la radio internationale helvétique, dénommée alors « Service suisse d'ondes courtes » (SOC). A l'instar de plusieurs organismes similaires à l'étranger, le SOC remplit dès ses débuts une double mission : resserrer les liens avec la diaspora et faire rayonner le pays hors des frontières nationales. Cette recherche met sur le devant de la scène un acteur médiatique aujourd'hui totalement oublié, le Service suisse d'ondes courtes. Par rapport à l'historiographie des radios internationales, elle mêle approche institutionnelle et, dans la mesure des sources disponibles, l'analyse de la programmation. Elle complète aussi l'histoire de la diplomatie culturelle suisse en rappelant la place du service public audiovisuel parmi les institutions chargées de promouvoir le pays à l'étranger. Pour finir, cette étude constitue également un apport à l'histoire des organisations internationales liées à la radiodiffusion (UIR, UIT). L'analyse du volet international des activités de la SSR a permis de dépasser la seule notion de « puissance » qui a été jusqu'à ces dernières années au coeur des ouvrages dévolus aux radios internationales. L'objectif poursuivi par la SSR ne réside pas tellement dans la diplomatie d'influence (l'exercice d'un « soft power »), qui tend à imposer ses valeurs et un mode de vie, mais plutôt dans la volonté de faire comprendre et reconnaître la culture politique de la Suisse dans le but de renforcer et pérenniser la place de celle-ci dans le concert des nations. Dans cette perspective, la culture devient un moyen utilisé pour transmettre à l'étranger une représentation valorisante du pays, une image de marque (une forme de « Nation Branding » avant l'heure) également utile au secteur touristique et à l'industrie d'exportation. Le Service suisse d'ondes courtes fait ainsi avant tout des relations publiques, un avant-goût de ce que les Américains appelleront dans les années 1960 la « public diplomacy »

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La coexistence des charges professionnelles, familiales, et d'aide à des ascendants expose la Génération Sandwich (GS) à des risques potentiels pour sa santé. Toutefois, les connaissances sur la GS sont insuffisantes pour permettre aux infirmières du secteur de la santé au travail de développer des interventions en promotion de la santé basées sur des preuves. Ce manque de clarté est préoccupant au vu de certaines tendances sociodémographiques. La présente étude vise à dresser le portrait des travailleurs de la GS en examinant les liens entre leurs caractéristiques, leurs charges co-existantes et leur santé perçue. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé un cadre de référence salutogénique. puis, nous l'avons utilisé pour conduire une recherche descriptive corrélationnelle transversale. un questionnaire électronique a permis de récolter les données de 826 employés d'une administration publique suisse. L'examen a montré que 23.5 % de l'échantillon appartenait à la GS. Cette appartenance ne dépendait pas du sexe. la charge de travail totale (70.5 h/sem) de la GS différait significativement de celle du reste de l'échantillon (62.8 h/sem). Nous n'avons pas trouvé de relation entre cette charge totale et la santé physique ou mentale des femmes. En revanche, il y avait une relation négative entre cette charge totale et la santé physique des hommes, et cette relation était proche du seuil de significativité pour la santé mentale de ces derniers. Grâce à une analyse soucieuse de faire évoluer favorablement les inégalités de genre (gender-transformative), cette étude fournit des pistes pour fonder des interventions préventives en faveur de la santé des membres de la GS.

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Multi-country models have not been very successful in replicating important features of the international transmission of business cycles. Standard models predict cross-country correlations of output and consumption which are respectively too low and too high. In this paper, we build a multi-country model of the business cycle with multiple sectors in order to analyze the role of sectoral shocks in the international transmission of the business cycle. We find that a model with multiple sectors generates a higher cross-country correlation of output than standard one-sector models, and a lower cross-country correlation of consumption. In addition, it predicts cross-country correlations of employment and investment that are closer to the data than the standard model. We also analyze the relative effects of multiple sectors, trade in intermediate goods, imperfect substitution between domestic and foreign goods, home preference, capital adjustment costs, and capital depreciation on the international transmission of the business cycle.

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This paper examines the empirical relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth using cross-country and panel data regressions for 69 developing countries for the 1960-1990 period. The main results are : (i) financial development is a significant determinant of economic growth, as it has been shown in cross-sectional regressions; (ii) financial markets cease to exert any effect on real activity when the temporal dimension is introduced in the regressions. The paradox may be explained, in the case of developing countries, by the lack of an entrepreneurial private sector capable to transform the available funds into profitable projects; (iii) the effect of financial development on economic growth is channeled mainly through an increase in investment efficiency.

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This article studies mobility patterns of German workers in light of a model of sector-specific human capital. Furthermore, I employ and describe little-used data on continuous on-the-job training occurring after apprenticeships. Results are presented describing the incidence and duration of continuous training. Continuous training is quite common, despite the high incidence of apprenticeships which precedes this part of a worker's career. Most previous studies have only distinguished between firm-specific and general human capital, usually concluding that training was general. Inconsistent with those conclusions, I show that German men are more likely to find a job within the same sector if they have received continuous training in that sector. These results are similar to those obtained for young U.S. workers, and suggest that sector-specific capital is an important feature of very different labor markets. In addition, they suggest that the observed effect of training on mobility is sensible to the state of the business cycle, indicating a more complex interaction between supply and demand that most theoretical models allow for.

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Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we re-examine the effect of formal on-the-job training on mobility patterns of young American workers. By employing parametric duration models, we evaluate the economic impact of training on productive time with an employer. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive and statistically significant impact of formal on-the-job training on tenure with the employer providing the training. However, the expected net duration of the time spent in the training program is generally not significantly increased. We proceed to document and analyze intra-sectoral and cross-sectoral mobility patterns in order to infer whether training provides firm-specific, industry-specific, or general human capital. The econometric analysis rejects a sequential model of job separation in favor of a competing risks specification. We find significant evidence for the industry-specificity of training. The probability of sectoral mobility upon job separation decreases with training received in the current industry, whether with the last employer or previous employers, and employment attachment increases with on-the-job training. These results are robust to a number of variations on the base model.

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This paper employs the one-sector Real Business Cycle model as a testing ground for four different procedures to estimate Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. The procedures are: 1 ) Maximum Likelihood, with and without measurement errors and incorporating Bayesian priors, 2) Generalized Method of Moments, 3) Simulated Method of Moments, and 4) Indirect Inference. Monte Carlo analysis indicates that all procedures deliver reasonably good estimates under the null hypothesis. However, there are substantial differences in statistical and computational efficiency in the small samples currently available to estimate DSGE models. GMM and SMM appear to be more robust to misspecification than the alternative procedures. The implications of the stochastic singularity of DSGE models for each estimation method are fully discussed.

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The purpose of this paper is to characterize the optimal time paths of production and water usage by an agricultural and an oil sector that have to share a limited water resource. We show that for any given water stock, if the oil stock is sufficiently large, it will become optimal to have a phase during which the agricultural sector is inactive. This may mean having an initial phase during which the two sectors are active, then a phase during which the water is reserved for the oil sector and the agricultural sector is inactive, followed by a phase during which both sectors are active again. The agricultural sector will always be active in the end as the oil stock is depleted and the demand for water from the oil sector decreases. In the case where agriculture is not constrained by the given natural inflow of water once there is no more oil, we show that oil extraction will always end with a phase during which oil production follows a pure Hotelling path, with the implicit price of oil net of extraction cost growing at the rate of interest. If the natural inflow of water does constitute a constraint for agriculture, then oil production never follows a pure Hotelling path, because its full marginal cost must always reflect not only the imputed rent on the finite oil stock, but also the positive opportunity cost of water.

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Un résumé en anglais est inséré. Cet article est disponible sur le site www.persee.fr. Pour un usage scientifique ou pédagogique, à des fins de recherches, d'enseignement ou de communication excluant toute exploitation commerciale, la reproduction et la communication au public du contenu de ce site sont autorisées, sous réserve que celles-ci servent d'illustration, ne soient pas substantielles et ne soient pas expressément limitées (plans ou photographies). La mention Le Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation sur chaque reproduction tirée du site est obligatoire ainsi que le nom de la revue et- lorsqu'ils sont indiqués - le nom de l'auteur et la référence du document reproduit.