Internet e HIV/AIDS: o poder da informação e da desinformação.

Desde o final do século XX, o tema saúde é um das mais procurados na internet para diversos fins. As pessoas que convivem com HIV/AIDS não estão afastadas dessa tendência, formando inclusive um dos grupos de usuários que mais acessam a internet. Um grupo com um passado e presente de produção de movimento social que muito contribuiu para a reconhecida política HIV/AIDS brasileira. O objetivo desta tese é identificar e analisar os padrões de busca e interação com o conteúdo em saúde na internet no cotidiano das pessoas com HIV/AIDS, em particular nos potenciais desdobramentos em processos de medicalização, tomada de decisão sobre condutas em saúde e relação com movimento social. A metodologia se baseou em análise de conteúdo de entrevistas e realização de etnografia virtual de uma página fechada no Facebook. As discussões sobre o material pesquisado foram divididas em categorias analíticas, cuja análise gerou os seguintes resultados: a sociabilidade produzida na internet contribui para diminuir o sofrimento em relação ao preconceito, tanto em relação ao HIV/AIDS, quanto à homossexualidade; há uma carência de espaços de acolhimento virtual em detrimento a uma maior oferta de espaços para discussão sobre políticas públicas; a medicalização na rede produz a chance de se obter condutas não recomendadas, no entanto, pessoas vinculadas a grupos virtuais possuem mais estímulos a não abandonar a medicação; a confiabilidade nos conteúdos da internet em geral possui um padrão de acesso a sites recomendados pelos órgãos oficiais do setor saúde; é comum pesquisar antes ou depois da consulta médica, no entanto a negociação se dá em cyberespaços de acolhimento; muitos ativistas do HIV/AIDS foram estimulados a participar do ativismo político através da internet. Há necessidade de se ampliar espaços virtuais de acolhimento através de políticas públicas incentivadoras; a formação médica precisa contemplar questões relacionadas à internet e saúde sobre sociabilidade, adesão, e terapêutica digital, prescrição de sites, blogs e redes sociais, devendo-se ponderar com questões de medicalização e prevenção quaternária.

O comércio intra-industrial brasileiro de 1990 a 2013: mensuração, decomposição e os determinantes

Em uma relação de bilateral,o comérciointra-industrial (CII)acontece quando os dois países exportam e importam produtos pertencentes a uma mesma indústria. Conforme apontam diversas pesquisas relacionadas a esse assunto, o intercâmbio intra-indústriade produtos tem aumentado sua participação nas transações bilaterais. Não obstante, os resultados mensurados para o comércio entre o Brasil e o resto do mundo revelam a predominância do engajamento inter-industrial em detrimento do intra-industrial. Observando dados de comércio que abrangem todos os produtos catalogados com seis dígitos no Sistema Harmonizado, esta dissertação investiga o comércio intra-industrial brasileiro entre o período de 1990 a 2013 sob suas duas formas: o intercâmbio de bens diferenciados horizontalmente e verticalmente. Ademais, a pesquisa de mensuração do CII vertical se dedica a definição dos lados superior e inferior, a fim de verificar se o Brasil é exportador ou importador líquido de bens verticalmente diferenciados de qualidade relativamente superior. Dentre a amostra de 57 países, as relações bilaterais em que o índice de Grubel e Lloyd (GL) se mostrou mais expressivo foram Argentina, Estados Unidos, México, Alemanha, Suécia, Uruguai, França, Itália, Reino Unido e Colômbia. Com relação aos setores que mais contribuíram para o índice que mensura o shareintra-industrial do comércio, destacam-se os ramos produtores de materiais de transporte e máquinas e materiais elétricos, também merecendo menção o setor de produtos químicos.Utilizando técnicas econométricas usuais da abordagem de dados em painel, a investigação dos determinantes do CII nos leva à aceitação da hipótese que relaciona o CII à presença de economias de escala. Além disso, os parâmetros estimados revelam que a distância geográfica que separa o Brasil de seu parceiro comercial prejudica mais o comércio intra-industrial vis-à-vis o inter-industrial. O processo de integração desencadeado pelo MERCOSUL, por sua vez, mostrou efeito positivo sobre o comércio intra-industrialvertical.

Educação integral em tempo integral: Do movimento Todos Pela Educação à rede pública de ensino de Nova Iguaçu

A pesquisa buscou apresentar elementos para a compreensão das proximidades entre a política pública de educação em tempo integral do governo federal o Programa Mais Educação (PME) e os sentidos para educação defendidos pela mobilização de um segmento do empresariado brasileiro, o movimento Todos Pela Educação, que assume um determinado projeto de sociedade. Nesta pesquisa, o movimento Todos Pela Educação é configurado como uma rede de políticas (BALL, 2001; 2005; 2010) que, ao promover ações educacionais e se articular a atores governamentais, tem influenciado os rumos do ensino público nacional e inserido valores característicos da lógica de mercado como gerencialismo e performatividade. A teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau (2011, 2013) viabilizou a análise da dinâmica das articulações políticas no intuito de estabelecer hegemonias no campo da educação. Experiências de educação no país associaram a ampliação da jornada escolar à promoção de uma educação integral que, no Brasil, teve grande influência do movimento escolanovista. Associando a qualidade da educação aos níveis de Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) alcançados pelas escolas, o PME anuncia promover uma educação integral que se mostrou preenchida pelos sentidos defendidos pelo TPE como: a defesa por uma Base Curricular Comum, associação entre o setor público e o privado para a promoção de ações educativas e ampliação do tempo escolar como maior exposição à situações de aprendizagem de conteúdos. A partir de uma experiência premiada e reconhecida nacionalmente pela promoção de uma educação integral, investiguei os sentidos de educação integral assumidos pelos Programas Bairro-Escola, Mais Educação e Escola Viva desenvolvidos em Nova Iguaçu. O trabalho conclui que o modelo de educação em tempo integral implementado no município não favorece a democratização do ensino uma vez que não se estende a todos os alunos da rede e oferece condições desiguais para realização entre as escolas. Além disso, priorizando atividades de reforço escolar, o atendimento das atividades de contraturno está voltado às turmas que serão avaliadas na avaliação nacional Prova Brasil, o que configura a valorização da aprendizagem de conteúdo e aumento de IDEB em detrimento de experiências significativas e ampliadas na educação dos alunos. Nos moldes que se implementa, a realização de atividades a partir da ampliação do tempo escolar embaraça a rotina escolar por não contar com as condições adequadas para sua realização.

Saline-saturated DMSO-EDTA as a storage medium for microbial DNA analysis from coral mucus swab samples

The mucus surface layer of corals plays a number of integral roles in their overall health and fitness. This mucopolysaccharide coating serves as vehicle to capture food, a protective barrier against physical invasions and trauma, and serves as a medium to host a community of microorganisms distinct from the surrounding seawater. In healthy corals the associated microbial communities are known to provide antibiotics that contribute to the coral’s innate immunity and function metabolic activities such as biogeochemical cycling. Culture-dependent (Ducklow and Mitchell, 1979; Ritchie, 2006) and culture-independent methods (Rohwer, et al., 2001; Rohwer et al., 2002; Sekar et al., 2006; Hansson et al., 2009; Kellogg et al., 2009) have shown that coral mucus-associated microbial communities can change with changes in the environment and health condition of the coral. These changes may suggest that changes in the microbial associates not only reflect health status but also may assist corals in acclimating to changing environmental conditions. With the increasing availability of molecular biology tools, culture-independent methods are being used more frequently for evaluating the health of the animal host. Although culture-independent methods are able to provide more in-depth insights into the constituents of the coral surface mucus layer’s microbial community, their reliability and reproducibility rely on the initial sample collection maintaining sample integrity. In general, a sample of mucus is collected from a coral colony, either by sterile syringe or swab method (Woodley, et al., 2008), and immediately placed in a cryovial. In the case of a syringe sample, the mucus is decanted into the cryovial and the sealed tube is immediately flash-frozen in a liquid nitrogen vapor shipper (a.k.a., dry shipper). Swabs with mucus are placed in a cryovial, and the end of the swab is broken off before sealing and placing the vial in the dry shipper. The samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. After the initial collection and preservation of the sample, the duration of the sample voyage to a recipient laboratory is often another critical part of the sampling process, as unanticipated delays may exceed the length of time a dry shipper can remain cold, or mishandling of the shipper can cause it to exhaust prematurely. In remote areas, service by international shipping companies may be non-existent, which requires the use of an alternative preservation medium. Other methods for preserving environmental samples for microbial DNA analysis include drying on various matrices (DNA cards, swabs), or placing samples in liquid preservatives (e.g., chloroform/phenol/isoamyl alcohol, TRIzol reagent, ethanol). These methodologies eliminate the need for cold storage, however, they add expense and permitting requirements for hazardous liquid components, and the retrieval of intact microbial DNA often can be inconsistent (Dawson, et al., 1998; Rissanen et al., 2010). A method to preserve coral mucus samples without cold storage or use of hazardous solvents, while maintaining microbial DNA integrity, would be an invaluable tool for coral biologists, especially those in remote areas. Saline-saturated dimethylsulfoxide-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (20% DMSO-0.25M EDTA, pH 8.0), or SSDE, is a solution that has been reported to be a means of storing tissue of marine invertebrates at ambient temperatures without significant loss of nucleic acid integrity (Dawson et al., 1998, Concepcion et al., 2007). While this methodology would be a facile and inexpensive way to transport coral tissue samples, it is unclear whether the coral microbiota DNA would be adversely affected by this storage medium either by degradation of the DNA, or a bias in the DNA recovered during the extraction process created by variations in extraction efficiencies among the various community members. Tests to determine the efficacy of SSDE as an ambient temperature storage medium for coral mucus samples are presented here.

Physiological ecology of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at the southern end of their distribution, the San Francisco Estuary and Gulf of the Farallones, California

Juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from natal streams in California’s Central Valley demonstrated little estuarine dependency but grew rapidly once in coastal waters. We collected juvenile chinook salmon at locations spanning the San Francisco Estuary from the western side of the freshwater delta—at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers—to the estuary exit at the Golden Gate and in the coastal waters of the Gulf of the Farallones. Juveniles spent about 40 d migrating through the estuary at an estimated rate of 1.6 km/d or faster during their migration season (May and June 1997) toward the ocean. Mean growth in length (0.18 mm/d) and weight (0.02 g/d) was insignificant in young chinook salmon while in the estuary, but estimated daily growth of 0.6 mm/d and 0.5 g/d in the ocean was rapid (P≤0.001). Condition (K factor) declined in the estuary, but improved markedly in ocean fish. Total body protein, total lipid, triacylglycerols (TAG), polar lipids, cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids concentrations did not change in juveniles in the estuary, but total lipid and TAG were depleted in ocean juveniles. As young chinook migrated from freshwater to the ocean, their prey changed progressively in importance from invertebrates to fish larvae. Once in coastal waters, juvenile salmon appear to employ a strategy of rapid growth at the expense of energy reserves to increase survival potential. In 1997, environmental conditions did not impede development: freshwater discharge was above average and water temperatures were only slightly elevated, within the species’ tolerance. Data suggest that chinook salmon from California’s Central Valley have evolved a strong ecological propensity for a ocean-type life history. But unlike populations in the Pacific Northwest, they show little estuarine dependency and proceed to the ocean to benefit from the upwelling-driven, biologically productive coastal waters.

High speed wavelength conversion utilising an integrated amplifier/DFB laser

Wavelength conversion in the 1.55-μm regime was achieved for the first time in an integrated SOA/DFB laser by modulating the output power of the laser with a light beam of a different wavelength externally injected into the SOA section. In terms of speed, response times as low as 13ps were observed, though at the expense of reduced extinction ratio. Generally, these results indicate that operation in the 10s of GB/s should be possible.

Application of a laminar flamelet model to confined explosion hazards

The majority of computational studies of confined explosion hazards apply simple and inaccurate combustion models, requiring ad hoc corrections to obtain realistic flame shapes and often predicting an order of magnitude error in the overpressures. This work describes the application of a laminar flamelet model to a series of two-dimensional test cases. The model is computationally efficient applying an algebraic expression to calculate the flame surface area, an empirical correlation for the laminar flame speed and a novel unstructured, solution adaptive numerical grid system which allows important features of the solution to be resolved close to the flame. Accurate flame shapes are predicted, the correct burning rate is predicted near the walls, and an improvement in the predicted overpressures is obtained. However, in these fully turbulent calculations the overpressures are still too high and the flame arrival times too low, indicating the need for a model for the early laminar burning phase. Due to the computational expense, it is unrealistic to model a laminar flame in the complex geometries involved and therefore a pragmatic approach is employed which constrains the flame to propagate at the laminar flame speed. Transition to turbulent burning occurs at a specified turbulent Reynolds number. With the laminar phase model included, the predicted flame arrival times increase significantly, but are still too low. However, this has no significant effect on the overpressures, which are predicted accurately for a baffled channel test case where rapid transition occurs once the flame reaches the first pair of baffles. In a channel with obstacles on the centreline, transition is more gradual and the accuracy of the predicted overpressures is reduced. However, although the accuracy is still less than desirable in some cases, it is much better than the order of magnitude error previously expected.

A comparison of methods for assessing the lifetime reliability of a moored FPSO

Current design codes for floating offshore structures are based on measures of short-term reliability. That is, a design storm is selected via an extreme value analysis of the environmental conditions and the reliability of the vessel in that design storm is computed. Although this approach yields valuable information on the vessel motions, it does not produce a statistically rigorous assessment of the lifetime probability of failure. An alternative approach is to perform a long-term reliability analysis in which consideration is taken of all sea states potentially encountered by the vessel during the design life. Although permitted as a design approach in current design codes, the associated computational expense generally prevents its use in practice. A new efficient approach to long-term reliability analysis is presented here, the results of which are compared with a traditional short-term analysis for the surge motion of a representative moored FPSO in head seas. This serves to illustrate the failure probabilities actually embedded within current design code methods, and the way in which design methods might be adapted to achieve a specified target safety level.

Theoretical performance of a coiled coil piezoelectric bimorph

The electromechanical coupling behaviour of a novel, highly coiled piezoelectric strip structure is developed in full, in order to expound its performance and efficiency. The strip is doubly coiled for compactness and, compared to a standard straight actuator of the same cross-section, it is shown that the actuator here offers better generative forces and energy conversion, and substantial actuated displacements, however, at the expense of a much lower stiffness. The device is therefore proposed for high-displacement, quasi-static applications. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Factor analysis based VTS and JUD noise estimation and compensation

Model based compensation schemes are a powerful approach for noise robust speech recognition. Recently there have been a number of investigations into adaptive training, and estimating the noise models used for model adaptation. This paper examines the use of EM-based schemes for both canonical models and noise estimation, including discriminative adaptive training. One issue that arises when estimating the noise model is a mismatch between the noise estimation approximation and final model compensation scheme. This paper proposes FA-style compensation where this mismatch is eliminated, though at the expense of a sensitivity to the initial noise estimates. EM-based discriminative adaptive training is evaluated on in-car and Aurora4 tasks. FA-style compensation is then evaluated in an incremental mode on the in-car task. © 2011 IEEE.

Active steering of a tractor-semi-trailer

This paper develops a path-following steering control strategy for an articulated heavy goods vehicle. The controller steers the axles of the semi-trailer so that its rear end follows the path of the fifth wheel coupling: for all paths and all speeds. This substantially improves low-speed manoeuvrability, off-tracking, and tyre scrubbing (wear). It also increases high-speed stability, reduces 'rearward amplification', and reduces the propensity to roll over in high-speed transient manoeuvres. The design of a novel experimental heavy goods vehicle with three independent hydraulically actuated steering axles is presented. The path-following controller is tested on the experimental vehicle, at low and high speeds. The field test results are compared with vehicle simulations and found to agree well. The benefits of this steering control approach are quantified. In a low-speed 'roundabout' manoeuvre, low-speed off-tracking was reduced by 73 per cent, from 4.25 m for a conventional vehicle to 1.15 m for the experimental vehicle; swept-path width was reduced by 2 m (28 per cent); peak scrubbing tyre forces were reduced by 83 per cent; and entry tail-swing was eliminated. In an 80 km/h lane-change manoeuvre, peak path error for the experimental vehicle was 33 per cent less than for the conventional vehicle, and rearward amplification of the trailer was 35 per cent less. Increasing the bandwidth of the steering actuators improved the high-speed dynamic performance of the vehicle, but at the expense of increased oil flow.

Survival rates of different postlarval stages of Penaeus monodon Fabricius

The objective of this study is to determine survival rates of different postlarval stages upon stocking in the Leganes ponds. Twelve 3m x 2m x 2m suspension nets made of nylon cloth (mesh size = 0 . 1 mm) were set up in a Leganes Station pond (ave. water depth = 1 m) by means of 3-m long poles stacked at distances approximating the area of each net. The net bottom was filled with topsoil at least 15 cm thick to stimulate the pond bottom. At least 60 cm of the upper edge of each net was above the water level to prevent mixing of water inside and outside the net. P.monodon of stages P SUB-11 , P SUB-15 , P SUB-21 (from the hatchery) and P SUB-25 (from the wet lab) were stocked in the nets at 200/sq m or 1,200 fry/net. Due to lack of fry, only one P SUB-25 net was stocked. Each net had two large dried miapi branches as shelter from predation and cannibalism for the young sugpo fry. Fresh lablab was fed at the rate of one pail (approximately 5 kg) every four days per net. Harvest data show relatively higher survival rates for P SUB-15 and P SUB-18 compared to P SUB-11 and P SUB-25 with no significant difference between these two stages. The results for P SUB-25 may not be valid because the stock came from the wet lab in comparison to the other postlarval stages which were reared in the hatchery. Moreover, the P SUB-25 stock had no replicates and the net itself (no. 10) was discovered to have many holes. These preliminary results point to P SUB-15 as the best stage for harvest from the hatchery in terms of high pond recovery and lesser expense in rearing compared to older postlarvae.

The study of different protein in diet and water salinity on growth and survival rate in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

In this research reared white western shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei ,Boone, 1931) with five diet with five different protein level contain 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% and three salinity level contain 15-17 ppt, 27-30 ppt,and 40-45 ppt researched protein percent effect and water salinity on growth, survival, feed conversion ratio, hemolymph osmolatity, hemolymph protein and corpse protein contain. In this research was 15 sorrow with 3 repeat and used from 45 tanks with 300 liters capacity. Shrimps first weight average was about 2 grams and after 60 days culture cropped down results: Shrimps biomass growth in 15-17 ppt salinity was higher than anther salinities who had meaning different with growth in 40-45 ppt salinity ( p< 0.05). But hadn’t meaning different with growth 27-30 ppt salinity. survival rate in 15-17 ppt salinity was 97.03 who was lower than another salinities. survival percent in 24-30 ppt salinity and 40-45 ppt salinity was 99.33% Highest biomass growth in different diets was in diet number 5 with 40 percent protein that it had meaning different with another diets (p<0.05) . although with informed to product expense in different diets. One kilogram shrimp product expense in different diets hadn’t meaning different (P<0.05) Survival rate in different diets hadn’t meaning different lowest feed conversion ratio was 1.67 in 15-14 salinity that hadn’t meaning different with another salinities also corpse protein quantity in different salinities and different diets hadn’t meaning different. Hemolymph Osmolality in 15-17 ppt salinity was 573.88 mOsm/kg had meaning different with hemolymph osmolality in 27-30 ppt salinity that was 650. 380 mOsm/kg and in 40-45 ppt salinity was 630.38 mOsm/kg. Hemolymph protein in 15-17 ppt salinity was 124.72 mg/ml had meaning different with hemlymph protein in 27-30 ppt salinity that was 136.52 mg/ml but hadn’t meaning different with hemolymph protein in 40-45 ppt salinity that was 128.84 mg/ml. Hemolymph protein in different diets hadn’t meaning different (p<0.05). Keywords: shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, protein , salinity, growth, survival rate, FCR, hemolymph osmolality, hemolymph protein.

Water budgeting studies on the hatchery and nursery rearing practices for the common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Aquaculture systems are an integral element of rural development and therefore should be environment friendly as well as socially and economically designed. From the economic standpoint, one of the major constraints for the development of sustainable aquaculture includes externalities generated by competition in access to a limited resource. This study was conducted as an investigation into the water requirement for the hatchery and nursery production phases of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) at the Maharashtra State Fish Seed Farm at Khopoli in Raigad Dist. of Maharashtra during the winter months from November to February. The water budgeting study involves the quantification of water used in every stage of production in hatchery and nursery systems and aimed at becoming a foundation for the minimization of water during production without affecting the yield; thereby conserving water and upholding the theme of sustainable aquaculture. The total water used in a single operation cycle was estimated to be 11,25,040 L [sic]. Out of the total water consumed, 4.74% water was used in the pre-operational management steps, 4.48% was consumed during breeding, 62.72% was consumed in the hatching phase, 21.50% was used for hatchery rearing and 6.56% was consumed during conditioning. In the nursery ponds, the water gain was primarily the regulated inflow coming through the irrigation channel. The total quantum of water used in the nursery rearing was 31,60,800 L [sic]. The initial filling and regulated inflow formed 42.60% and 57.40% respectively of water gain, while evaporation, seepage and discharge contributed 20.71%, 36.46% and 42.82% respectively to the water loss. The total water expended for the entire operation was 1,21,61,120 L [sic]. Water expense occurred to produce a single spawn in the hatchery system was calculated and found to be 0.56 L while the water expended to produce one fry was calculated as 4.86 L. The study fulfills the hydrological equation described by Winter (1981) and Boyd (1985). It also validates the water budget simulation model that can be used for forecasting water requirements for aquaculture ponds (Nath and Bolte, 1998).

Guidelines for environmentally acceptable coastal aquaculture

The article discusses the guidelines for environmentally acceptable aquaculture to ensure that financial gain is not at the expense of the ecosystem or the rest of society. The general principles, strategies and objectives, and action plans for the implementation of environment-friendly aquaculture is also discussed.