Model-based objects recognition in man-made environments

We describe a model-based objects recognition system which is part of an image interpretation system intended to assist autonomous vehicles navigation. The system is intended to operate in man-made environments. Behavior-based navigation of autonomous vehicles involves the recognition of navigable areas and the potential obstacles. The recognition system integrates color, shape and texture information together with the location of the vanishing point. The recognition process starts from some prior scene knowledge, that is, a generic model of the expected scene and the potential objects. The recognition system constitutes an approach where different low-level vision techniques extract a multitude of image descriptors which are then analyzed using a rule-based reasoning system to interpret the image content. This system has been implemented using CEES, the C++ embedded expert system shell developed in the Systems Engineering and Automatic Control Laboratory (University of Girona) as a specific rule-based problem solving tool. It has been especially conceived for supporting cooperative expert systems, and uses the object oriented programming paradigm

Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities

Background: Recent research based on comparisons between bilinguals and monolinguals postulates that bilingualism enhances cognitive control functions, because the parallel activation of languages necessitates control of interference. In a novel approach we investigated two groups of bilinguals, distinguished by their susceptibility to cross-language interference, asking whether bilinguals with strong language control abilities ('non-switchers") have an advantage in executive functions (inhibition of irrelevant information, problem solving, planning efficiency, generative fluency and self-monitoring) compared to those bilinguals showing weaker language control abilities ('switchers"). Methods: 29 late bilinguals (21 women) were evaluated using various cognitive control neuropsychological tests [e.g., Tower of Hanoi, Ruff Figural Fluency Task, Divided Attention, Go/noGo] tapping executive functions as well as four subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The analysis involved t-tests (two independent samples). Non-switchers (n = 16) were distinguished from switchers (n = 13) by their performance observed in a bilingual picture-naming task. Results: The non-switcher group demonstrated a better performance on the Tower of Hanoi and Ruff Figural Fluency task, faster reaction time in a Go/noGo and Divided Attention task, and produced significantly fewer errors in the Tower of Hanoi, Go/noGo, and Divided Attention tasks when compared to the switchers. Non-switchers performed significantly better on two verbal subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Information and Similarity), but not on the Performance subtests (Picture Completion, Block Design). Conclusions: The present results suggest that bilinguals with stronger language control have indeed a cognitive advantage in the administered tests involving executive functions, in particular inhibition, self-monitoring, problem solving, and generative fluency, and in two of the intelligence tests. What remains unclear is the direction of the relationship between executive functions and language control abilities.

Tiedonvaihdolla kilpailuetua: Tiedonvaihdon toteuttaminen ostopalvelurajapinnassa

Tutkimus rakentaa konstruktiivisella tutkimusotteella monenkeskisen tie-donvaihdon mallin, missä sovelletaan Toyotan tuotantojärjestelmässään käyttämiä toimittajaohjauksen ja tiedonvaihdon prosesseja, sekä tiedosta ja tiedonvaihdosta käytyä tieteellistä keskustelua ja tutkimuksia. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen osuus selvittää tiedon luonteen vaikutusta tiedon jakamisen ja tiedonvaihdon toteutukseen ja toteaa, että tiedonvaihdon menetelmiin tulee sisältyä muodollisia kanavia eksplisiittisen tiedon ja vastaavasti epämuodollisia kanavia hiljaisen tiedon jakamiseen joko käsitteellistettynä tai hiljaisessa muodossaan. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osa koostuu viiden palveluntuottajaverkostossa toimivan tulos- tai kehitysvastuullisen henkilön haastatteluista. Teemahaastattelut selvittävät konstruktiivisen tutkimusotteen vaatimusten mukaisesti olisiko haastateltava valmis ottamaan konstruktion esittämän mallin käyttöön omalla vastuualueellaan. Tutkimuksen tuloksena Case-yrityksen palveluntuottajaverkostossa voi-daan saada hyötyä toteuttamalla operatiiviseen ongelmanratkaisuun mo-nenkeskisen tiedonvaihdon käytäntöjä. Nykyinen verkoston ohjausmalli ja kilpailutilanne eivät toistaiseksi anna tilaa muille monenkeskisen tiedonvaihdon toimintamalleille.

Communicative and Anticipatory Decision-Making Supported by Bayesian Networks

The purpose of this research is to draw up a clear construction of an anticipatory communicative decision-making process and a successful implementation of a Bayesian application that can be used as an anticipatory communicative decision-making support system. This study is a decision-oriented and constructive research project, and it includes examples of simulated situations. As a basis for further methodological discussion about different approaches to management research, in this research, a decision-oriented approach is used, which is based on mathematics and logic, and it is intended to develop problem solving methods. The approach is theoretical and characteristic of normative management science research. Also, the approach of this study is constructive. An essential part of the constructive approach is to tie the problem to its solution with theoretical knowledge. Firstly, the basic definitions and behaviours of an anticipatory management and managerial communication are provided. These descriptions include discussions of the research environment and formed management processes. These issues define and explain the background to further research. Secondly, it is processed to managerial communication and anticipatory decision-making based on preparation, problem solution, and solution search, which are also related to risk management analysis. After that, a solution to the decision-making support application is formed, using four different Bayesian methods, as follows: the Bayesian network, the influence diagram, the qualitative probabilistic network, and the time critical dynamic network. The purpose of the discussion is not to discuss different theories but to explain the theories which are being implemented. Finally, an application of Bayesian networks to the research problem is presented. The usefulness of the prepared model in examining a problem and the represented results of research is shown. The theoretical contribution includes definitions and a model of anticipatory decision-making. The main theoretical contribution of this study has been to develop a process for anticipatory decision-making that includes management with communication, problem-solving, and the improvement of knowledge. The practical contribution includes a Bayesian Decision Support Model, which is based on Bayesian influenced diagrams. The main contributions of this research are two developed processes, one for anticipatory decision-making, and the other to produce a model of a Bayesian network for anticipatory decision-making. In summary, this research contributes to decision-making support by being one of the few publicly available academic descriptions of the anticipatory decision support system, by representing a Bayesian model that is grounded on firm theoretical discussion, by publishing algorithms suitable for decision-making support, and by defining the idea of anticipatory decision-making for a parallel version. Finally, according to the results of research, an analysis of anticipatory management for planned decision-making is presented, which is based on observation of environment, analysis of weak signals, and alternatives to creative problem solving and communication.

Search and Paper SKU Analysis of Recipes Meeting EUPS Standard

The theoretical research of the study concentrated on finding theoretical frameworks to optimize the amount of needed stock keeping units (SKUs) in manufacturing industry. The goal was to find ways for a company to acquire an optimal collection of stock keeping units needed for manufacturing needed amount of end products. The research follows constructive research approach leaning towards practical problem solving. In the empirical part of this study, a recipe search tool was developed to an existing database used in the target company. The purpose of the tools was to find all the recipes meeting the EUPS performance standard and put the recipes in a ranking order using the data available in the database. The ranking of the recipes was formed from the combination of the performance measures and price of the recipes. In addition, the tool researched what kind of paper SKUs were needed to manufacture the best performing recipes. The tool developed during this process meets the requirements. It eases and makes it much faster to search for all the recipes meeting the EUPS standard. Furthermore, many future development possibilities for the tool were discovered while writing the thesis.

Conceptions of mathematics teacher education : thoughts among teacher educators in Tanzania

This study addresses the question of teacher educators’ conceptions of mathematics teacher education (MTE) in teacher colleges in Tanzania, and their thoughts on how to further develop it. The tension between exponents of content as opposed to pedagogy has continued to cause challenging conceptual differences, which also influences what teacher educators conceive as desirable in the development of this domain. This tension is connected to the dissatisfaction of parents and teachers with the failure of school mathematics. From this point of view, the overall aim was to identify and describe teacher educators’ various conceptions of MTE. Inspired by the debate among teacher educators about what the balance should be between subject matter and pedagogical knowledge, it was important to look at the theoretical faces of MTE. The theoretical background involved the review of what is visible in MTE, what is yet to be known and the challenges within the practice. This task revealed meanings, perspectives in MTE, professional development and assessment. To do this, two questions were asked, to which no clear solutions satisfactorily existed. The questions to guide the investigation were, firstly, what are teacher educators’ conceptions of MTE, and secondly, what are teacher educators’ thoughts on the development of MTE? The two questions led to the choice of phenomenography as the methodological approach. Against the guiding questions, 27 mathematics teacher educators were interviewed in relation to the first question, while 32 responded to an open-ended questionnaire regarding question two. The interview statements as well as the questionnaire responses were coded and analysed (classified). The process of classification generated patterns of qualitatively different ways of seeing MTE. The results indicate that MTE is conceived as a process of learning through investigation, fostering inspiration, an approach to learning with an emphasis on problem solving, and a focus on pedagogical knowledge and skills in the process of teaching and learning. In addition, the teaching and learning of mathematics is seen as subject didactics with a focus on subject matter and as an organized integration of subject matter, pedagogical knowledge and some school practice; and also as academic content knowledge in which assessment is inherent. The respondents also saw the need to build learner-educator relationships. Finally, they emphasized taking advantage of teacher educators’ neighbourhood learning groups, networking and collaboration as sustainable knowledge and skills sharing strategies in professional development. Regarding desirable development, teacher educators’ thoughts emphasised enhancing pedagogical knowledge and subject matter, and to be determined by them as opposed to conventional top-down seminars and workshops. This study has revealed various conceptions and thoughts about MTE based on teacher educators´ diverse history of professional development in mathematics. It has been reasonably substantiated that some teacher educators teach school mathematics in the name of MTE, hardly distinguishing between the role and purpose of the two in developing a mathematics teacher. What teacher educators conceive as MTE and what they do regarding the education of teachers of mathematics revealed variations in terms of seeing the phenomenon of interest. Within limits, desirable thoughts shed light on solutions to phobias, and in the same way low self-esteem and stigmatization call for the building of teacher educator-student teacher relationships.

Kuka luottaa ja mihin strategisessa kumppanuudessa? Case pankki ja kiinteistönvälitys

Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan luottamuksen roolia kahden yrityksen välisessä yhteistyössä sekä sitä miten luottamus yhteistyössä rakentuu. Tavoitteena on selvittää mihin luottamus yhteistyössä kohdistuu ja mikä on henkilöityvän ja ei-henkilöityvän luottamuksen rooli. Tutkimuksen käytännöllinen tavoite on löytää keinoja, joilla yritysten johto voisi edesauttaa luottamuksen rakentumista. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä näyttääkö luottamuksella olevan vaikutusta yhteistyön toimivuuteen ja tuloksellisuuteen. Tämä laadullisen tutkimuksen teoreettinen osuus toteutettiin kirjallisuus-katsauksena. Empiirinen aineisto koostui haastatteluista, jotka toteutettiin molemmissa kohdeyrityksissä ja analysoitiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan todeta, että luottamus on toimivan ja tu-loksellisen yhteistyön perusedellytys. Luottamus ilmenee sekä henkilöiden välisenä luottamuksena että ei-henkilöityvänä luottamuksena, jolloin se kohdistuu yritykseen, jonka kanssa yhteistyötä tehdään. Luottamus kohdistuu sekä toisen osapuolen kyvykkyyteen että hyväntahtoisuuteen. Tulosten perusteella ei pysty sanomaan onko henkilöityvällä luottamuksella tai ei-henkilöityvällä luottamuksella suurempi vaikutus yhteistyön toimivuuteen ja tuloksellisuuteen. Henkilöityvä luottamus ja ei-henkilöityvä luottamus eivät kuitenkaan kompensoi toisiaan. Tulosten perusteella näyttää siltä, että yhteistyö on tuloksellisinta kun osapuolet luottavat paitsi henkilöihin, joiden kanssa he yhteistyötä tekevät, myös kumppaniyrityksen brändiin, strategiaan sekä kaupalliseen kilpailukykyyn. Luottamusta rakentaa haastateltujen mukaan henkilösuhteiden lisäksi avoin ja selkeä tiedottaminen, ammattitaito, vuorovaikutus ja säännöllinen yhteydenpito, hyvät kokemukset ja saatu palaute, positiivinen asenne ja sitoutuminen, ongelmanratkaisukyky ja lupausten pitäminen. Yritysten johto voi rakentaa luottamusta mahdollistamalla ja vahvistamalla edellä mainittuja tekijöitä ja prosesseja.

Toimituskyvyn kehittäminen prosessin materiaalipuutteita hallitsemalla

Toimituskyky on yrityksen suorituskykyä kuvaava tekijä, jolla on merkittävä vaikutus asiakastyytyväisyyteen, erityisesti valmistusteollisuudessa. Toimituskyky muodostuu materiaalin saatavuudesta ja logistisen järjestelmän toimitusvarmuudesta, joten hyvä toimituskyky edellyttää materiaalipuutteiden hallintaa. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on esittää, miten toimituskykyä voidaan kehittää tilaus-toimitusprosessin materiaalipuutteita hallitsemalla. Tutkimus toteutettiin konstruktiivisella tutkimusotteella case-tutkimuksena havainnoimalla toimintaa case-yrityksessä sekä analysoimalla case-yrityksen kirjallista materiaalia ja arkistoja. Yrityksessä havaittuja materiaalipuutteisiin liittyviä ongelmia tarkasteltiin tilaus-toimitusprosessin näkökulmasta prosessijohtamisen ja systemaattisen ongelmanratkaisun teorioiden avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena laadittiin kolme käytännönläheistä ratkaisuehdotusta havaittuihin ongelmiin; (1) materiaalipuutteiden syy-seuraussuhteita kuvaavat ongelma-syy-seurausketjut, (2) materiaalipuutteiden ongelmanratkaisumalli systemaattisen ongelmanratkaisun tueksi sekä (3) visuaalinen tilaus-toimitusprosessimalli, joka painottaa osaprosessien yhteyttä koko prosessin toimituskykyyn ja toimitusvarmuuteen. Tulosten mukaan materiaalipuutteet tulisi käsittää prosessin laatuvirheinä, jotka antavat arvokasta tietoa siitä, että prosessissa on laatuongelmia. Tulosten perusteella yrityksen toimituskykyä voidaan kehittää havainnoimalla tilaus-toimitusprosessin laatuvirheitä, selvittämällä laatuvirheiden syy-seuraussuhteet systemaattisesti ongelmanratkaisumallia hyödyntäen sekä toimimalla prosessiajattelun mukaisesti tilaus-toimitusprosessin toimituskyvyn jatkuvaa parantamista tavoitellen. Tutkimusongelman tarkastelutapaa ja työn tuloksia voidaan soveltaa samankaltaisiin tapauksiin, joissa tilaus-toimitusprosessin laatuvirheet, esimerkiksi materiaalipuutteet, paljastavat kehittämistä vaativia epäkohtia prosessin toimintatavoissa. Tilaus-toimitusprosessin toimituskykyä voidaan kehittää vain, jos panostetaan ajan hallintaan ja kykyyn toimia asiakaslupausten ja sopimusten mukaisesti.

Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople's selling competencies – An exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms

ABSTRACT Towards a contextual understanding of B2B salespeople’s selling competencies − an exploratory study among purchasing decision-makers of internationally-oriented technology firms The characteristics of modern selling can be classified as follows: customer retention and loyalty targets, database and knowledge management, customer relationship management, marketing activities, problem solving and system selling, and satisfying needs and creating value. For salespeople to be successful in this environment, they need a wide range of competencies. Salespeople’s selling skills are well documented in seller side literature through quantitative methods, but the knowledge, skills and competencies from the buyer’s perspective are under-researched. The existing research on selling competencies should be broadened and updated through a qualitative research perspective due to the dynamic nature and the contextual dependence of selling competencies. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of the professional salesperson’s selling competencies from the industrial purchasing decision- makers’ viewpoint within the relationship selling context. In this study, competencies are defined as sales-related knowledge and skills. The scope of the study includes goods, materials and services managed by a company’s purchasing function and used by an organization on a daily basis. The abductive approach and ‘systematic combining’ have been applied as a research strategy. In this research, data were generated through semi- structured, person-to-person interviews and open-ended questions. The study was conducted among purchasing decision-makers in the technology industry in Finland. The branches consisted of the electronics and electro-technical industries and the mechanical engineering and metals industries. A total of 30 companies and one purchasing decision-maker from each company were purposively chosen for the sampling. The sample covers different company sizes based on their revenues, their differing structures – varying from public to family companies –that represent domestic and international ownerships. Before analyzing the data, they were organized by the purchasing orientations of the buyers: the buying, procurement or supply management orientation. Thematic analysis was chosen as the analysis method. After analyzing the data, the results were contrasted with the theory. There was a continuous interaction between the empirical data and the theory. Based on the findings, a total of 19 major knowledge and skills were identified from the buyers’ perspective. The specific knowledge and skills from the viewpoint of customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations were divided into two categories, generic and contextual. The generic knowledge and skills apply to all purchasing orientations, and the contextual knowledge and skills depend on customers’ prevalent purchasing orientations. Generic knowledge and skills relate to price setting, negotiation, communication and interaction skills, while contextual ones relate to knowledge brokering, ability to present solutions and relationship skills. Buying-oriented buyers value salespeople who are ‘action oriented experts, however at a bit of an arm’s length’, procurement buyers value salespeople who are ‘experts deeply dedicated to the customer and fostering the relationship’ and supply management buyers value salespeople who are ‘corporate-oriented experts’. In addition, the buyer’s perceptions on knowledge and selling skills differ from the seller’s ones. The buyer side emphasizes managing the subject matter, consisting of the expertise, understanding the customers’ business and needs, creating a customized solution and creating value, reliability and an ability to build long-term relationships, while the seller side emphasizes communica- tion, interaction and salesmanship skills. The study integrates the selling skills of the current three-component model− technical knowledge, salesmanship skills, interpersonal skills− and relationship skills and purchasing orientations, into a selling competency model. The findings deepen and update the content of these knowledges and skills in the B2B setting and create new insights into them from the buyer’s perspective, and thus the study increases contextual understanding of selling competencies. It generates new knowledge of the salesperson’s competencies for the relationship selling and personal selling and sales management literature. It also adds knowledge of the buying orientations to the buying behavior literature. The findings challenge sales management to perceive salespeople’s selling skills both from a contingency and competence perspective. The study has several managerial implications: it increases understanding of what the critical selling knowledge and skills from the buyer’s point of view are, understanding of how salespeople effectively implement the relationship marketing concept, sales management’s knowledge of how to manage the sales process more effectively and efficiently, and the knowledge of how sales management should develop a salesperson’s selling competencies when managing and developing the sales force. Keywords: selling competencies, knowledge, selling skills, relationship skills, purchasing orientations, B2B selling, abductive approach, technology firms

Teaching Principled negotiation skills to parents and their children : the impact of parental involvement /

This study explored the impact of training parents and children concurrently in principled negotiation skills for the purpose of developing negotiation skills and problem solving abilities in children. A second experimental group was utilized to determine the viability of negotiation skills training of junior elementary students for the purpose of improving problem solving and conflict resolving abilities. The student population in each experimental group was trained using The Program for Young Negotiators (Curhan, 1996). A control group was also established using the remaining grade four and five students attending the participating school. These students did not receive training as part of this study. Student group distribution was as follows: Experimental group 1 (students with parent participant) consisted of 10 (5 grade five and 5 grade 4 students), Experimental group 2 students without parent participant) consisted of 48 (20 grade 4 and 28 grade 5 students), and the Control group 3 (55 grade 4 and 5 students). The impact of training was measured using the Five Factor Negotiation Scale developed for use with the Program for Young Negotiators (Curhan, 1996). This measure was employed as a pre- and post-test questionnaire to the total student population, (113 students) to determine levels of ability in each of the key elements of negotiation, personal initiative, collaboration, communication, conflict based perspective taking, and conflict resolution approach (Nakkula & Nikitopoulos, unpublished). This measure has a coefficient alpha of .75 which is acceptable for this type of affective instrument. As well, open ended ability questions designed to measure ability, knowledge, and behaviour as they relate to negotiation skill application were given to the total student population, (113 students). Finally, journals were maintained by the students in both experimental groups, and informal feedback discussions were held with students and parents participating in the study.The intent of using both qualitative and quantitative measures was to provide an overall perspective of student abilities as they related to principled negotiation skills. While the quantitative measures were from the student perspective, more qualitative information was sought from parents and teachers through informal interviews, discussions, and use of confidential feedback cards. For analysis purposes, the ability questions were randomly selected for Experimental group 2 and Control group 3 in an effort to balance the groups more equitably with Experimental group 1. The findings of this study indicate that students of the junior elementary school age can be taught how to perceive conflict in a more constructive way. However, they are not as likely to use their skills when the conflict is with a sibling as they are with a peer, a teacher, or a parent. While no statistically significant differences between mean scores for Experimental groups 1 and 2 exist some subtle differences are noted. Overall, increases in mean scores for grade 4 students exceeded the increases for grade 5 students within Experimental group 1 . The implication being that younger students benefit more from having a parent trained in principled negoUation skills than older students. The skill level of a parent in principled negotiation can not be underesUmated. Without a consistent and effective role model the likelihood of developing student skill level to a point of automaticity is greatly reduced. Enough so that perhaps the emphasis should be placed on training parents more so than the students.

The impact of integrated programming on student attitude and achievement in grade 9 academic mathematics and science

This research studioo the effect of integrated instruction in mathematics and~ science on student achievement in and attitude towards both mathematics and science. A group of grade 9 academic students received instruction in both science and mathematics in an integrated program specifically developed for the purposes of the research. This group was compared to a control group that had received science and mathematics instruction in a traditional, nonintegrated program. The findings showed that in all measures of attitude, there was no significant difference between the students who participated in the integrated science and mathematics program and those who participated in a traditional science and mathematics program. The findings also revealed that integration did improve achievement on some of the measures used. The performance on mathematics open-ended problem-solving tasks improved after participation in the integrated program, suggesting that the integrated students were better able to apply their understanding of mathematics in a real-life context. The performance on the final science exam was also improved for the integrated group. Improvement was not noted on the other measures, which included EQAO scores and laboratory practical tasks. These results raise the issue of the suitability of the instruments used to gauge both achievement and attitude. The accuracy and suitability of traditional measures of achievement are considered. It is argued that they should not necessarily be used as the measure of the value of integrated instruction in a science and mathematics classroom.

Predictors of shy children's coping with a social conflict : mediators and moderators

Shy children are at risk for later maladjustment due to ineffective coping with social conflicts through reliance on avoidance, rather than approach-focused, coping. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether the relation between shyness and children's coping was mediated by attributions and moderated by personality selftheories and gender. Participants included a classroom-based sample of 175 children (93 boys), aged 9-13 years (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.92). Children completed self-report measures assessing shyness, attributions, personality self-theories and coping strategies. Results showed that negative attribution biases partially mediated the negative relations between shyness and social support seeking, as well as problem-solving, and the positive association between shyness and externalizing. Moreover, self-theories moderated the relation between shyness and internalizing coping at the trend level, such that the positive relation was exacerbated among entity-oriented children to a greater degree than incrementally-oriented children. In terms of gender differences, shyness was related to lower use of social support and problem-solving among incrementally-oriented boys and entity-oriented girls. Thus, shy children's perceptions of social conflicts as the outcome of an enduring trait (e.g., social incompetence) may partially explain why they do not act assertively and aggress as a means of social coping. Furthermore, entity-oriented beliefs may exacerbate shy children's reliance on internalizing actions, such as crying. Although an incrementally-oriented stance may enhance shy girls' reliance on approach strategies, it does not appear to serve the same protective role for shy boys. Therefore, copingoriented interventions may need to focus on restructuring shy children's social cognitions and implementing gender-specific programming for their personality biases.

L’expérience vécue à domicile par les conjointes de partenaires atteints de la démence de type Alzheimer au moment des soins d’hygiène

Suite à une recension des écrits sur les soins d’hygiène des personnes atteintes de démence de type Alzheimer (DTA), force est de constater la rareté, voire l’absence de recherches sur la question des soins d’hygiène (SH) dispensés à domicile par les conjointes. Pourtant, la conjointe à domicile est confrontée aux mêmes difficultés que les intervenants des établissements de santé et doit ainsi faire face aux comportements, parfois difficiles de la personne atteinte. Dans la pratique, les infirmières questionnent peu les difficultés rencontrées par les aidantes au moment des soins d’hygiène, ce qui permet difficilement de prendre conscience de leurs sentiments d’isolement et de détresse et de les réduire, le cas échéant. Pour pallier cette lacune, la présente recherche vise à comprendre l’expérience que vivent des conjointes d’hommes atteints de DTA lorsqu’elles leur dispensent des SH à domicile. Un second objectif vise à identifier les dimensions qui sont associées à cette expérience. Une approche de recherche qualitative est utilisée. Les participantes ont été recrutées par l’entremise des Sociétés Alzheimer de Laval et des Laurentides. La stratégie de collecte des données a impliqué la réalisation de deux entrevues individuelles, face à face, de même que l’administration d’un court questionnaire portant sur les aspects sociodémographiques. La démarche retenue pour l’analyse de l’ensemble de données est inspirée de l’approche proposée par Miles et Huberman (2003). Les résultats permettent d’abord de mettre en évidence des profils de conjointes qui, tout en étant variables, présentent certaines similarités. Eu égard aux SH, toutes ont à consacrer des efforts soutenus, quotidiens et intenses. Elles doivent faire montre de patience et compter sur des capacités personnelles les amenant à ressentir des sentiments positifs malgré les situations difficiles. Les résultats montrent par ailleurs que la dispensation des SH provoque aussi des sentiments négatifs associés au fardeau que ces soins impliquent. Les conjointes mettent toutefois en œuvre une variété de stratégies d’adaptation au stress telles la résolution de problème, la recherche de soutien social et le recadrage. Cinq ensembles de dimensions personnelles et contextuelles sont associés à l’expérience des aidantes : 1) En ce qui a trait aux caractéristiques personnelles des conjointes, l’avancement en âge et l’état de santé physique ou psychologique influencent négativement l’expérience lors des SH. Par contre, les ressources personnelles intrinsèques (acceptation de la réalité, capacité de trouver un sens à l’évènement, habileté à improviser et sens de l’humour) sont utilisées de manière naturelle ou acquise; 2) Les caractéristiques personnelles du conjoint (année du diagnostic, pertes d’autonomie et troubles de comportement) affectent négativement l’expérience vécue; 3) La relation conjugale présente un intérêt important puisqu’il apparaît qu’une relation conjugale pré-diagnostic positive semble favoriser des sentiments positifs chez la conjointe en ce qui a trait aux SH; 4) Les dimensions familiales ont un impact favorable, étant donné le soutien psychologique reçu de la famille; 5) Les dimensions macro-environnementales, incluant l’aide reçue du réseau informel plus large de même que du réseau formel, ainsi que les divers aménagements matériels de l’environnement physique du couple, ressortent enfin comme ayant un impact positif. Au terme de l’analyse des résultats, l’auteure est en mesure de proposer une synthèse de l’expérience des conjointes. La discussion aborde quatre enjeux qui se dégagent des résultats observés : impacts des difficultés rencontrées lors des SH dans la décision d’hébergement, réticence des aidantes à faire appel aux ressources du réseau formel pour obtenir de l’aide eu égard aux SH, importance des ressources personnelles des aidantes et potentiel de l’approche relationnelle humaine (human caring) pour faire face aux défis que pose la dispensation des SH.

Étude des relations entre la résilience d'enseignantes et d’enseignants du primaire œuvrant en milieux défavorisés et la réflexion sur la pratique

Le contexte actuel de la profession enseignante au Québec est caractérisé par l’évolution manifeste qu’a connue l’enseignement depuis les dernières décennies, évolution marquée par une complexification de la tâche, accentuée par divers phénomènes sociaux. En dépit de l’épuisement professionnel et de l’attrition de certains, plusieurs enseignantes et enseignants relèvent le défi de l’enseignement en milieux difficiles et réussissent à se développer professionnellement. Ce phénomène s’apparente au concept de résilience. Parmi les facteurs personnels de protection qui favorisent la résilience, les habiletés et compétences professionnelles ont déjà été mises en évidence chez le personnel scolaire résilient. De son côté, la littérature sur le développement des compétences professionnelles valorise l’importance de la réflexion sur la pratique comme vecteur privilégié de ce processus. Dans cette perspective, la question de recherche posée est à savoir si des relations peuvent être établies entre la résilience et la réflexion sur la pratique en enseignement. Ainsi, suivant la conceptualisation de G.E. Richardson (2002), nous avons tenté d’explorer les relations entre la résilience et la réflexion du personnel enseignant, telle que conceptualisée par Korthagen (1985, 2004), à l’aide de stratégies mixtes de collecte et d’analyse des données. Nous avons d’abord opérationnalisé les deux concepts par des indices provenant de plusieurs instruments: questionnaire sur la qualité de vie au travail, journal d’autoévaluation du stress, entretien semi-dirigé. Vingt-et-une enseignantes et deux enseignants de sept écoles primaires parmi les plus défavorisées de Montréal ont participé à l’étude. Près de 7000 unités de sens ont été codées dans les entretiens. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives ont permis de décrire l’adversité (stress) vécue par les participants, leur qualité de vie au travail et leurs compétences professionnelles (adaptation positive), de même que leurs facteurs de risque et de protection, individuels et environnementaux. Cette démarche a permis de dégager quatre profils généraux de résilience parmi les 23 participants: très résilient (2), résilient (9), peu résilient (8) et non résilient (2). Parallèlement, le processus et les contenus de la réflexion des participants ont été analysés à partir des modèles théoriques choisis. On remarque que la plupart des participants se centrent davantage sur la description des situations problématiques, plutôt que sur la recherche de solutions, et sur les contenus environnementaux, plutôt que personnels. L’analyse verticale de quatre cas représentatifs des profils de résilience a permis des comparaisons approfondies au plan de la réflexion. Ce sont les enseignantes situées aux extrêmes du continuum de résilience (la plus résiliente et la moins résiliente de l’échantillon) qui ont montré les distinctions les plus nettes. Notamment, il semblerait qu’une faible résilience soit liée à une centration accrue sur les problèmes plutôt que sur les solutions, ainsi que sur les contenus réflexifs environnementaux plutôt que personnels, et inversement. Enfin, malgré certaines limites méthodologiques et conceptuelles, cette étude révèle l’existence de liens empiriques entre la réflexion et la résilience d’enseignantes et d’enseignants œuvrant en milieux défavorisés. Elle ouvre également la voie à des pistes pour développer la résilience du personnel scolaire et propose des idées de recherches prospectives.

Méthodes exactes et heuristiques pour le problème de tournées de véhicules avec fenêtres de temps et réutilisation de véhicules

Cette thèse porte sur les problèmes de tournées de véhicules avec fenêtres de temps où un gain est associé à chaque client et où l'objectif est de maximiser la somme des gains recueillis moins les coûts de transport. De plus, un même véhicule peut effectuer plusieurs tournées durant l'horizon de planification. Ce problème a été relativement peu étudié en dépit de son importance en pratique. Par exemple, dans le domaine de la livraison de denrées périssables, plusieurs tournées de courte durée doivent être combinées afin de former des journées complètes de travail. Nous croyons que ce type de problème aura une importance de plus en plus grande dans le futur avec l'avènement du commerce électronique, comme les épiceries électroniques, où les clients peuvent commander des produits par internet pour la livraison à domicile. Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse, nous présentons d'abord une revue de la littérature consacrée aux problèmes de tournées de véhicules avec gains ainsi qu'aux problèmes permettant une réutilisation des véhicules. Nous présentons les méthodologies générales adoptées pour les résoudre, soit les méthodes exactes, les méthodes heuristiques et les méta-heuristiques. Nous discutons enfin des problèmes de tournées dynamiques où certaines données sur le problème ne sont pas connues à l'avance. Dans le second chapitre, nous décrivons un algorithme exact pour résoudre un problème de tournées avec fenêtres de temps et réutilisation de véhicules où l'objectif premier est de maximiser le nombre de clients desservis. Pour ce faire, le problème est modélisé comme un problème de tournées avec gains. L'algorithme exact est basé sur une méthode de génération de colonnes couplée avec un algorithme de plus court chemin élémentaire avec contraintes de ressources. Pour résoudre des instances de taille réaliste dans des temps de calcul raisonnables, une approche de résolution de nature heuristique est requise. Le troisième chapitre propose donc une méthode de recherche adaptative à grand voisinage qui exploite les différents niveaux hiérarchiques du problème (soit les journées complètes de travail des véhicules, les routes qui composent ces journées et les clients qui composent les routes). Dans le quatrième chapitre, qui traite du cas dynamique, une stratégie d'acceptation et de refus des nouvelles requêtes de service est proposée, basée sur une anticipation des requêtes à venir. L'approche repose sur la génération de scénarios pour différentes réalisations possibles des requêtes futures. Le coût d'opportunité de servir une nouvelle requête est basé sur une évaluation des scénarios avec et sans cette nouvelle requête. Enfin, le dernier chapitre résume les contributions de cette thèse et propose quelques avenues de recherche future.