992 resultados para WF 668
Performance of supersonic model combustors with staged injections of supercritical aviation kerosene
Resumo:
Supersonic model combustors using two-stage injections of supercritical kerosene were experimentally investigated in both Mach 2.5 and 3.0 model combustors with stagnation temperatures of approximately 1,750 K. Supercritical kerosene of approximately 760 K was prepared and injected in the overall equivalence ratio range of 0.5-1.46. Two pairs of integrated injector/flameholder cavity modules in tandem were used to facilitate fuel-air mixing and stable combustion. For single-stage fuel injection at an upstream location, it was found that the boundary layer separation could propagate into the isolator with increasing fuel equivalence ratio due to excessive local heat release, which in turns changed the entry airflow conditions. Moving the fuel injection to a further downstream location could alleviate the problem, while it would result in a decrease in combustion efficiency due to shorter fuel residence time. With two-stage fuel injections the overall combustor performance was shown to be improved and kerosene injections at fuel rich conditions could be reached without the upstream propagation of the boundary layer separation into the isolator. Furthermore, effects of the entry Mach number and pilot hydrogen on combustion performance were also studied.
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通过对高速列车气动噪声产生的关键部位进行简化抽象,对其产生的噪声进行了数值分析.该文着重讨论了两个主要的简化模型,即二维后台阶问题以及三维圆柱绕流问题.对后台阶问题进行数值模拟时采用了NLAS和 LES两种不同的方法,并同实验值进行了比较.对三维圆柱绕流问题则直接采用NLAS方法耦合FW-H声音传播方程进行了数值模拟.以此对高速列车气动噪声的机理进行了分析,并对适合于高速列车气动噪声计算的方法进行了选择
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人类活动引起全球大气中温室气体(CO2、CH4、NOx)浓度不断增加,致使地球表面温度在过去的100 年中已经增长了0.74 ± 0.18℃,预计到本世纪末将会增加1.1-6.4℃。此外,氮沉降也是当今社会的重要环境问题,随着经济发展的全球化, 高氮沉降也呈现出全球化趋势。全球气候变暖和氮沉降给陆地生态系统的地上、地下生物学和生物地球化学过程所带来巨大影响越来越引起人们的关注。 本文以川西亚高山针叶林的两个重要树种云杉和油松幼苗为研究对象,采用红外辐射增温(空气增温2.1℃,土壤增温2.6℃)和根部施氮(施氮量25 g N m-2yr-1)的方法,从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究这两种幼苗对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应。该实验为室外控制实验,包括四个处理:(1)不增温+不施氮(UU);(2) 不增温+施氮(UF);(3) 增温+不施氮(WU);(4) 增温+施氮(WF)。本研究旨在从生理生化、物质代谢 、生长及形态等不同水平上研究模拟增温和施氮对两种树苗的联合效应,提高我们对全球变化下亚高山针叶林早期更新过程的理解,同时也为森林管理提供科学依据。具体研究结果如下: 单独增温处理显著提高了云杉和油松幼苗的地茎、叶重、茎重、根重以及总生物量;单独施氮处理也增加了两种幼苗的株高和总生物量。而增温和施氮联合作用对两种幼苗生长的影响并不相同,联合作用对云杉幼苗生长指标的正效应显著低于单独施氮处理,但是联合作用比单独增温或施氮更大程度的促进了油松幼苗生物量的积累。 单独增温和施氮都有利于提高云杉和油松叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率(A)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(Φ)、最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和量子产量(Y)。与对两种幼苗生长指标的影响相似,加氮和增温共同作用下油松幼苗的以上光合指标比在单独增温或施氮处理下有更大程度的提高;而联合作用下云杉幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、最大光能转化效率以及量子产量比单独施氮处理明显地降低。 增温和施氮都显著地降低了云杉和油松幼苗针叶组织中活性氧和丙二醛的积累。交互作用降低了云杉幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和ASA 的含量,却显著提高了油松幼苗SOD、POD、APX 等抗氧化酶的活性,并且对油松幼苗脯氨酸和ASA 积累的促进作用比单一因子更加明显。因此,增温和施氮共同作用下油松幼苗叶片中O2-产生速率、H2O2 及MDA 含量明显降低,而云杉叶片中只有O2-产生速率出现降低趋势。 增温和施氮都降低了云杉体内的P、Ca、Mg 元素的含量,增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 在各器官内的积累。对油松幼苗而言,增温和加氮单独作用也显著降低了Ca 含量增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 的积累,但是不同于云杉幼苗的是P、Mg 也显著增加。增温和施氮联合作用对云杉幼苗体内元素的影响与单一施氮处理或增温处理相似,不同的是比单一因子作用更为明显降低了P、Ca、Mg 含量,增加了植株中N、Cu、Zn、Mn 的含量,但是油松矿质元素含量在联合作用下并没有产生类似于云杉幼苗的双因子叠加效应。 总之,尽管单独增温或者施氮都有利于云杉和油松幼苗生长指标、光合能力以及抗氧化能力的提高。但是,增温和施氮对云杉幼苗生长生理的促进效应非但没有在交互作用下有更大的提高,反而低于单独氮处理。与此不同的是,增温和施氮联合作用比单因子作用更有利于油松幼苗生长及生理指标的提高。 With the continued increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2、CH4、NOx), the mean global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74 ± 0.18℃ over the past century and is predicted to rise by as much as 6.4℃ during this century. Besides global warming, nitrogen deposition is another serious environmental problem caused by human activities, and high nitrogen load has become globalization as a result of global economy development. Global climate warming and nitrogen deposition have induced dramatic alternations in above - and below- ground biology and biogeochemistry process in terrestrial ecosystems, and more and more attention has been invited to those problems. This experiment mainly studies two important species Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis in subalpine coniferous forest of western Sichuan, China. Infared heaters are induced to increase both air and soil temperature by 2.1℃ and 2.6 ℃, respectively. Ammonium nitrate solution (for a total equivalent to 25 g N m-2 year-1) is added to soil surface. There are four treatments in this study: (1) unwarmed unfertilized (UU); (2) unwarmed fertilized (UF); (3) warmed unfertilized (WU); (4) warmed fertilized (WF). This study is conducted to determine the influences of experimental warming and nitrogen fertilization on physiolchemistry, nutrition metabolism, growth and morphology in the two coniferous species seedlings. The current study is favorable for increasing our understanding on the early phase of regeneration behavior in subalpine coniferous forest, and it also provide scientific direction for forest management under future global changes. The results are as follows: Artificial warming alone significantly increased basal diameter, leaf mass, stem mass, root mass and total biomass for Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, and single nitrogen fertilization are also favorable for growth of the two species and stimulate plant hight and total biomass. The two species seedlings respond differently to the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen addition. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilization weakens the positive effects of nitrogen addition for growth of Picea asperata seedlings. However, the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization further increase biomass accumulation of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. Both elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone can increase photosynthetic pigments contents, net photosynthetic rate (A), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), apparent quantity yield (Φ), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (Y). Similarly with growth parameters, the combination of warming and nitrogen addition induced more increment of these above photosynthetic parameters for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. However, these photosynthetic parameters of Picea asperata seedlings under the combination of warming and nitrogen addition are lower than those under nitrogen fertilization alone. The levels of active oxygen species (AOS) and malodiadehyde (MDA) in needles of the two coniferous species seedling are obviously decreased by experimental warming or additional nitrogen. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilizer reduces the activities of SOD, CAT and APX, and the contents of proline and ASA of Picea asperata seedlings, but the combination significantly increases activities of these antioxidant enzymes in needlels of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings and further improves the accumulation of proline and ASA compared to either artificial warming or nitrogen addition. Therefore, the rate of O2 - production, the contents of H2O2 and MDA in needles of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings are remarkably reduced by the combination of warming and nitrogen addition, but the combination only significantly decreased the rate of O2 - production of Picea asperata seedlings. Elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization decrease the contents of P, Ca, Mg but increase Cu, Zn, Mn contents for Picea asperata seedlings. For Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone decreased Ca, but increased P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn contents. The effects of the combination of warming and nitrogen addition on these element contents in needles of Picea asperata seedlings are added or multiplied the effects of warming and nitrogen addition alone, resulting in less contens of P, Ca, Mg and more contents of Cu, Zn, Mn than either elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization. Howere, these adding or multipluing single-factor effects on contents of these elements are not observed in the case of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. In conclusion, growth parameters, photosynthetic capacities and antioxidant abilities of Picea tasperata and Pinus abulaeformis seedlings are improved by experimental warming or nitrogen fertilization. Interestingly, the positive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on growth and physiological performances are not multiplied by the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization, even dempened for Picea asperata seedlings. However, for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, growth and physiological performances are further improved by the combination.
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介绍了一套十分适合应用于准连续激光物理实验的变换装置。该套装置不但可以将热电偶激光功率计输出的直流型模拟电压量变换成计数脉冲输出,还可以对光离子引起的、探测器给出的脉冲型模拟电压量进行累计变换。经过详细的模拟测试得知它变换激光功率的积分线性≤±0.015%,变换光离子脉冲信号的积分线性≤±0.23%。以上测试结果表明该套变换装置已经满足了一般激光物理实验的精度要求。
Resumo:
在扩展的Skyrme有效相互作用下 ,利用Hartree Fock理论研究了同位旋激发能与温度、密度的关系 .结果表明同位旋激发能随密度的降低以及温度的增加而降低 .同时研究了对称能与同位旋激发能的关系 ,指出对称能是同位旋激发能的一部分 ,且占相当大的比重 .最后研究了不同的势参数下 ,同位旋激发能随相对中子过剩的变化关系 ,发现同位旋激发能较强地依赖于对称能强度系数 ,而对不可压缩系数以及有效质量不太敏感 .从而为实验上通过研究同位旋激发能来提取核物质状态方程中的对称能部分指出了一条途径
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The extraction of protactinium with Aliquat 336 (methyl-tri-caprylyl ammonium chloride) in toluene, cyclohexane and chloroform from HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HF and mixed HCl-HF media was investigated by radioactive tracer technique. Distribution ratios of protactinium between the aqueous solution and the organic phase were determined as a function of shaking time, concentrations of acid in aqueous solution phase, extractant concentration and type of diluents in the organic phase. Aliquat 336 can almost quantitatively extract protactinium from strong HCl solution. At the same time, small amounts of HF in HCl solutions have a strong effect on Pa distribution.