Análise biomecânica do chute frontal de karatê: implicações em lesões nos membros inferiores

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Constante cosmológica: algumas consequências algébricas e dinâmicas

Pós-graduação em Física - IFT

The Economics of Managing Wildlife Disease

The spread of infectious disease among and between wild and domesticated animals has become a major problem worldwide. Upon analyzing the dynamics of wildlife growth and infection when the diseased animals cannot be identified separately from healthy wildlife prior to the kill, we find that harvest-based strategies alone have no impact on disease transmission. Other controls that directly influence disease transmission and/or mortality are required. Next, we analyze the socially optimal management of infectious wildlife. The model is applied to the problem of bovine tuberculosis among Michigan white-tailed deer, with non-selective harvests and supplemental feeding being the control variables. Using a two-state linear control model, we find a two-dimensional singular path is optimal (as opposed to a more conventional bang-bang solution) as part of a cycle that results in the disease remaining endemic in the wildlife. This result follows from non-selective harvesting and intermittent wildlife productivity gains from supplemental feeding.

Nuclear astrophysics: nucleosynthesis in the Universe

Nuclear astrophysics is a relatively young science; it is about half a century old. It is a multidisciplinary subject, since it combines nuclear physics with astrophysics and observations in astronomy. It also addresses fundamental issues in astrobiology through the formation of elements, in particular those required for a carbon-based life. In this paper, a rapid overview of nucleosynthesis is given, mainly from the point of view of nuclear physics. A short historical introduction is followed by the definition of the relevant nuclear parameters, such as nuclear reaction cross sections, astrophysical S-factors, the energy range defined by the Gamow peak and reaction rates. The different astrophysical scenarios that are the sites of nucleosynthesis, and different processes, cycles and chains that are responsible for the building of complex nuclei from the elementary hydrogen nuclei are then briefly described. Received 28 February 2012, accepted 5 April 2012, first published online 9 May 2012

From inflation to dark energy through a dynamical Λ: an attempt at alleviating fundamental cosmic puzzles

After decades of successful hot big-bang paradigm, cosmology still lacks a framework in which the early inflationary phase of the universe smoothly matches the radiation epoch and evolves to the present “quasi” de Sitter spacetime. No less intriguing is that the current value of the effective vacuum energy density is vastly smaller than the value that triggered inflation. In this paper, we propose a new class of cosmologies capable of overcoming, or highly alleviating, some of these acute cosmic puzzles. Powered by a decaying vacuum energy density, the spacetime emerges from a pure nonsingular de Sitter vacuum stage, “gracefully” exits from inflation to a radiation phase followed by dark matter and vacuum regimes, and, finally, evolves to a late-time de Sitter phase.

Hardware and software development of a multichannel readout board named CARLOSrx for the ALICE experiment

ALICE, that is an experiment held at CERN using the LHC, is specialized in analyzing lead-ion collisions. ALICE will study the properties of quarkgluon plasma, a state of matter where quarks and gluons, under conditions of very high temperatures and densities, are no longer confined inside hadrons. Such a state of matter probably existed just after the Big Bang, before particles such as protons and neutrons were formed. The SDD detector, one of the ALICE subdetectors, is part of the ITS that is composed by 6 cylindrical layers with the innermost one attached to the beam pipe. The ITS tracks and identifies particles near the interaction point, it also aligns the tracks of the articles detected by more external detectors. The two ITS middle layers contain the whole 260 SDD detectors. A multichannel readout board, called CARLOSrx, receives at the same time the data coming from 12 SDD detectors. In total there are 24 CARLOSrx boards needed to read data coming from all the SDD modules (detector plus front end electronics). CARLOSrx packs data coming from the front end electronics through optical link connections, it stores them in a large data FIFO and then it sends them to the DAQ system. Each CARLOSrx is composed by two boards. One is called CARLOSrx data, that reads data coming from the SDD detectors and configures the FEE; the other one is called CARLOSrx clock, that sends the clock signal to all the FEE. This thesis contains a description of the hardware design and firmware features of both CARLOSrx data and CARLOSrx clock boards, which deal with all the SDD readout chain. A description of the software tools necessary to test and configure the front end electronics will be presented at the end of the thesis.

Development of new tools and devices for CMB and foreground data analysis and future experiments

The discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation in 1965 is one of the fundamental milestones supporting the Big Bang theory. The CMB is one of the most important source of information in cosmology. The excellent accuracy of the recent CMB data of WMAP and Planck satellites confirmed the validity of the standard cosmological model and set a new challenge for the data analysis processes and their interpretation. In this thesis we deal with several aspects and useful tools of the data analysis. We focus on their optimization in order to have a complete exploitation of the Planck data and contribute to the final published results. The issues investigated are: the change of coordinates of CMB maps using the HEALPix package, the problem of the aliasing effect in the generation of low resolution maps, the comparison of the Angular Power Spectrum (APS) extraction performances of the optimal QML method, implemented in the code called BolPol, and the pseudo-Cl method, implemented in Cromaster. The QML method has been then applied to the Planck data at large angular scales to extract the CMB APS. The same method has been applied also to analyze the TT parity and the Low Variance anomalies in the Planck maps, showing a consistent deviation from the standard cosmological model, the possible origins for this results have been discussed. The Cromaster code instead has been applied to the 408 MHz and 1.42 GHz surveys focusing on the analysis of the APS of selected regions of the synchrotron emission. The new generation of CMB experiments will be dedicated to polarization measurements, for which are necessary high accuracy devices for separating the polarizations. Here a new technology, called Photonic Crystals, is exploited to develop a new polarization splitter device and its performances are compared to the devices used nowadays.

The Perception of American Adolescent Culture Through the Dubbing and Fansubbing of a Selection of US Teen Series from 1990 to 2013

The present dissertation aims at analyzing the construction of American adolescent culture through teen-targeted television series and the shift in perception that occurs as a consequence of the translation process. In light of the recent changes in television production and consumption modes, largely caused by new technologies, this project explores the evolution of Italian audiences, focusing on fansubbing (freely distributed amateur subtitles made by fans for fan consumption) and social viewing (the re-aggregation of television consumption based on social networks and dedicated platforms, rather than on physical presence). These phenomena are symptoms of a sort of ‘viewership 2.0’ and of a new type of active viewing, which calls for a revision of traditional AVT strategies. Using a framework that combines television studies, new media studies, and fandom studies with an approach to AVT based on Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury 1995), this dissertation analyzes the non-Anglophone audience’s growing need to participation in the global dialogue and appropriation process based on US scheduling and informed by the new paradigm of convergence culture, transmedia storytelling, and affective economics (Jenkins 2006 and 2007), as well as the constraints intrinsic to multimodal translation and the different types of linguistic and cultural adaptation performed through dubbing (which tends to be more domesticating; Venuti 1995) and fansubbing (typically more foreignizing). The study analyzes a selection of episodes from six of the most popular teen television series between 1990 and 2013, which has been divided into three ages based on the different modes of television consumption: top-down, pre-Internet consumption (Beverly Hills, 90210, 1990 – 2000), emergence of audience participation (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 1997 – 2003; Dawson’s Creek, 1998 – 2003), age of convergence and Viewership 2.0 (Gossip Girl, 2007 – 2012; Glee, 2009 – present; The Big Bang Theory, 2007 - present).

L'atomo di idrogeno: Righe, serie e sua importanza in astrofisica.

L’idrogeno è l’elemento chimico più semplice, leggero e abbondante nell’universo. L’atomo è composto da un nucleo, nella maggior parte dei casi formato da un unico protone o al più da un protone e un neutrone (che formano l’isotopo meno stabile detto deuterio), e da un elettrone che orbita attorno al nucleo. Per tale motivo viene classificato come il primo elemento della tavola periodica, con simbolo H e con numero atomico pari ad 1 (Z = 1) e stesso numero di massa (o numero di massa pari a 2 per il deuterio A = 2). Dal punto di vista isotopico l’idrogeno è composto per il 99.985% da prozio (idrogeno con A=1) e per il 0,015% da deuterio (A=2). Tutti gli altri isotopi sono instabili e meno abbondanti in natura. Data la sua semplicità l’idrogeno è il primo elemento formatosi dopo il Big Bang e da ciò ne deriva la sua abbondanza nell’universo e dunque la sua importanza in astrofisica.

Inflazione cosmica e onde gravitazionali primordiali

La teoria dell'inflazione risolve alcuni problemi fondamentali posti dalla teoria standard dell'origine dell'universo, in particolare chiarisce perché l'universo è piatto e omogeneo quando secondo la cosmologia standard non lo dovrebbe essere (o meglio: lo potrebbe essere solo con probabilità molto bassa). Inoltre la teoria dell'inflazione spiega l'origine delle anisotropie della radiazione cosmica di fondo e in tal modo l'inflazione è responsabile anche dell'origine della struttura a grande scala dell'universo. La teoria inflazionaria presenta la possibilità di una conferma sperimentale. Alcune sue predizioni sono già state verificate e una forte prova era sembrata venire dall'esperimento BICEP2, ma per ora (novembre 2014) non c'è stata una conferma. Nello specifico, l'esperimento BICEP2 aveva dichiarato a marzo 2014 di aver rilevato nella radiazione cosmica di fondo il segnale di onde gravitazionali che potevano essere state provocate soltanto dall'inflazione. La presente tesi descrive gli aspetti classici (non quantistici) della teoria dell'inflazione, riporta i risultati relativi alla trattazione quantistica delle perturbazioni della radiazione cosmica di fondo e illustra la questione delle verifiche sperimentali della teoria dell'inflazione, dedicando particolare rilievo al recente esperimento BICEP2.

Ricostruzione di segnali multipli del rivelatore a tempo di volo (ToF) di ALICE: confronto fra dati e Monte Carlo

La fisica delle collisioni ad alte energie è, ad oggi, uno dei campi di ricerca più interessante per la verifica di modelli teorici che spieghino la nascita e la formazione dell'universo in cui viviamo. In quest'ottica lavorano esperimenti presso i più importanti acceleratori di particelle: tra questi anche l'esperimento ALICE, presso il Large Hadron Collider LHC del CERN di Ginevra. Il suo scopo principale è quello di verificare e ampliare l'insieme delle prove sperimentali alla base sull'esistenza di un nuovo stato della materia: il Quark Gluon Plasma. La presenza della transizione di fase della materia adronica ordinaria a QGP era stata teorizzata da diversi studi termodinamici e da calcoli di QCD su reticolo: in particolare si prevedeva l'esistenza di uno stato della materia in cui i quark sono deconfinati. Il QGP è dunque un plasma colorato e densissimo di quark e gluoni, liberi di interagire tra loro. Queste condizioni sarebbero state quelle dell'universo primordiale, circa 1µs dopo il Big Bang: a seguito di una transizione di fase, si sarebbe poi formata tutta la materia adronica ordinaria. Per riprodurre le condizioni necessarie alla formazione del QGP occorrono collisioni ad energie ultrarelativistiche come quelle prodotte, negli ultimi anni, dall'acceleratore LHC. Uno dei principali rivelatori dedicati all'identificazione di particelle in ALICE è il sistema a tempo di volo TOF. Nonostante un attento processo di ottimizzazione della risoluzione delle sue componenti, persistono residui errori strumentali che limitano la qualità (già ottima) del segnale, tutt'oggi oggetto di studio. L'elaborato presentato in questa tesi è suddiviso in tre capitoli: nel primo ripercorriamo gli aspetti teorici del Modello Standard e del Quark Gluon Plasma. Nel secondo descriviamo la struttura di rivelazione di ALICE, analizzando il funzionamento delle singole componenti. Nel terzo, infine, verifichiamo le principali correzioni al TOF ad oggi note, confrontando i dati a nostra disposizione con delle simulazioni Monte Carlo: questo ci permette da un lato di approfondirne la conoscenza, dall'altro di cercarne di migliorare la descrizione del comportamento del rivelatore.

The Pre-1980 Roots of Neoliberal Financial Deregulation

U.S. financial deregulation is often popularly presented as a fundamental attack on financial regulation that began with neoliberalism's Big Bang in 1980. This paper argues this position is wrong in two ways. First, it is a process that stretches back decades before 1980. Textbook mentions of 1970s precursor "financial innovations" fall far short of presenting the breadth and duration of the pre-1980 attack on the system of regulation. Second, it has not been an across-the-board attack on financial regulation in the name of market efficiency as required by its ideology and claimed by its advocates, but rather a focused attack on only one of the five pillars of the system of regulation. This paper develops both of these assertions through a presentation of the five central pillars of the pre-1980 system of financial regulation, and the four major attacks on the three different aspects of the restrictions on financial competition.

Ventricular tachycardia in a Brugada syndrome patient caused by a novel deletion in SCN5A

The aim of the present study was to identify the molecular mechanism behind ventricular tachycardia in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Arrhythmias in patients with Brugada syndrome often occur during sleep. However, a 28-year-old man with no previously documented arrhythmia or syncope who experienced shortness of breath and chest pain during agitation is described. An electrocardiogram revealed monomorphic ventricular tachycardia; after he was converted to nodal rhythm, he spontaneously went into sinus rhythm, and showed classic Brugada changes with coved ST elevation in leads V(1) to V(2). Mutation analysis of SCN5A revealed a novel mutation, 3480 deletion T frame shift mutation, resulting in premature truncation of the protein. Heterologous expression of this truncated protein in human embryonic kidney 293 cells showed a markedly reduced protein expression level. By performing whole-cell patch clamp experiments using human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with the mutated SCN5A, no current could be recorded. Hence, the results suggest that the patient suffered from haploinsufficiency of Na(v)1.5, and that this mutation was the cause of his Brugada syndrome.

"Évaluer", "accompagner", "contrarier":

Diskutiert werden die Möglichkeiten architektonischen Einfügens anhand der Position, die der französische Architekt Jean Nouvel in Theorie wie Praxis einnimmt. Im Rückblick auf sein Werk zeigt sich dabei, dass er sich von Anbeginn mit der Reflexion über die Möglichkeiten und die Grenzen architektonischen Einfügens in bereits bestehende bauliche Ensembles auseinandergesetzt und eine Reihe von Konzepten entwickelt hat, deren Begrifflichkeit sich an Philosophen wie Félix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze und Michel Foucault orientiert. Die konkrete Anwendung dieser Begriffe wird anhand von zwei Projekten erörtert, die einmal die Einfügung eines kompletten Gebäudeinnern in bereits bestehende Außenwände eines historischen Baus (Oper Lyon), ein anderes Mal die Einfügung eines Neubaus in ein prägnantes, städtebauliches Ensemble (Hotel "Sofitel Vienna Stephansdom“) betreffen.

Depressed type 1 cytokine synthesis by superantigen-activated CD4+ T cells of women with human papillomavirus-related high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

Carcinoma of the cervix is causally related to infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), and T cells play a pivotal role in the immune response of the host to rid itself of HPV infection. Therefore, we assessed the T-cell function of women with HPV-related cervical neoplasia against a superantigen, Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB). Each woman provided a cervical brush specimen for HPV DNA testing and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for the staging of cervical lesions. They also provided a blood specimen for determination of the ability of CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells to synthesize Th1 (interleukin-2 [IL-2], gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha]) and Th2 (IL-10) cytokines in response to activation with SEB. Compared with control subjects with self-attested negative Pap smears, women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) had significantly lower percentages of activated CD4(+) T cells that produced IL-2 (P = 0.045), IFN-gamma (P = 0.040), and TNF-alpha (P = 0.015) and a significantly lower percentage of activated CD8(+) T cells that produced IL-2 (P < 0.01). These data indicate that women with HPV-related cervical HSIL show a decrease in Th1 cytokine production by activated CD4(+) T cells and suggested that compromised T-helper functions may negatively impact the function of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells.