广东中山水栖寡毛类区系调查

中山市位于珠江三角洲中南部,区内分布江河、溪流、水库、池塘等多种水体,迄今未见对该地区水栖寡毛类区系的研究报道。通过2005年6月和12月两次调查,记述中山市水栖寡毛类31种,隶属4科16属,包括1个国内新纪录种即扇形管盘虫(Aulophorus flabelliger)以及19个广东省新纪录种。区系分析表明,中山有较多的喜温种类。

Cu~(2+)对一种绿球藻生长及生理特性的影响

研究了不同浓度的Cu2+(0.01,0.1,1,10,50,100,200mg/L)对绿球藻(Chlorococcumsp.)生长、形态结构及生理特性的影响.结果表明,Cu2+对绿球藻的显微结构、生长及生理状态的影响比较显著.与对照BG11培养的绿球藻比较,0.01～1mg/LCu2+浓度下培养的绿球藻,细胞壁无明显增厚,色素没有多大变化,但蛋白核由一个变为多个;而在高浓度(10～200mg/LCu2+)下,细胞壁明显增厚为多层,色素减少,蛋白核减少并回复到1个或消失.低浓度Cu2+(0.01,0.1mg

长江渔业资源变动和管理对策

国务院三峡办; 中国长江三峡工程开发总公司基金 (SX97 0 1 ) ; 长江渔业资源管理委员会基金 ; 世界自 然基金会基金资助

Mechanical behaviour of electrospun fibre-reinforced hydrogels.

Mechanically robust and biomimicking scaffolds are needed for structural engineering of tissues such as the intervertebral disc, which are prone to failure and incapable of natural healing. Here, the formation of thick, randomly aligned polycaprolactone electrospun fibre structures infiltrated with alginate is reported. The composites are characterised using both indentation and tensile testing and demonstrate substantially different tensile and compressive moduli. The composites are mechanically robust and exhibit large strains-to-failure, exhibiting toughening mechanisms observed in other composite material systems. The method presented here provides a way to create large-scale biomimetic scaffolds that more closely mimic the composite structure of natural tissue, with tuneable tensile and compressive properties via the fibre and matrix phases, respectively.

Determination of the surface area of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

A wrap method adaptation combined with AutoCAD2005 and Scion Image for Windows were used to determine the surface area of a fish. Compared with the corresponding r(2) and F of many models, the most accurate formula: S = 752.15W(0.675) (r(2) = 0.999, F = 18362.94, P < 0.0001) for estimating the surface area of common carp was obtained. Similarly, the fin formula: S = 1834.12W(0.708) (r(2) = 0.992, F = 2690.47, P < 0.0001) was also obtained for the same purpose. It was proven that these two formulae gave good estimates of surface and fin areas of four strains of common carp: Yellow-river carp, fancy carp, mirror carp and Xingguo red carp.

Sixteen polymorphic microsatellites in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and cross-amplification in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

A (GT)(n) enriched partial genomic library of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was constructed by employing the (fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats) FIASCO protocol. Sixteen loci exhibited polymorphism with two to seven alleles/locus (mean 3.263) in a test population and the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.100 to 0.690 (mean 0.392). Eleven of the 16 bighead carp microsatellites were found to be also polymorphic in silver carp. These polymorphic loci should provide sufficient level of genetic diversity to evaluate population structure of bighead carp.

A simple closed aquatic ecosystem (CAES) for space

A closed aquatic ecosystem (CAES) was developed to stud), the effects of microgravity on the function of closed ecosystems aboard the Chinese retrieved satellite and on the spacecraft SHENZHOU-II. These systems housed a small freshwater snail (Bulinus australianus) and an autotrophic green algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). The results of the test on the satellite were that the concentration of algae changed little, but that the snails died during the experiments. We then sought to optimize the function of the control system, the cultural conditions and the data acquisition system and carried out an experiment on the spacecraft SHENZHOU-II. Using various sensors to monitor the CAES, real-time data regarding the operation of the CAES in microgravity was acquired. In addition, all on-board Ig centrifuge was included to identify gravity-related factors. It was found that microgravity is the major factor affecting the operation of the CAES in space. The change in biomass of the primary producer during each day in microgravity was larger than that of the control groups. The mean biomass concentration per day in the microgravity group decreased, but that of the control groups increased for several days and then leveled off. Space effects on the biomass of a primary producer may be a result of microgravity effects leading to increasing metabolic rates of the consumer combined with decreases in photosynthesis. (c) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanical behaviour of electrospun fibre-reinforced hydrogels

Mechanically robust and biomimicking scaffolds are needed for structural engineering of tissues such as the intervertebral disc, which are prone to failure and incapable of natural healing. Here, the formation of thick, randomly aligned polycaprolactone electrospun fibre structures infiltrated with alginate is reported. The composites are characterised using both indentation and tensile testing and demonstrate substantially different tensile and compressive moduli. The composites are mechanically robust and exhibit large strains-to-failure, exhibiting toughening mechanisms observed in other composite material systems. The method presented here provides a way to create large-scale biomimetic scaffolds that more closely mimic the composite structure of natural tissue, with tuneable tensile and compressive properties via the fibre and matrix phases, respectively. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Endocrine effects of sublethal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPS) on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) samples were collected from five selected sites that represent diverse levels of downgraded persistent organic pollutants (POPs) contamination in Ya-Er Lake in October 1999. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activities, hepatosomatic index (HSI), hepatic retinoids, serum thyroid hormones were measured. It was found that hepatic retinol and serum free 3,5,3'- tetraiodothyronine (FT3) significantly increased (P < 0.01) when both hepatic EROD and UDPGT activities significantly declined (P < 0.01) from pond 1 to 5 with decrease in the degree of pollution. This significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) suggests that the persistent organochlorinated contaminants could induce hepatic EROD and UDPGT activities, alter retinoid and thyroid hormone homeostasis, and finally lead to the reduction of retinol and FT3, the two biologically active forms of retinoids and thyroid hormone in silver carp of Ya-Er Lake. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantum phase transitions in the S=1/2 distorted diamond chain

By means of the second derivative of the ground-state and first-excited energy, the quantum phase transitions (QPTs) for the distorted diamond chain (DDC) with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic frustrated interactions and the trimerized case are investigated, respectively. Our results show the plentiful quantum phases owing to the spin interaction competitions in the model. Meanwhile, by using the transfer-matrix renormalization-group technique, we study the two-site thermal entanglement of the DDC model in the thermodynamic limit for a further understanding of the QPTs.

Characterization of deep levels in Pt-GaN Schottky diodes deposited on intermediate-temperature buffer layers

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based Schottky junctions were fabricated by RF-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The GaN epitaxial layers were deposited on novel double buffer layers that consist of a conventional low-temperature buffer layer (LTBL) grown at 500 degreesC and an intermediate-temperature buffer layer (ITBL) deposited at 690 degreesC. Low-frequency excess noise and deep level transient Fourier spectroscopy (DLTFS) were measured from the devices. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the density of deep levels in the devices fabricated with the GaN films grown with an ITBL. Compared to the control sample, which was grown with just a conventional LTBL, a three-order-of-magnitude reduction in the deep levels 0.4 eV below the conduction band minimum (Ec) is observed in the bulk of the thin films using DLTFS measurements.

Study of GaN thin films grown on intermediate-temperature buffer layers by molecular beam epitaxy

A detailed characterisation study of GaN thin films grown by rf-plasma molecular beam epitaxy on intermediate-temperature buffer layers (ITBL) was carried out with Hall, photoluminescence (PL) and deep-level transient Fourier spectroscopy (DLTFS) techniques. The unique feature of our GaN thin films is that the GaN epitaxial layers are grown on top of a double layer that consists of an ITBL, which is grown at 690 degreesC, and a conventional low-temperature buffer layer deposited at 500 degreesC. It is observed that the electron mobility increases steadily with the thickness of the ITBL, which peaks at 377 cm(2)V(-1)S(-1) for an ITBL thickness of 800 nm. The PL also demonstrated systematic improvements with the thickness of the ITBL. The DLTFS results suggest a three-order-of-magnitude reduction in the deep level at E-c-0.40 eV in the device fabricated with the GaN films grown on an ITBL thickness of 1.25 mum in comparison with the control device without an ITBL. Our analyses indicate that the utilization of an ITBL in addition to the conventional low-temperature buffer layer leads to the relaxation of residual strain within the material, resulting in an improvement in the optoelectronic properties of the films. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved.

回转窑热解处理废锌锰电池试验研究

我国电池生产量已经达到209亿节（2003年），多年来一直占据世界第一大电池生产国的地位，其中锌锰电池占大多数。废锌锰电池丢弃后，其中的重金属物质会逐渐渗透到地下，污染土壤和水体。重金属在生物体内富集，会使生物体致畸或致变。但同时，废锌锰电池中也含有大量有用的资源如锌、二氧化锰等。应对其进行回收利用，变废为宝。本文介绍了废锌锰电池回收处理的主要技术及研究进展，不同的处理技术回收废锌锰电池时的目标产物各不相同，但一般可分为以下几种：以单质形式回收锌、锰和汞；以合金的形式回收锌和锰；回收锌和二氧化锰；回收各金属元素制备复合微量元素肥料；回收锌、锰元素制备锰锌铁氧体；回收锌、锰元素制备硫酸锌和碳酸锰等。本文对一些废锌锰电池回收处理技术的优缺点从无害化程度、资源化程度、产品等级、工艺要求以及二次污染五个方面进行了分析和比较。在对国内外废锌锰电池回收处理技术进行分析比较的基础上提出了一种成本较低、可操作性较强的处理技术：先以干法除去废锌锰电池中的汞，然后以湿法除去其它的有害重金属并进一步加工制备有机螯合微量元素肥料。 本文以回转窑中物料停留时间的经验公式和传热学的知识设计和计算了回转窑的长度和内径尺寸、电热丝的功率以及外围的保温材料厚度等参数。用保温材料和润滑油相结合的方式对回转窑的连接部分实行密封。通过调整回转窑的转速和回转窑支架两端高度差的方式控制物料在回转窑中的停留时间，从而调节热解时间的长短。利用自动控制设备调节电热丝的功率从而调节试验中的热解温度。利用该回转窑在不同条件下对热解处理废锌锰电池进行了试验研究，热解过程中产生的尾气和颗粒物用一系列吸收液进行吸收和固定。 在热解试验中改变影响热解过程的三种因素：热解温度、热解时间和载气流速并按三因素四水平的正交方法安排试验。改变废锌锰电池热解过程中的热解温度、热解时间和载气流速三种因素进行正交试验并利用正交统计学的方法分析了这三种因素对热解除汞率的影响。利用ICP检测仪测定了各吸收液中汞的含量，并分析热解气体产物经过系列吸收液时汞被吸收的情况以及汞的形态分布。利用气相色谱仪对尾气成分进行了测定，并对热解过程中产气的过程和规律进行了分析。用X射线衍射测试的方法研究了热解前后锌锰电池的物质形态变化情况。对除汞率的正交统计分析表明，合适的热解条件为：热解温度690℃，热解时间100min，载气流速0.06m3/h，在这种试验条件下热解处理废锌锰电池的除汞率达到100%。同时还得到：热解时间对除汞效果影响最大，热解温度次之，载气流速的影响较小。ICP测试的结果表明：热解尾气在经过试验中设置的吸收瓶后，其中的汞被完全吸收，尾气中95%以上的汞以单质的形式存在。气相色谱分析的结果表明，热解开始后，废锌锰电池中的有机质迅速分解，其产物为C2H4、CH4和H2等。一段时间后，有机质的分解量大幅度减少，同时废电池中的石墨碳和高价金属氧化物发生氧化还原反应，生成CO气体。对废锌锰电池原料以及热解残渣的X射线衍射分析表明，当热解温度为350℃时，X射线衍射图谱上2θ值为35°附近的区域有新峰出现，但不明显，说明有结晶体形成但量不大。500℃时上述峰明显增强，这是由于ZnO和FeO形成了结晶体，同时在2θ值为41°附近有新峰出现，这是高价锰氧化物与石墨碳发生氧化还原反应生成了MnO并形成了结晶体。650℃时，2θ值在41°附近的峰显著增强，且热解过程中形成的峰稳定下来，基本上不再有新的结晶体生成。热解后，高价锰氧化物的相对含量从32.2%下降到4.6%，而MnO的相对含量则从6.4%上升到38.6%。热解后的残渣中晶体物质含量大，金属元素大多以低价态存在，适合于制备有机螯合微量元素肥料。