Museo Nacional del Louvre : París.

El vídeo muestra un minucioso análisis de cinco de las obras que se encuentran en este museo. Las obras escogidas son 'La balsa de la medusa', 'Las bodas de Cana' 'Familia de campesinos', 'Vista de la gran galería del Louvre' y 'El Calvario'.

El voluntariado entre la participación ciudadana y los programas de creación de empleo.

Durante esta década las organizaciones de voluntariado y las entidades sin ánimo de lucro se han descubierto a sí mismas como protagonistas de un fenómeno económico. Su aportación al Producto Interior Bruto de los países occidentales es cada vez más importante. Además, se trata de organizaciones que han creado gra número de empleos; según distintos estudios se encuentran entre las entidades que más empleos producen. Tal hecho ha provocado cierto debate en el seño de las propias organizaciones.

Democracy and dictatorship in Germany, 1919-1963.

Cumple con los requisitos para la especificación OCR AS de Historia, opción A. Su contenido se divide en seis capítulos que abarcan el período histórico que transcurre entre la República de Weimar, surgida de la derrota de Alemania en la Primera Guerra Mundial, en 1919 y el mandato del Canciller Konrad Adenauer en 1963, durante el cual se democratizan las estructuras políticas y sociales de la República Federal de Alemania. Cada capítulo contiene actividades para ayudar a la comprensión del tema y desarrollar habilidades con la historia, análisis de acontecimientos relevantes, de debates y controversias, breves biografías de personas clave de la época y definiciones de palabras nuevas.

Abogados, maestros e ingenieros : algunas reflexiones sobre la transformación de la Bilgunsbürgertum alemana, 1900-1950. Comentario.

Ponencia y comentario crítico presentados al seminario internacional que, sobre 'Los usos de la comparación en ciencias sociales y en educación', han organizado el Centro de Investigación y Documentación Educativa y el Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Complutense y que se ha celebrado en el CIDE, en febrero de 1989. En este estudio se repasa la historia de tres profesiones, abogados, maestros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria e ingenieros alemanes, antes y después del nazismo. El comentarista de la ponencia destaca que el tema de ésta forma parte de la tradición del pensamiento sociológico norteamericano, aunque las categorías de análisis y de los conceptos se adecuan a las características históricas específicas del modelo de profesionalización centroeuropeo.

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 35 (SOLO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los libros: Jaime Breilh Paz y Miño y Fanny Herrera, El proceso juliano. Pensamiento, utopía y militares solidarios, Quito, Corporación Editora Nacional/Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, 2011, 200 pp. -- Roberto Choque Canqui y Cristina Quisbert Quispe, Historia de una lucha desigual. Los contenidos ideológicos y políticos de las rebeliones indígenas de la pre y post revolución nacional, La Paz, Unidad de Investigaciones Históricas Unih-Pakaxa, 2012, 259 pp . -- Guadalupe Soasti Toscano, comp., Política, participación y ciudadanía en el proceso de independencia en la América Andina, Quito, Fundación Konrad Adenauer, 2008, 348 pp. -- Nicholas Cushner, Hacienda y obraje, los jesuitas y el inicio del capitalismo agrario en Quito colonial, 1600-1767, traducción de Gonzalo Ortiz Crespo, Biblioteca Básica de Quito, Instituto Metropolitano de Patrimonio, Quito, 2012, 399 pp.

ken

From the beginning, the world of game-playing by machine has been fortunate in attracting contributions from the leading names of computer science. Charles Babbage, Konrad Zuse, Claude Shannon, Alan Turing, John von Neumann, John McCarthy, Alan Newell, Herb Simon and Ken Thompson all come to mind, and each reader will wish to add to this list. Recently, the Journal has saluted both Claude Shannon and Herb Simon. Ken’s retirement from Lucent Technologies’ Bell Labs to the start-up Entrisphere is also a good moment for reflection.

Oxidation of polycrystalline Ni studied by spectromicroscopy: Phase separation in the early stages of crystallite growth

Low-energy and photoemission electron microscopy enables the determination of facet planes of polycrystalline surfaces and the study of their chemical composition at the sub-m scale. Using these techniques the early oxidation stages of nickel were studied. After exposing the surface to 20 L of oxygen at 373 K a uniform layer of chemisorbed oxygen was found on all facets. After oxygen exposure at 473–673 K, small NiO crystallites are formed on all facets but not in the vicinity of all grain boundaries. The crystallites are separated by areas of bare Ni without significant oxygen coverage.

Global and local expression of chirality in serine on the Cu{110} surface

Establishing a molecular-level understanding of enantioselectivity and chiral resolution at the organic−inorganic interfaces is a key challenge in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. As a model system, we investigate the adsorption geometry of serine on Cu{110} using a combination of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The chirality of enantiopure chemisorbed layers, where serine is in its deprotonated (anionic) state, is expressed at three levels: (i) the molecules form dimers whose orientation with respect to the substrate depends on the molecular chirality, (ii) dimers of l- and d-enantiomers aggregate into superstructures with chiral (−1 2; 4 0) lattices, respectively, which are mirror images of each other, and (iii) small islands have elongated shapes with the dominant direction depending on the chirality of the molecules. Dimer and superlattice formation can be explained in terms of intra- and interdimer bonds involving carboxylate, amino, and β−OH groups. The stability of the layers increases with the size of ordered islands. In racemic mixtures, we observe chiral resolution into small ordered enantiopure islands, which appears to be driven by the formation of homochiral dimer subunits and the directionality of interdimer hydrogen bonds. These islands show the same enantiospecific elongated shapes those as in low-coverage enantiopure layers.

Late Quaternary environmental change in the interior South American tropics: new insight from leaf wax stable isotopes

Stable isotope analysis of leaf waxes in a sediment core from Laguna La Gaiba, a shallow lake located at the Bolivian margin of the Pantanal wetlands, provides new perspective on vegetation and climate change in the lowland interior tropics of South America over the past 40,000 years. The carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of long-chain n-alkanes reveal large shifts between C3-and C4-dominated vegetation communities since the last glacial period, consistent with landscape reconstructions generated with pollen data from the same sediment core. Leaf wax δ13C values during the last glacial period reflect an open landscape composed of C4grasses and C3herbs from 41–20ka. A peak in C4abundance during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21ka) suggests drier or more seasonal conditions relative to the earlier glacial period, while the development of a C3-dominated forest community after 20 ka points to increased humidity during the last deglaciation. Within the Holocene, large changes in the abundance of C4 vegetation indicate a transition from drier or more seasonal conditions during the early/mid-Holocene to wetter conditions in the late Holocene coincident with increasing austral summer insolation. Strong negative correlations between leaf wax δ13C and δD values over the entire record indicate that the majority of variability in leaf wax δD at this site can be explained by variability in the magnitude of biosynthetic fractionation by different vegetation types rather than changes in meteoric water δD signatures. However, positive δD deviations from the observed δ13C–δD trends are consistent with more enriched source water and drier or more seasonal conditions during the early/mid-Holocene and LGM. Overall, our record adds to evidence of varying influence of glacial boundary conditions and orbital forcing on South American Summer Monsoon precipitation in different regions of the South American tropics. Moreover, the relationships between leaf wax stable isotopes and pollen data observed at this site underscore the complementary nature of pollen and leaf wax δ13C data for reconstructing past vegetation changes and the potentially large effects of such changes on leaf wax δD signatures.

Upplysning och gränsdragning : en filosofisociologisk studie av den första generationen analytiska filosofer i Sverige

Enlightenment and boundary work: a study of the first-generation Swedish analytical philosophers from a sociology-of-philosophy perspective The history of Swedish analytical philosophy begins with the writings of Ingemar Hedenius, Anders Wedberg, and Konrad Marc-Wogau, who introduced the country to a new style of thinking that was to become the dominant mode of academic philosophizing in it from the mid-1940s to the late 1960s. The article presents a sociological analysis of how that hegemonic position was claimed and established for it in Swedish philosophy departments. In particular, the critique that Hedenius, Wedberg, and Marc-Wogau levelled in their popular writings against continental philosophy is looked upon in detail. Drawing upon Thomas Gieryn’s theory of boundary work, it is shown how the three strove for epistemic authority by demarcating their own ‘scientific’ enterprise from the ‘unscientific’ philosophy of their competitors. This quest for authority, however, was pursued not solely for its own sake: Hedenius, Wedberg, and Marc-Wogau were also all firmly committed to the ideals of enlightenment and cultural radicalism shaping the Swedish society of their time.

Trust in B2C e-commerce : the New Zealand Maori internet shopper

This chapter identifies relevant factors of Maori trust in terms of encouraging online shopping of B2C e-commerce by Maori in New Zealand. The concepts of trust, risk and reputation are used to explore the uptake of Internet shopping in a B2C context by Maori, a minority-but significant-racial group, in New Zealand. Reputation and adoption of e-commerce in Maori culture emanates from family and tribe, typically by word of mouth. This chapter suggests that specific cultures like the Maori have different elements in their trust of e-commerce, which needs to be addressed to encourage broader use.

Managing complexity and insitutionalization : power and politics in ERP implementation in an Australian university

This chapter reports a case study of ERP implementation in an institution of higher education. The ERP is one based on integration of administrative tasks based on Oracle® systems and is successful both in terms of its embeddedness in institutionalized practice and in supporting that university's operations. The key issue that emerged from the study showed that understanding complexity, institutionalized practice, and the power relations in existence enable the implementation to be more effective, as it can be managed when understood. The chapter argues that organizations reproduce practice and that an ERP challenges that. To deal with that challenge, social dramas emerge wherever power exists, and the resulting conflicts challenge the effectiveness of the systems put in place. In this case study, the key role of the project champion in resolving the social dramas became evident.

Cultural differences, information and code systems

This paper explores an alternative way of framing information systems research on the role and impact of national culture. It argues that the widely accepted structural framework of Hofstede reduces interpretation to a simplistic categorical description which in many cases ignores differentiation within cultures. The alternative model suggests, that national culture can be better understood by seeking out the dominant codes that frame the discourse pervasive in a culture and understanding how that discourse affects the obvious social codes of ritual, custom and behavior and the textual codes which express the nature of that culture. This framework is applied to two different case studies—one in New Zealand and one in Thailand—to demonstrate its applicability.