Contrasting effects of ocean acidification on reproduction in reef fishes

Differences in the sensitivity of marine species to ocean acidification will influence the structure of marine communities in the future. Reproduction is critical for individual and population success, yet is energetically expensive and could be adversely affected by rising CO2 levels in the ocean. We investigated the effects of projected future CO2 levels on reproductive output of two species of coral reef damselfish, Amphiprion percula and Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Adult breeding pairs were maintained at current-day control (446 µatm), moderate (652 µatm) or high CO2 (912 µatm) for a 9-month period that included the summer breeding season. The elevated CO2 treatments were consistent with CO2 levels projected by 2100 under moderate (RCP6) and high (RCP8) emission scenarios. Reproductive output increased in A. percula, with 45-75 % more egg clutches produced and a 47-56 % increase in the number of eggs per clutch in the two elevated CO2 treatments. In contrast, reproductive output decreased at high CO2 in Ac. polyacanthus, with approximately one-third as many clutches produced compared with controls. Egg survival was not affected by CO2 for A. percula, but was greater in elevated CO2 for Ac. polyacanthus. Hatching success was also greater for Ac. polyacanthus at elevated CO2, but there was no effect of CO2 treatments on offspring size. Despite the variation in reproductive output, body condition of adults did not differ between control and CO2 treatments in either species. Our results demonstrate different effects of high CO2 on fish reproduction, even among species within the same family. A greater understanding of the variation in effects of ocean acidification on reproductive performance is required to predict the consequences for future populations of marine organisms.

Biomineralization changes with food supply confer juvenile scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) resistance to ocean acidification

Future ocean acidification (OA) will affect physiological traits of marine species, with calcifying species being particularly vulnerable. As OA entails high energy demands, particularly during the rapid juvenile growth phase, food supply may play a key role in the response of marine organisms to OA. We experimentally evaluated the role of food supply in modulating physiological responses and biomineralization processes in juveniles of the Chilean scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, that were exposed to control (pH 8.0) and low pH (pH 7.6) conditions using three food supply treatments (high, intermediate, and low). We found that pH and food levels had additive effects on the physiological response of the juvenile scallops. Metabolic rates, shell growth, net calcification, and ingestion rates increased significantly at low pH conditions, independent of food. These physiological responses increased significantly in organisms exposed to intermediate and high levels of food supply. Hence, food supply seems to play a major role modulating organismal response by providing the energetic means to bolster the physiological response of OA stress. On the contrary, the relative expression of chitin synthase, a functional molecule for biomineralization, increased significantly in scallops exposed to low food supply and low pH, which resulted in a thicker periostracum enriched with chitin polysaccharides. Under reduced food and low pH conditions, the adaptive organismal response was to trade-off growth for the expression of biomineralization molecules and altering of the organic composition of shell periostracum, suggesting that the future performance of these calcifiers will depend on the trajectories of both OA and food supply. Thus, incorporating a suite of traits and multiple stressors in future studies of the adaptive organismal response may provide key insights on OA impacts on marine calcifiers.

Functional consequences of prey acclimation to ocean acidification for the prey and its predator

Ocean acidification is the suite of chemical changes to the carbonate system of seawater as a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Despite a growing body of evidences demonstrating the negative effects of ocean acidification on marine species, the consequences at the ecosystem level are still unclear. One factor limiting our ability to upscale from species to ecosystem is the poor mechanistic understanding of the functional consequences of the observed effects on organisms. This is particularly true in the context of species interactions. The aim of this work was to investigate the functional consequence of the exposure of a prey (the mussel Brachidontes pharaonis) to ocean acidification for both the prey and its predator (the crab Eriphia verrucosa). Mussels exposed to pH 7.5 for >4 weeks showed significant decreases in condition index and in mechanical properties (65% decrease in maximum breaking load) as compared with mussels acclimated to pH 8.0. This translated into negative consequences for the mussel in presence of the predator crab. The crab feeding efficiency increased through a significant 27% decrease in prey handling time when offered mussels acclimated to the lowest pH. The predator was also negatively impacted by the acclimation of the prey, probably as a consequence of a decreased food quality. When fed with prey acclimated under decreased pH for 3 months, crab assimilation efficiency significantly decreased by 30% and its growth rate was 5 times slower as compared with crab fed with mussels acclimated under high pH. Our results highlight the important to consider physiological endpoints in the context of species interactions.

Definición de un Modelo Edafogeomorfológico para la Identificación de Necesidades de Manejo y Recuperación de Suelos a Nivel Local. Caso Cuenca Cañada La Gorda, Machiques Colón, Estado Zulia, Venezuela.

El objetivo de este trabajo es generar un modelo Edafogeomorfológico útil en la identificación de necesidades de manejo de suelos, se realizó un estudio en el área de la cuenca Cañada La Gorda Machiques-Colón, estado Zulia, Venezuela, caracterizada por un clima tropical de condición subhúmeda, con duración del periodo de crecimiento (DPC) de 230 días, régimen de humedad Ustic y de temperatura Isohipertémico. Se empleó el enfoque de la ecuación factorial de formación de suelos para el análisis y descripción biofísica de los factores a lo largo de una carena. El relieve caracterizado a partir de fotografías aéreas, imágenes de satélites y de chequeos sistemático mediante transectos en el sentido del flujo del escurrimiento; la vegetación a través del uso de la tierra, la cobertura vegetal, la identificación de las especies dominantes a partir de sus nombres vernáculos y la definición de indicadores de vegetales (Iv). Los suelos fueron descritos y clasificados según la Taxonomía de suelos y valorados mediante el modelo paramétricode Riquier et al. (1970) para determinar el índice de productividad (Ip). Se caracterizaron dos paisajes gemorfológicos: Colinar (C) y Valle (V), seis posiciones geomorfológicas entre ambos paisajes definidas por la sucesión de relieves en el sentido de la pendiente: Tope de colina-loma (TC), mesa conservada (MC), vertientes de mesa alta (VA), media (VM), baja (VB) y valle intracolinar (VI); e igual número de perfiles de suelos representativos, los cuales mostraron edafogénesis muy avanzada con Ip inferiores a 8% en todas las posiciones, exceptuando la VB, con una productividad de 13%. El uso de la tierra es a base de pastoreo semi-intensivo de plantas forrajeras introducidas. Las formaciones vegetales predominante fueron los matorrales y arbustales dispersos, acompañados con restos de una selva tropófila fuertemente afectada por la extracción forestal y la conversión en áreas de pastoreo. Se identificaron 8 Iv, asociados fuertemente con condiciones de físicas e hidrológicas del suelo. El alto impacto de las actividades humanas sobre el suelo y vegetación, expresado a través de los procesos de erosión activa, la ausencia de áreas boscosas y la baja productividad de los sistemas de ganadería reportada para la zona, señalan la necesidad de reorientación del uso actual de la tierra, para lo cual se plantean alternativas como la incorporación de bosques protectores y sistemas agrosilvopastoriles In order to generate an Edaphogeomorphological model to be used for the identification of management requirements of soils, a study was carried out in the area of the Cañada La Gorda watershed, Machiques Colon, Zulia State with a tropical climate, subsumid conditions with a growing period of 230 days, an Ustic soil moisture and Isohypertermic regimes. The soils factorial equation approach was used for the analisis and description of the factors of soil formation throughout a soil catena. Relief was characterized through aerial photographs, satellite images and systematic checks of transects drawn in the sense of surface runoff and also taking into account geomorphological features. Vegetation cover and land use were described and vegetation components were indified by its local names to defined vegetations indicators (VI) for the local conditions. Soils were described and classified according to soil taxonomy and valued by means of a parametric model proposed by Riquier et al, (1970) for determining the productivity index (PI). Two geomorphological landscapes were defined: Hilly and Valley with six positions within the landscapes: hilltop (round or elongated), preserved tableland summit, slopes of high, medium and low tableland and valleys between hills. Representative soils of each position were studied showing a highly advanced degree of edaphogenesis with PI values below 8% in all positions except the valleys with a PI of 13%. Land use type is based on semi intensive pasturing of introduced forage species, with a vegetation of brushwood and scattered shrubs, with some trees relicts of woods affected by timber extraction and turn to grassland Eight VI were identified, highly associated to local physical and hidrological soil conditions. The enormous impact of human activity on soils and vegetation as shown by active erosion processes and absence of wooded areas and the low productivity of livestock systems reported for the area, indicates the necessity of a reorientation of the present land use introducing alternatives like the incorporation of protective woods and agrosilvopastoral management systems.

Gasification and pyrolysis of Posidonia oceanica in the presence of dolomite

In the present work, a very detailed study of the reforming of syngas produced in the decomposition of Posidonia oceanica is done. The effect of the presence of different amounts of dolomite is analyzed. Also pyrolysis is studied, in nitrogen atmosphere, and gasification in the presence of air, oxygen and different amounts of steam. A detailed discussion on formation and destruction of tars is done. Furthermore, the effect of the heating rate in the decomposition and the residence time of the evolved gases are discussed. Syngas with ratio H2/CO from 0.3 to ca. 3 can be obtained from this interesting material. Marine species (microalgae) are usually studied with the aim of cultivating them for gas or oil production, but in this paper we draw attention to the possibility of using a natural resource with a very small impact in the ecosystem.

Gasification and Pyrolysis of Posidonia oceanica in the Presence of Dolomite

Resumen del póster presentado en Symposium on Renewable Energy and Products from Biomass and Waste, CIUDEN (Cubillos de Sil, León, Spain), 12-13 May 2015

The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe, from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale

The history of Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) cultivation since medieval times has been well described on the basis of the very rich documentation available. Far fewer attempts have been made to give a historical synthesis of the events that led to the cultivation of sweet chestnut in much earlier times. In this article we attempt to reconstruct this part of the European history of chestnut cultivation and its early diffusion by use of different sources of information, such as pollen studies, archaeology, history and literature. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we have tried to identify the roles of the Greek and Roman civilizations in the dissemination of chestnut cultivation on a European scale. In particular, we show that use of the chestnut for food was not the primary driving force behind the introduction of the tree into Europe by the Romans. Apart from the Insubrian Region in the north of the Italian peninsula, no other centre of chestnut cultivation existed in Europe during the Roman period. The Romans may have introduced the idea of systematically cultivating and using chestnut. In certain cases they introduced the species itself; however no evidence of systematic planting of chestnut exists. The greatest interest in the management of chestnut for fruit production most probably developed after the Roman period and can be associated with the socio-economic structures of medieval times. It was then that self-sufficient cultures based on the cultivation of chestnut as a source of subsistence were formed.

Lessons Learned From Loko I‘a Culture: How Hawaiian Ecological Knowledge Influences Environmental Policies

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Quantitative trends in airborne loads of Celtis sinensis pollen and associations with meteorological variables in a subtropical Australian environment

Celtis sinensis is an introduced plant species to the southeastern region of Queensland that has had a destructive affect on indigenous plant Communities and its pollen has been identified as an allergen Source. Pollen belonging to C. sinensis was sampled during a 5-year (June 1994-May 1999) atmospheric pollen-monitoring programme in Brisbane, Australia, using a Burkard 7-day spore trap. The seasonal incidence of airborne C. sinensis pollen (CsP) in Brisbane occurred over a brief period each year during spring (August-September), while peak concentrations were restricted to the beginning of September. individual CsP seasons were heterogeneous with daily counts within the range 1-10 grains m(-3) on no more than 60 sampling days; however, smaller airborne concentrations of CsP were recorded out of each season. Correlation co-efficients were significant each year for temperature (p0.05) and relative humidity (p>0.05). A significant relationship (r(2)=0.81, p=0.036) was established between the total CsP count and pre-seasonal average maximum temperature; however, periods of precipitation (>2mm) were demonstrated to significantly lower the daily concentrations of CsP from the atmosphere. Given the environmental and clinical significance of CsP and its prevalence in the atmosphere of Brisbane, a Clinical population-based Study is required to further understand the pollen's importance as a seasonal sensitizing source in this region.

Thirty-year recovery trend in the once depleted Hawaiian green sea turtle stock

The green sea turtle is one of the long-lived species that comprise the charismatic marine megafauna. The green turtle has a long history of human exploitation with some stocks extinct. Here we report on a 30-year study of the nesting abundance of the green turtle stock endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago. We show that there has been a substantial long-term increase in abundance of this once seriously depleted stock following cessation of harvesting since the 1970s. This population increase has occurred in a far shorter period of time than previously thought possible. There was also a distinct 3-4 year periodicity in annual nesting abundance that might be a function of regional environmental stochasticity that synchronises breeding behaviour throughout the Archipelago. This is one of the few reliable long-term population abundance time series for a large long-lived marine species, which are needed for gaining insights into the recovery process of long-lived marine species and long-term ecological processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluating trends in abundance of immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the Greater Caribbean

Many long-lived marine species exhibit life history traits. that make them more vulnerable to overexploitation. Accurate population trend analysis is essential for development and assessment of management plans for these species. However, because many of these species disperse over large geographic areas, have life stages inaccessible to human surveyors, and/or undergo complex developmental migrations, data on trends in abundance are often available for only one stage of the population, usually breeding adults. The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is one of these long-lived species for which population trends are based almost exclusively on either numbers of females that emerge to nest or numbers of nests deposited each year on geographically restricted beaches. In this study, we generated estimates of annual abundance for juvenile green turtles at two foraging grounds in the Bahamas based on long-term capture-mark-recapture (CMR) studies at Union Creek (24 years) and Conception Creek (13 years), using a two-stage approach. First, we estimated recapture probabilities from CMR data using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber models in the software program MARK; second, we estimated annual abundance of green turtles. at both study sites using the recapture probabilities in a Horvitz-Thompson type estimation procedure. Green turtle abundance did not change significantly in Conception Creek, but, in Union Creek, green turtle abundance had successive phases of significant increase, significant decrease, and stability. These changes in abundance resulted from changes in immigration, not survival or emigration. The trends in abundance on the foraging grounds did not conform to the significantly increasing trend for the major nesting population at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. This disparity highlights the challenges of assessing population-wide trends of green turtles and other long-lived species. The best approach for monitoring population trends may be a combination of (1) extensive surveys to provide data for large-scale trends in relative population abundance, and (2) intensive surveys, using CMR techniques, to estimate absolute abundance and evaluate the demographic processes' driving the trends.

Trophic shifts in three subtropical Australian halfbeaks (Teleostei : Hemiramphidae)

To elucidate the trophic status of hemiramphids, the diets of three species from subtropical south-east Queensland were investigated. All undergo a marked ontogenetic trophic shift from an animal to plant diet, which occurred between 50 and 70mm standard length (L-s) for Arrhamphus sclerolepis krefftii ( freshwater) and between 80 and 110mm L-s for both Hyporhamphus regularis ardelio and H. quoyi ( both marine). After the ontogenetic shift, the diet of A. sclerolepis krefftii is dominated by filamentous algae, whereas the diet of the two marine species is dominated by Zostera capricorni. The two marine species feed mainly during the day, with gut fullness dropping markedly after dusk. Neither showed evidence of a diel trophic shift between herbivory and carnivory that has been reported for other hemiramphids. The lack of diel trophic switching in these subtropical hemiramphids may suggest that latitudinal effects on daylength and/or water temperature may influence the extent to which hemiramphids switch periodically to animal prey from an otherwise essentially herbivorous diet in order to balance their nutrient requirements.