Business models enhancing the diffusion of mobile Internet in emerging markets

Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli selvittää, millaiset liiketoimintamallit soveltuvat mobiilin internet-liiketoiminnan harjoittamiseen kehittyvillä markkinoilla. Tavoitteena oli myös selvittää tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat mobiilin internetin diffuusioon. Tutkimus tehtiin käyttäen sekä kvantitatiivista että kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää. Klusterianalyysin avulla 40 Euroopan maasta muodostettiin sisäisesti homogeenisiä maaklustereita. Näiden klustereiden avulla oli mahdollista suunnitella erityyppisille markkinoille soveltuvat liiketoimintamallit. Haastatteluissa selvitettiin asiantuntijoiden näkemyksiä tekijöistä, jotka vaikuttavat mobiilin internetin diffuusioon kehittyvillä markkinoilla. Tutkimuksessa saatiin selville, että tärkeimmät liiketoimintamallin elementit kehittyvillä markkinoilla ovat hinnoittelu, arvotarjooma ja arvoverkko. Puutteellisen kiinteän verkon todettiin olevan yksi tärkeimmistä mobiilin internetin diffuusiota edistävistä tekijöistä kehittyvillä markkinoilla.

Environmental activity of bacteria degrading pollutants

Une des meilleures techniques pour décontaminer l'environnement d'éléments toxiques (comme par exemple le dibenzofuan, DBF et le 4-chlorophenol, 4CP) déposés par l'homme, à bas coûts et sans le perturber considérablement, est sans doute la biorémédiation, et particulièrement la bioaugmentation. Malheureusement, si plusieurs microorganismes ont démontré leur efficacité à dégrader les composés toxiques en conditions de laboratoire, plusieurs tentatives afin de les utiliser dans l'environnement n'ont pas abouti. Ces échecs sont probablement le résultat des pauvres connaissances des réactions de ces mêmes microorganismes dans l'environnement. L'objectif de mon travail a été de mieux comprendre les réponses de ces bactéries au niveau de leurs gènes lorsqu'elles sont introduites ou prospèrent dans des conditions plus proches de la réalité, mais encore suffisamment contrôlées pour pouvoir élucider leur comportement. Le fait de résister à des conditions de sécheresse a été considéré en tant que facteur clé dans la survie des bactéries amenées à être utilisées pour la biorémédiation; cela implique une série de mécanismes utilisés par la cellule pour faire face au stress hydrique. Le chapitre II, par une approche métagénomique, compare les réactions de trois souches prometteuses pour la biorémédiation (Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6, Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 and Pseudomonas veronii 1YdBTEX2) vis-à-vis du stress hydrique simulé en conditions de laboratoire. L'objectif ici est de découvrir et de décrire les stratégies de résistance au stress, communes ou spécifiques, employées par les bactéries. Mes résultats montrent que les trois souches ont des sensibilités différentes au stress hydrique. Entre les traits communs trouvés, il y a une diminution de l'expression des gènes flagellaires ainsi qu'une augmentation de l'expression de solutes compatibles, mais qui sont souche-spécifiques. J'ai étudié plus en détail la réponse génomique de RW1 par rapport aux inoculations ainsi que sa croissance dans le sable contaminé et non-stérile (chapitre III), et je les ai comparé à des cultures en milieu liquide. Mes résultats indiquent que RW1 peut résister efficacement et peut croître dans des conditions presque sèches et peut également dégrader le contaminant (DBF, dans le cas présent) si les pré-cultures sont réalisées dans le même type de contaminant. Par contre, notre hypothèse du chapitre II se révèle fausse car le comportement de RW1 est très diffèrent de celui observé dans des conditions avec stress hydrique induit par l'addition de sel ou de PEG. Plus intéressant, les réponses de RW1 en milieu liquide sont très différentes de celles observées dans le sable, révélant ainsi que cette souche peut reconnaître le milieu dans lequel elle se trouve. Les mêmes expériences en sable contaminé, cette fois-ci avec 4CP, ont été réalisées pour A6 (chapitre IV) dans l'espoir de compléter la comparaison entre le stress hydrique et l'adaptation dans le sol. Malheureusement, il n'a pas été possible d'obtenir d'échantillons de bonne qualité pour les hybridations des microarrays afin d'étudier la réponse transcriptionnelle dans les différentes phases de croissance dans le sable (contaminé ou non). Toutefois, j'ai appris qu'Arthrobacter ne peut pas croitre dans les sols hautement contaminés si les conditions du sol sont très sèches, elles ont en effet besoin de suffisamment d'eau pour dégrader des quantités importantes de 4CP. Ces observations dirigent l'attention sur le fait que les études sur l'efficacité de l'inoculation de bactéries doivent être testées dans des conditions le plus proche possible de l'environnement ciblé, tout comme les concentrations optimales pour l'inoculum. Finalement, nous avons étudié le comportement de A6 dans la phytosphère avec deux dégrés d'humidité (chapitre V). A6 ne montre pas de réaction particulière face aux changements d'humidité, et à nouveau, ces réponses ne peuvent être liées aux changements d'expression des gènes observées dans les conditions de stress hydrique simulées. Cette étude a permis d'identifier la présence de composés phénoliques dans les feuilles qui peuvent potentiellement améliorer les propriétés de dégradation ou qui permettent d'effectuer de façon plus rapide la réaction de dégradation des contaminants dans un processus de phytoremédiation par A. chlorophenolicus.

Time-Varying Benefits of International Diversification for Finnish Investor: Country-Specific Strategy Concentrating on Emerging Markets

The main objective of this study is to investigate whether the Finnish investors’ country-specific strategy concentrating on emerging markets provides diversification benefits. We also analyze whether the benefits of international diversification has been diminished after periods of high volatility caused by different market crisis. The objective is investigated with three methods: Correlation coefficients, rolling correlations added with OLS trend-lines and Box’s M statistic. All the empirical tests are analyzed and calculated with logarithmic returns of weekly time series data from Friday closing values between January 1995 and December 2007. The number of weekly observations is 678. The data type is total return indices of different countries. Data is collected from DataStream and provided by Datastream Financial. Countries investigated are Finland, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey. The current data is quoted both in U.S. Dollars and local currencies. The empirical results of this thesis show that the correlation coefficients are time-varying across Finland and 12 emerging market countries. Although the correlations have risen from 1995 to 2007, there can be found sub-periods where the correlation has declined from earlier period. The results also indicate that a Finnish investor constructing a portfolio of emerging market countries cannot rely on the correlation coefficients estimated from historical data because of the instability of correlation matrices.

Plant polyamines in stress and development: an emerging area of research in plant sciences.

Compelling evidence indicates the participation of polyamines in abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Indeed, genetic engineering of polyamine levels in plants has successfully improved biotic and abiotic stress resistance in model plants and crops. We anticipate that many of the current challenges in agriculture to cope with climate change and maintain nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables can be approached by considering the polyamine pathway...

Waddlia: An emerging pathogen and a model organism to study the biology of chlamydiae.

Waddlia chondrophila is an emerging pathogen associated with abortion in cattle. In humans, a growing body of evidence supports its pathogenic role in miscarriage and in respiratory tract infection. The human pathogenicity of W. chondrophila is further supported by the presence of several virulence factors including a catalase, a functional T3SS and several adhesins. Despite this medical importance, no commercial tests are available and diagnostic of this strict intracellular bacterium mainly relies on serology, PCR and immunohistochemistry. So far, the epidemiology of W. chondrophila remains largely unexplored and zoonotic, waterborne or interhuman transmission has been considered. Apart from its pathogenic role, chlamydiologists are also interested in W. chondrophila in order to better understand biological mechanisms conserved and shared with Chlamydia spp. Indeed, W. chondrophila proved to be a useful model organism to study the pathobiology of chlamydiae thanks to its rapid replication, its large size allowing precise subcellular protein localization, as well as its growth in Dictyostelium amoebae.

Video Gaming Disorder and Sport and Exercise in Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study.

Among the negative consequences of video gaming disorder, decreased participation in sport and exercise has received little attention. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal association between video gaming disorder and the level of sport and exercise in emerging adult men. A questionnaire was completed at baseline and 15-month follow-up by a representative national sample of 4,933 respondents. The seven items of the Game Addiction Scale were used to construct a latent variable representing video gaming disorder. Level of sport and exercise was also self-reported. Cross-lagged path modeling indicated a reciprocal causality between video gaming disorder and the level of sport and exercise, even after adjusting for a large set of confounders. These findings support the need for better promotion of sport and exercise among emerging adults in order to contribute to the prevention of video gaming disorder, and to raise the level of sport and exercise activity in addicted gamers.

Emerging bacterial pathogens: the past and beyond.

Since the 1950s, medical communities have been facing with emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, and emerging pathogens are now considered to be a major microbiologic public health threat. In this review, we focus on bacterial emerging diseases and explore factors involved in their emergence as well as future challenges. We identified 26 major emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of bacterial origin; most of them originated either from an animal and are considered to be zoonoses or from water sources. Major contributing factors in the emergence of these bacterial infections are: (1) development of new diagnostic tools, such as improvements in culture methods, development of molecular techniques and implementation of mass spectrometry in microbiology; (2) increase in human exposure to bacterial pathogens as a result of sociodemographic and environmental changes; and (3) emergence of more virulent bacterial strains and opportunistic infections, especially affecting immunocompromised populations. A precise definition of their implications in human disease is challenging and requires the comprehensive integration of microbiological, clinical and epidemiologic aspects as well as the use of experimental models. It is now urgent to allocate financial resources to gather international data to provide a better understanding of the clinical relevance of these waterborne and zoonotic emerging diseases.

The state's response to the Catalan question : an emerging ethnic component in contemporary Spanish nationalism?

Peer-reviewed

The state's response to the Catalan question : an emerging ethnic component in contemporary Spanish nationalism?

Peer-reviewed

On performance persistence in emerging markets: Empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance persistence of international mutual funds, employing a data sample which includes 2,168 European mutual funds investing in Asia-Pacific region; Japan excluded. Also, a number of performance measures is tested and compared, and especially, this study tries to find out whether iterative Bayesian procedure can be used to provide more accurate predictions on future performance. Finally, this study examines whether the cross-section of mutual fund returns can be explained with simple accounting variables and market risk. To exclude the effect of the Asian currency crisis in 1997, the studied time period includes years from 1999 to 2007. The overall results showed significant performance persistence for repeating winners when performance was tested with contingency tables. Also the annualized alpha spreads between the top and bottom portfolios were more than ten percent at their highest. Nevertheless, the results do not confirm the improved prediction accuracy of the Bayesian alphas.

Persistent organic pollutants in two reservoirs along the Paraíba do Sul-Guandu River system, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Sediment contamination is evaluated by determining organic micropollutants (organochlorine compounds - OCs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAHs) in two important Brazilian water reservoirs. Trace levels of OCs were observed in the Santana reservoir (44.8 ng g-1 d.w. of p,p'-DDT), while in the Funil reservoir the levels were below detection level. Forty-eight percent of the found sigmaocs were polychlorinated biphenyls, 29% dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 18% Drins, and 5% other pesticides (HCB, Heptachlor, Heptachlor-epoxide, gamma-HCH and a-Endosulfan). We observed lower levels of sigmaPAH in the Funil reservoir (1 to 275 ng g-1d.w.) than in the Santana reservoir (2.2 to 26.7 µg g-1 d.w.).

The Emerging Human Rights Revolution: The Beginning of the Fifth Historical Process in the Consolidation of Human Rights

Emerging human rights are destined to modify, improve and transform a number of already traditional concepts so as to achieve greater guarantees and protection for the rights of individuals and collectivities. One of the big changes that will be brought about by the concept and conception of emerging human rights is that, following on from the processes of positivization, generalization, internationalization and specification, they represent the beginning of the fifth historical process in the consolidation of human rights, namely the process of interaction. A number of breakthroughs have already been achieved, such as the recognition of emerging biocultural rights in the recently adopted Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and shared benefits.

Pharmaceuticals occurrence in a WWTP with significant industrial contribution and its input into the river system

Occurrence and removal of 81 representative Pharmaceutical Active Compounds (PhACs) were assessed in a municipal WWTP located in a highly industrialized area, with partial water reuse after UV tertiary treatment and discharge to a Mediterranean river. Water monitoring was performed in an integrated way at different points in the WWTP and river along three seasons. Consistent differences between therapeutic classes were observed in terms of influent concentration, removal efficiencies and seasonal variation. Conventional (primary and secondary) treatment was unable to completely remove numerous compounds and UV-based tertiary treatment played a complementary role for some of them. Industrial activity influence was highlighted in terms of PhACs presence and seasonal distribution. Even if global WWTP effluent impact on the studied river appeared to be minor, PhACs resulted widespread pollutants in river waters. Contamination can be particularly critical in summer in water scarcity areas, when water flow decreases considerably

Characterization and Control Strategies of an Integrated Chemical-Biological System for the Remediation of Toxic Pollutants in Wastewater: A case of study

In a previous work, a hybrid system consisting of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) named Photo-Fenton (Ph-F) and a fixed bed biological treatment operating as a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was started-up and optimized to treat 200 mg·L-1 of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) as a model compound. In this work, studies of reactor stability and control as well as microbial population determination by molecular biology techniques were carried out to further characterize and control the biological reactor. Results revealed that the integrated system was flexible and even able to overcome toxic shock loads. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in situ was shown to be a valid tool to control the SBBR operation, to detect toxic conditions to the biomass, and to assess the recovery of performance. A microbial characterization by 16S rDNA sequence analysis reveals that the biological population was varied, although about 30% of the bacteria belonged to the Wautersia genus.