978 resultados para ne bis in idem


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Die Geschlechtergeschichte blickt mittlerweile auf eine mehr als fünf Jahrzehnte überspannende Entwicklung zurück. Wenn Geschlechtergeschichte inzwischen auch bis in die Schulbücher und in die Einführungen zum Geschichtsstudium Eingang gefunden hat, nimmt sie im Fach dennoch weiterhin eine ambivalente Position ein: Sie war einerseits an wichtigen theoretischen Entwicklungen maßgeblich beteiligt (Alltagsgeschichte, historische Anthropologie, linguistic turn, cultural turn, postcolonial turn), andererseits haftet ihr bis heute der Ruch der politisch gefärbten und daher tendenziösen und „unsoliden“ Wissenschaft an. Im Panel soll es darum gehen, wichtige Stationen der Entwicklung der Geschlechtergeschichte (von der Frauen- zur Geschlechtergeschichte, von der feministischen zur akademischen Forschung, von der Etablierung zur Kritik der Kategorie Geschlecht, vom Um-Schreiben der Geschichte zur Historiographie der Geschlechtergeschichte usw.) nachzuvollziehen sowie die wichtigsten Erträge der geschlechtergeschichtlichen Forschung zu beleuchten und Felder zu benennen, in denen die geschlechtergeschichtliche Forschung die Geschichtswissenschaft insgesamt beeinflusst und verändert hat. Dies soll in zwei Etappen realisiert werden: Im ersten Panel sollen wichtige Leistungen der Geschlechtergeschichte innerhalb der Geschichtswissenschaft beleuchtet und deren Rezeption innerhalb der pluralisierten geschichtswissenschaftlichen Ansätze diskutiert werden. In einem zweiten Schritt sollen wichtige Entwicklungen innerhalb der Geschlechtergeschichte themen- bzw. problemspezifisch präsentiert und diskutiert werden. Dies soll in Form einer round table-Diskussion erfolgen. Dabei richtet sich der Blick v.a. auf den bundesdeutschen Raum, ohne aber internationale Entwicklungen dabei außer Acht zu lassen.

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Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Nach nunmehr einhundert Tagen, die seit der Konstituierung der Preußischen Nationalversammlung verstrichen sind, sollten sich die gewählten Volksvertreter endlich auf ihre eigentliche Aufgabe besinnen, dem Land eine freisinnige Verfassung zu geben. Vorwurf an das Ministerium Auerswald-Hansemann, es sei an der Ausarbeitung einer Verfassung überhaupt nicht interessiert und an die Nationalversammlung, sie wisse weder, was sie wolle, noch was sie solle: "Die Herren [der Nationalversammlung] sind alle der Meinung: sie sollen die Welt reformiren, und wissen noch gar nicht, daß sie nur zur Vereinbarung einer Verfassung ... berufen sind." Warnung, die Geduld des Volkes überzustrapazieren: " ... denn leicht möchten die Vertretenen eine kernigere Sprache führen als die Vertreter. Das Volk läßt sich nicht äffen, denn es ist souverän von nun an bis in Ewigkeit."

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INTRODUCTION Inhaled drugs can only be effective if they reach the middle and small airways. This study introduces a system that combines a trans-nasal application of aerosols with noninvasive pressure support ventilation. METHODS In a pilot study, 7 COPD patients with GOLD stages II and III inhaled a radiolabeled marker dissolved in water via a trans-nasal route. The mean aerosol particle size was 5.5 µm. Each patient took part in two inhalation sessions that included two application methods and were at least 70 hours apart. During the first session ("passive method"), the patient inhaled the aerosol through an open tube system. The second session ("active method") included pressure support ventilation during the inhalation process. A gamma camera and planar scintigraphy was used to determine the distribution of aerosol particles in the patient's body and lung. RESULTS The pressure supported inhalation ("active method") results in an increased aerosol lung deposition compared to the passive method. Above all, we could demonstrate deposition in the lung periphery with relatively large aerosol particles (5.5 µm). DISCUSSION The results prove that the combination of trans-nasal inhalation with noninvasive pressure support ventilation leads to significantly increased particle deposition in the lung.

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Die Arbeit untersucht erstmals die Mitwirkung britischer Literaten an Besatzung, Entnazifizierung und Umerziehung im Deutschland der unmittelbaren Nachkriegszeit und die bis in die Gegenwart andauernde engagierte literarische Auseinandersetzung mit den in der Erfahrung mit Nazi- und Nachkriegsdeutschland bewusst gewordenen Problemstellungen. Anhand einer Fülle von z.T. unveröffentlichtem Archivmaterial zeigt sie, auf welch vielfältige Weise britische Literaten zur geistigen Neuorientierung der Deutschen beitrugen - mit Vorträgen und Theateraufführungen, der Erstellung von Anthologien, der Sekretierung von Bibliotheksbeständen u.v.m.; sie erforscht die Bewertung von Besatzung, Entnazifizierung und Umerziehung durch diese Literaten sowie die Neuperspektivierung und -akzentuierung dieser Prozesse im historischen Erzählen bis zur Gegenwart. Sie eröffnet damit, vor dem Hintergrund der Sinn und Orientierung stiftenden Funktion des Geschichtsbewusstseins, neue Perspektiven auf die gesellschaftliche Rolle von Literaten und die Funktion von Literatur, die neuerdings wieder verstärkt in das Interesse der literatur- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschung gerückt sind. Zu den behandelten Autoren zählen u.a. Stephen Spender, Christopher Isherwood, W. H. Auden und T. S. Eliot sowie Ian McEwan, Julia Pascal, David Edgar und Ian Rankin.

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We analyzed cosmogenic nuclides in metal and/or silicate (primarily olivine) separated from the main-group pallasites Admire, Ahumada, Albin, Brahin, Brenham, Esquel, Finmarken, Glorieta Mountain, Huckitta, Imilac, Krasnojarsk, Marjalahti, Molong, Seymchan, South Bend, Springwater, and Thiel Mountains and from Eagle Station. The metal separates contained an olivine fraction which although small, <1 wt% in most cases, nonetheless contributes significantly to the budgets of some nuclides (e.g., up to 35% for Ne-21 and Al-26). A correction for olivine is therefore essential and was made using model calculations and/or empirical relations for the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in iron meteoroids and/or measured elemental concentrations. Cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) ages for the metal phases of the main-group pallasites range from 7 to 180 Ma, but many of the ages cluster around a central peak near 100 Ma. These CRE ages suggest that the parent body of the main-group pallasites underwent a major break-up that produced most of the meteorites analyzed. The CRE age distribution for the pallasites overlaps only a small fraction of the distribution for the IIIAB iron meteorites. Most pallasites and IIIAB irons originated in different collisions, probably on different parent bodies; a few IIIABs and pallasites may have come out of the same collision but a firm conclusion requires further study. CRE ages calculated from noble gas and radionuclide data of the metal fraction are higher on average than the Ne-21 exposure ages obtained for the olivine samples. As the metal and olivine fractions were taken in most cases from different specimens, the depth-dependency of the production rate ratio Be-10/Ne-21 in metal, not accounted for in our calculations, may explain the difference.

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Many tumors arise from sites of inflammation providing evidence that innate immunity is a critical component in the development and progression of cancer. Neutrophils are primary mediators of the innate immune response. Upon activation, an important function of neutrophils is release of an assortment of proteins from their granules including the serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE). The effect of NE on cancer has been attributed primarily to its ability to degrade the extracellular matrix thereby promoting invasion and metastasis. Recently, it was shown that NE could be taken up by lung cancer cells leading to degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 thereby promoting hyperactivity of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway and tumor cell proliferation. To our knowledge, nobody has investigated uptake of NE by other tumor types. In addition, NE has broad substrate specificity suggesting that uptake of NE by tumor cells could impact processes regulating tumorigenensis other than activation of the PI3K pathway. Neutrophil elastase has been identified in breast cancer specimens where high levels of NE have prognostic significance. These studies have assessed NE levels in whole tumor lysates. Because the major source of NE is from activated neutrophils, we hypothesized that breast cancer cells do not have endogenous NE but may take up NE released by tumor associated neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment and that this could provide a link between the innate immune response to tumors and specific adaptive immune responses. In this thesis, we show that breast cancer cells lack endogenous NE expression and that they are able to take up NE resulting in increased generation of low molecular weight cyclin E (CCNE) and enhanced susceptibility to lysis by CCNE-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We also show that after taking up NE and proteinase 3 (PR3), a second primary granule protease with significant homology to NE, breast cancer cells cross-present the NE- and PR3-derived peptide PR1 rendering them susceptible to PR1-targeted therapies. Taken together, our data support a role for NE uptake in modulating adaptive immune responses against breast cancer.

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The first experiment of the ECOMARGE programme (ECOsystèmes de MARGE continentale) was initiated in 1983-1984, in the Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). The objectives of the ECOMARGE-I experiment were: to quantify the transfer of particulate matter, in general, and of organic carbon, in particular, from its introduction to and formation in the waters of the continental shelf-to its consumption or sedimentation on the shelf or its transfer to the slope and deep sea; and to understand the processes involved in that transfer, consumption and sedimentation together with their variability in space and time. The results of that experiment, from 1983 to 1988, are presented in this Special Issue. The highlights of the results are summarised in this paper. These results indicate that, of the particles formed in the waters of the continental shelf and those introduced by rivers, some are deposited as sediments on the shelf. A portion is transported offshore, however, to the slope and deep sea. The Rho^ne River, in the northeastern part of the study area, is the major source of continental material; this is transported to sea in a benthic nepheloid layer and, mostly, alongshore to the southwest. Here, it largely leaves the shelf through the canyons, especially the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon. In the offshore waters, particle concentrations and distributions show surficial, intermediate and benthic nepheloid layers. These turbid structures increase towards the southwest, corresponding to the seaward shift of the front between the coastal waters and the Liguro-Provençal cyclonic gyre, a major forcing function in the Gulf of Lions. Considering the source and fate of particles (largely biogenic from the euphotic zone and abiogenic from deeper waters) a layered system is described, which is emphasized by the concentrations of natural and artificial elements and compounds. Of the flux of particles to the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon, on a decadal scale, about 30% (as a minimum) is estimated to be stored as sediment; the remainder is transported down-canyon, towards the deep sea. The temporal variability of processes affecting this net seaward transport, of both biogenic and abiogenic material, is from hours, days to seasonal, and probably interannual, time scales. The response of the system to these variations is rapid, with pulses of increased discharge of particles from the adjacent shelf being detected in sediment traps in the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon in less than 16 days (the temporal resolution of the traps). Based upon the study of tracers of particulate matter and environmental factors (i.e. river discharge and climatic conditions), it appears that the contribution from the Rho^ne River and its adjacent area is maximal during the winter; at this time, the flow of the Liguro-Provençal Current also increases. In contrast, the maximum relative contribution of the adjacent southwesterly area to the flux in the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon occurs in summer, during storm events.