Geological map of Geltinger Birk, western Baltic Sea, Germany

The geological structure of a Holocene sand spit system and the adjacent Weichselian glacial deposits in the northeastern part of Schleswig-Holstein have been investigated and presented in a geological map. Thin meltwater deposits overlie the glacial tills in the area of the former Beverö lsland in the west. To its north and northeast, the modern Sand spit system is present. Its basal transgression horizon is composed mainly of gravels and boulders, and directly overlie the Pleistocene deposits. Further up the succession, fine graind sands are present, in turn overlain by the coarser grained sands of the barrier bar. To the east, under the protection of the sand spit, gyttyas and peats which sometimes attain large thicknesses have been deposited under lacustrinellagoonal conditions. Closer to the shore, these sediments are covered by marine sands.

(Table 1) Frequency of wind direction reportings and duration of wave action in Mittelgrund, Eckernfoerder Bay, Germany

A detailed survey of the Mittelgrund in Eckernförde Bay shows slope breaks at 10-12 m and 15-16 m water depth. They are thought to be mainly the result of marine abrasion. Utilizing records from the Edgerton mud-penetrator, a map of holocene sediment thickness has been drawn. From the pattern of bottom echos 4 types of stratification can be recognized. An interpretation of them is attempted, as they are supposed to serve as models for other transgression contacts.

Quantitative component analysis of the coarse fraction of surface sediments from the Persian Gulf

In the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman marl forms the primary sediment cover, particularly on the Iranian side. A detailed quantitative description of the sediment components > 63 µ has been attempted in order to establish the regional distribution of the most important constituents as well as the criteria governing marl sedimentation in general. During the course of the analysis, the sand fraction from about 160 bottom-surface samples was split into 5 phi° fractions and 500 to 800 grains were counted in each individual fraction. The grains were cataloged in up to 40 grain type catagories. The gravel fraction was counted separately and the values calculated as weight percent. Basic for understanding the mode of formation of the marl sediment is the "rule" of independent availability of component groups. It states that the sedimentation of different component groups takes place independently, and that variation in the quantity of one component is independent of the presence or absence of other components. This means, for example, that different grain size spectrums are not necessarily developed through transport sorting. In the Persian Gulf they are more likely the result of differences in the amount of clay-rich fine sediment brought in to the restricted mouth areas of the Iranian rivers. These local increases in clayey sediment dilute the autochthonous, for the most part carbonate, coarse fraction. This also explains the frequent facies changes from carbonate to clayey marl. The main constituent groups of the coarse fraction are faecal pellets and lumps, the non carbonate mineral components, the Pleistocene relict sediment, the benthonic biogene components and the plankton. Faecal pellets and lumps are formed through grain size transformation of fine sediment. Higher percentages of these components can be correlated to large amounts of fine sediment and organic C. No discernable change takes place in carbonate minerals as a result of digestion and faecal pellet formation. The non-carbonate sand components originate from several unrelated sources and can be distinguished by their different grain size spectrum; as well as by other characteristics. The Iranian rivers supply the greatest amounts (well sorted fine sand). Their quantitative variations can be used to trace fine sediment transport directions. Similar mineral maxima in the sediment of the Gulf of Oman mark the path of the Persian Gulf outflow water. Far out from the coast, the basin bottoms in places contain abundant relict minerals (poorly sorted medium sand) and localized areas of reworked salt dome material (medium sand to gravel). Wind transport produces only a minimal "background value" of mineral components (very fine sand). Biogenic and non-biogenic relict sediments can be placed in separate component groups with the help of several petrographic criteria. Part of the relict sediment (well sorted fine sand) is allochthonous and was derived from the terrigenous sediment of river mouths. The main part (coarse, poorly sorted sediment), however, was derived from the late Pleistocene and forms a quasi-autochthonous cover over wide areas which receive little recent sedimentation. Bioturbation results in a mixing of the relict sediment with the overlying younger sediment. Resulting vertical sediment displacement of more than 2.5 m has been observed. This vertical mixing of relict sediment is also partially responsible for the present day grain size anomalies (coarse sediment in deep water) found in the Persian Gulf. The mainly aragonitic components forming the relict sediment show a finely subdivided facies pattern reflecting the paleogeography of carbonate tidal flats dating from the post Pleistocene transgression. Standstill periods are reflected at 110 -125m (shelf break), 64-61 m and 53-41 m (e.g. coare grained quartz and oolite concentrations), and at 25-30m. Comparing these depths to similar occurrences on other shelf regions (e. g. Timor Sea) leads to the conclusion that at this time minimal tectonic activity was taking place in the Persian Gulf. The Pleistocene climate, as evidenced by the absence of Iranian river sediment, was probably drier than the present day Persian Gulf climate. Foremost among the benthonic biogene components are the foraminifera and mollusks. When a ratio is set up between the two, it can be seen that each group is very sensitive to bottom type, i.e., the production of benthonic mollusca increases when a stable (hard) bottom is present whereas the foraminifera favour a soft bottom. In this way, regardless of the grain size, areas with high and low rates of recent sedimentation can be sharply defined. The almost complete absence of mollusks in water deeper than 200 to 300 m gives a rough sedimentologic water depth indicator. The sum of the benthonic foraminifera and mollusca was used as a relative constant reference value for the investigation of many other sediment components. The ratio between arenaceous foraminifera and those with carbonate shells shows a direct relationship to the amount of coarse grained material in the sediment as the frequence of arenaceous foraminifera depends heavily on the availability of sand grains. The nearness of "open" coasts (Iranian river mouths) is directly reflected in the high percentage of plant remains, and indirectly by the increased numbers of ostracods and vertebrates. Plant fragments do not reach their ultimate point of deposition in a free swimming state, but are transported along with the remainder of the terrigenous fine sediment. The echinoderms (mainly echinoids in the West Basin and ophiuroids in the Central Basin) attain their maximum development at the greatest depth reached by the action of the largest waves. This depth varies, depending on the exposure of the slope to the waves, between 12 to 14 and 30 to 35 m. Corals and bryozoans have proved to be good indicators of stable unchanging bottom conditions. Although bryozoans and alcyonarian spiculae are independent of water depth, scleractinians thrive only above 25 to 30 m. The beginning of recent reef growth (restricted by low winter temperatures) was seen only in one single area - on a shoal under 16 m of water. The coarse plankton fraction was studied primarily through the use of a plankton-benthos ratio. The increase in planktonic foraminifera with increasing water depth is here heavily masked by the "Adjacent sea effect" of the Persian Gulf: for the most part the foraminifera have drifted in from the Gulf of Oman. In contrast, the planktonic mollusks are able to colonize the entire Persian Gulf water body. Their amount in the plankton-benthos ratio always increases with water depth and thereby gives a reliable picture of local water depth variations. This holds true to a depth of around 400 m (corresponding to 80-90 % plankton). This water depth effect can be removed by graphical analysis, allowing the percentage of planktonic mollusks per total sample to be used as a reference base for relative sedimentation rate (sedimentation index). These values vary between 1 and > 1000 and thereby agree well with all the other lines of evidence. The "pteropod ooze" facies is then markedly dependent on the sedimentation rate and can theoretically develop at any depth greater than 65 m (proven at 80 m). It should certainly no longer be thought of as "deep sea" sediment. Based on the component distribution diagrams, grain size and carbonate content, the sediments of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman can be grouped into 5 provisional facies divisions (Chapt.19). Particularly noteworthy among these are first, the fine grained clayey marl facies occupying the 9 narrow outflow areas of rivers, and second, the coarse grained, high-carbonate marl facies rich in relict sediment which covers wide sediment-poor areas of the basin bottoms. Sediment transport is for the most part restricted to grain sizes < 150 µ and in shallow water is largely coast-parallel due to wave action at times supplemented by tidal currents. Below the wave base gravity transport prevails. The only current capable of moving sediment is the Persian Gulf outflow water in the Gulf of Oman.

Geometric parameters of shoreface profiles of Laptev Sea erosion coast (Table 1)

Field investigations of the Laptev Sea shoreface morphology were carried out (1) off erosional shores composed of unconsolidated sediments, (2) off the modern delta shores of the Lena River, and (3) off rocky shores. It was found that profiles off erosional shores had a concave shape. This shape is not well described by commonly applied power functions, a feature, which is in disagreement with the generally accepted concept of the equilibrium shape of shoreface profiles. The position of the lower shoreface boundary is determined by the elevation of the coastal lowland inundated during the last transgression (at -5 to -10 m) and may easily be recognized by a sharp, an order of magnitude decrease in the mean inclination of the sea floor. The mean shoreface inclination depends on sediment grain-size and ranges from 0.0022 to 0.033. The concave shape of the shoreface did not change substantially during the last 20-30 years, which indicates that shoreline retreat did not slow down and hence suggests continued intensive coastal erosion in the 21st century. The underwater part of the Lena River delta extends up to 35 km offshore. Its upper part is formed by a shallow and up to 18-km wide bench, which reaches depths of 2-3 m along the outer edge. The evolution of the delta was irregular. Whereas some parts of the delta are advancing rapidly (58 m/year), other parts are eroding. Comparison of measured profiles with older bathymetric data gave an opportunity to evaluate the changes of the underwater delta over past decades. Bathymetric surveys of the seabed around the delta can thus contribute towards a quantification of the sediment budget of the river-sea system. In addition, some sections of the Laptev Sea coast are composed of bedrock that has a comparatively low resistance to wave erosion. These sections may supply a considerable amount of sediment, especially if the cliffs are high. This source must therefore also be taken into account when assessing the contribution of shore erosion to the Laptev Sea sediment budget.

Modelos de transmisión de normas en ámbitos cotidianos

El origen de este proyecto de tesis es la sospecha de que la sociedad argentina enseña a trasgredir. Un aspecto que llamó mi atención desde el comienzo fue cómo vincular la trasgresión con un hecho educativo, circunscrito a un proceso de enseñanza sistemático que debería implicar el fracaso del aprendizaje de las normas. Dando por sentado que el conocimiento prescriptivo es un dominio de conocimiento, conformado por distintos tipos de normas, se hace evidente que las concepciones y creencias transmitidas en la socialización primaria influirá en la comprensión de este dominio. Partimos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué concepciones se transmiten en la socialización primaria con respecto al conocimiento prescriptivo? ¿Existen modelos de transmisión? ¿Fomenta este proceso conductas desviadas en relación con los sistemas normativos? Objetivos: Analizar el proceso de transmisión de normas en situaciones cotidianas. Identificar el tratamiento de las sanciones en la socialización primaria. Relacionar los registros obtenidos con las concepciones elaboradas por el Derecho. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa cuya información fue recogida a través de 30 entrevistas a madres profesionales (MPs) Se elaboró para el análisis: a) La siguiente matriz de análisis: 1) El contenido informativo de las normas 2) Uso de los conceptos: prohibir, permitir y obligar 3) Introducir la sanción como parte de una norma. a) Una tipología de Madres Profesionales (MP): 1) MP Profesionalizada 2) MP Realista 3) MP Interpretadora del deseo de su hijo Organización de los resultados: Reseña de la vida cotidiana del grupo Análisis de las diferentes tipologías en relación a la matriz de análisis. Análisis de los procedimientos inhibitorios atendiendo: el ejercicio de la autoridad, los tipos de procedimientos inhibitorios y los argumentos atenuantes. Comparación entre las justificaciones de la pena utilizados por las MP y las teorías elaboradas por el derecho. Conclusiones: El modelo asumido por la MP depende de la valoración personal respecto a la norma a transmitir independientemente de su valor intrínseco. Afecta esta posición: propia experiencia, las expectativas de inserción social del hijo y la dinámica cotidiana. Se analizaron las diferencias en cada uno de los modelos y se realizaron comparaciones con las normas jurídicas respecto al ejercicio de la autoridad y el uso de los modalizadores deónticos. Se observó que las MP tienen dificultades de cumplir con las sanciones por ellas impuestas. Las MP utilizan de argumentos "racionales" con el fin de justificar frente a sus hijos el no cumplimiento de la sanción que ellas mismas han impuesto. Esto promueve la trasgresión en la medida que fortalece la creencia que siempre es posible justificar la inimputabilidad de una acción desviada a través de un argumento. Las MP conciben la sanción desde una perspectiva retributiva salvo en situación complejas. Con el fin de responder los interrogantes de partida consideramos que las acciones de los diferentes modelos analizados favorecen la internalización de las normas asociadas a situaciones particulares en las cuales se transmiten y el uso de argumentos que permitan justificar en cada situación la trasgresión.

Entre Arlt y Puig, el affaire Correas. Acerca de "La narración de la historia"

El cuento "La narración de la historia" de Carlos Correas (1931-2000) se publicó en la Revista Centro, en 1959, y provocó un escándalo que llevó al secuestro de lo que sería el último número de esta publicación por parte de la Justicia. Correas había incurrido en una flagrante transgresión a los límites de lo decible en el discurso social de fines de la década del 50, inmerso en lo que Oscar Terán ha denominado "proceso de modernización cultural posperonista". En este trabajo examino el relato de Correas como emergencia de una subjetividad novedosa que permitiría establecer un puente entre la dimensión socio-sexual y estética del mundo ficcional de Arlt y la que unos años más tarde aparecerá configurada en la narrativa de Manuel Puig

Problemas en torno a la definición de la marginalidad

Proponemos abordar la categoría de marginalidad desde los elementos que definen a los marginales, observando que se trata de un concepto con cualidades particulares en cada uno de los contextos en los cuales es considerada, además de presentar diferencias en cuanto a las causas específicas. Sin embargo, encontramos con carácter general la referencia a su transgresión de las reglas de la comunidad en que viven, lo cual es causa o consecuencia de la anomalía en su intervención en la economía, a pesar de lo cual los marginados no son separados físicamente

Postglacial deposition of sand in the Eckernfoerder Bay, western Baltic Sea

At the NW-slope of Eckernforder Bay (Western Baltic) between 14 and 21 m water depth 7 sand cores were taken with a vibrocorer. The cores were between 85 and 250 cm long. The sand was analysed for grain size distribution, proportions of organic carbon and carbonate, and contents of microfossils. The radiometric age and stable carbon isotope ratios were determined on organic material from 14 sample. With regard to benthic foraminifera and other microorganisms four different types of depositional conditions could be distinguished: Types 1 and 2: two types of offshore sand areas. Type 3: lagoon and nearshore. Type 4: subaerial or limnic. Using sedimentological and geochemical parameters two formation areas could be distinguished with the aid of a discriminant analysis: offshore (types 1 and 2) and nearshore (types 3 and 4). A juxtaposition of core sections indicated two distinct profiles. Their ages fit into the picture of the assumed postglacial sea-level rise. The lagoon- and nearshore sands are interpreted as the result of sea-level stagnation at 17-18 m below present sea-level. The accumulation rates of the sand in the offshore areas are, with a maximum of 0.15 mm/yr., an order of magnitude smaller than in the mud areas, located several hundred metres away.

Paleomagnetic analysis of ODP Site 133-820

Paleomagnetic analysis of sediment samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 133, Site 820, 10 km from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef, is undertaken to investigate the mineral magnetic response to environmental (sea level) changes. Viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) of both multidomain and near-superparamagnetic origin is prevalent and largely obscures the primary remanence, except in isolated high-magnetization zones. The Brunhes/Matuyama boundary cannot be identified, but is expected to be below 120 mbsf. The only evidence that exists for a geomagnetic excursion occurs at about 33 mbsf (-135 k.y.). Only one-half the cores were oriented, and many suffered from internal rotation about the core axis, caused by coring and/or slicing. The decay of magnetic remanence below the surface layer (0-2 mbsf) is attributed to sulfate reduction processes. The magnetic susceptibility (K) record is central for describing and understanding the magnetic properties of the sediments, and their relationship to glacio-eustatic fluctuations in sea level. Three prominent magnetic susceptibility peaks, at about 7, 32, and 64 mbsf, are superimposed on a background of smaller susceptibility oscillations. Fluctuations in susceptibility and remanence in the ôbackgroundö zone are controlled predominantly by variations in the concentration, rather than the composition of ferrimagnetics, with carbonate dilution playing an important role (type-A properties). The sharp susceptibility maxima occur at the start of the marine transgressions following low stands in sea level (high d18O, glacial maxima), and are characterized by a stable single-domain remanence, with a significant contribution from ultra-fine, superparamagnetic grains (type-C properties). During the later marine transgression, the susceptibility gradually returns to low values and the remanence is carried by stable single-domain magnetite (type-B properties). The A, B, and C types of sediment have distinctive ARM/K ratios. Throughout most of the sequence a strong inverse correlation exists between magnetic susceptibility and both CaCO3 and d18O variations. However, in the sharp susceptibility peaks (early transgression), more complex phase relationships are apparent among these parameters. In particular, the K-d18O correlation switches to positive, then reverts to negative during the course of the late transgression, indicating that two distinct mechanisms are responsible for the K-d18O correlation. Lower in the sequence, where sea-level-controlled cycles of upward-coarsening sediments, we find that the initial, mud phase of each cycle has been enriched in high-coercivity magnetic material, which is indicative of more oxic conditions. The main magnetic characteristics of the sediments are thought to reflect sea-level-controlled variations in the sediment source regions and related run-off conditions. Some preliminary evidence is seen that biogenic magnetite may play a significant role in the magnetization of these sediments.

Modelos de transmisión de normas en ámbitos cotidianos

El origen de este proyecto de tesis es la sospecha de que la sociedad argentina enseña a trasgredir. Un aspecto que llamó mi atención desde el comienzo fue cómo vincular la trasgresión con un hecho educativo, circunscrito a un proceso de enseñanza sistemático que debería implicar el fracaso del aprendizaje de las normas. Dando por sentado que el conocimiento prescriptivo es un dominio de conocimiento, conformado por distintos tipos de normas, se hace evidente que las concepciones y creencias transmitidas en la socialización primaria influirá en la comprensión de este dominio. Partimos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué concepciones se transmiten en la socialización primaria con respecto al conocimiento prescriptivo? ¿Existen modelos de transmisión? ¿Fomenta este proceso conductas desviadas en relación con los sistemas normativos? Objetivos: Analizar el proceso de transmisión de normas en situaciones cotidianas. Identificar el tratamiento de las sanciones en la socialización primaria. Relacionar los registros obtenidos con las concepciones elaboradas por el Derecho. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa cuya información fue recogida a través de 30 entrevistas a madres profesionales (MPs) Se elaboró para el análisis: a) La siguiente matriz de análisis: 1) El contenido informativo de las normas 2) Uso de los conceptos: prohibir, permitir y obligar 3) Introducir la sanción como parte de una norma. a) Una tipología de Madres Profesionales (MP): 1) MP Profesionalizada 2) MP Realista 3) MP Interpretadora del deseo de su hijo Organización de los resultados: Reseña de la vida cotidiana del grupo Análisis de las diferentes tipologías en relación a la matriz de análisis. Análisis de los procedimientos inhibitorios atendiendo: el ejercicio de la autoridad, los tipos de procedimientos inhibitorios y los argumentos atenuantes. Comparación entre las justificaciones de la pena utilizados por las MP y las teorías elaboradas por el derecho. Conclusiones: El modelo asumido por la MP depende de la valoración personal respecto a la norma a transmitir independientemente de su valor intrínseco. Afecta esta posición: propia experiencia, las expectativas de inserción social del hijo y la dinámica cotidiana. Se analizaron las diferencias en cada uno de los modelos y se realizaron comparaciones con las normas jurídicas respecto al ejercicio de la autoridad y el uso de los modalizadores deónticos. Se observó que las MP tienen dificultades de cumplir con las sanciones por ellas impuestas. Las MP utilizan de argumentos "racionales" con el fin de justificar frente a sus hijos el no cumplimiento de la sanción que ellas mismas han impuesto. Esto promueve la trasgresión en la medida que fortalece la creencia que siempre es posible justificar la inimputabilidad de una acción desviada a través de un argumento. Las MP conciben la sanción desde una perspectiva retributiva salvo en situación complejas. Con el fin de responder los interrogantes de partida consideramos que las acciones de los diferentes modelos analizados favorecen la internalización de las normas asociadas a situaciones particulares en las cuales se transmiten y el uso de argumentos que permitan justificar en cada situación la trasgresión.