Democracy and dictatorship in Germany, 1919-1963.

Cumple con los requisitos para la especificación OCR AS de Historia, opción A. Su contenido se divide en seis capítulos que abarcan el período histórico que transcurre entre la República de Weimar, surgida de la derrota de Alemania en la Primera Guerra Mundial, en 1919 y el mandato del Canciller Konrad Adenauer en 1963, durante el cual se democratizan las estructuras políticas y sociales de la República Federal de Alemania. Cada capítulo contiene actividades para ayudar a la comprensión del tema y desarrollar habilidades con la historia, análisis de acontecimientos relevantes, de debates y controversias, breves biografías de personas clave de la época y definiciones de palabras nuevas.

Abogados, maestros e ingenieros : algunas reflexiones sobre la transformación de la Bilgunsbürgertum alemana, 1900-1950. Comentario.

Ponencia y comentario crítico presentados al seminario internacional que, sobre 'Los usos de la comparación en ciencias sociales y en educación', han organizado el Centro de Investigación y Documentación Educativa y el Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Complutense y que se ha celebrado en el CIDE, en febrero de 1989. En este estudio se repasa la historia de tres profesiones, abogados, maestros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria e ingenieros alemanes, antes y después del nazismo. El comentarista de la ponencia destaca que el tema de ésta forma parte de la tradición del pensamiento sociológico norteamericano, aunque las categorías de análisis y de los conceptos se adecuan a las características históricas específicas del modelo de profesionalización centroeuropeo.

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 35 (SOLO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los libros: Jaime Breilh Paz y Miño y Fanny Herrera, El proceso juliano. Pensamiento, utopía y militares solidarios, Quito, Corporación Editora Nacional/Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, 2011, 200 pp. -- Roberto Choque Canqui y Cristina Quisbert Quispe, Historia de una lucha desigual. Los contenidos ideológicos y políticos de las rebeliones indígenas de la pre y post revolución nacional, La Paz, Unidad de Investigaciones Históricas Unih-Pakaxa, 2012, 259 pp . -- Guadalupe Soasti Toscano, comp., Política, participación y ciudadanía en el proceso de independencia en la América Andina, Quito, Fundación Konrad Adenauer, 2008, 348 pp. -- Nicholas Cushner, Hacienda y obraje, los jesuitas y el inicio del capitalismo agrario en Quito colonial, 1600-1767, traducción de Gonzalo Ortiz Crespo, Biblioteca Básica de Quito, Instituto Metropolitano de Patrimonio, Quito, 2012, 399 pp.

ken

From the beginning, the world of game-playing by machine has been fortunate in attracting contributions from the leading names of computer science. Charles Babbage, Konrad Zuse, Claude Shannon, Alan Turing, John von Neumann, John McCarthy, Alan Newell, Herb Simon and Ken Thompson all come to mind, and each reader will wish to add to this list. Recently, the Journal has saluted both Claude Shannon and Herb Simon. Ken’s retirement from Lucent Technologies’ Bell Labs to the start-up Entrisphere is also a good moment for reflection.

Oxidation of polycrystalline Ni studied by spectromicroscopy: Phase separation in the early stages of crystallite growth

Low-energy and photoemission electron microscopy enables the determination of facet planes of polycrystalline surfaces and the study of their chemical composition at the sub-m scale. Using these techniques the early oxidation stages of nickel were studied. After exposing the surface to 20 L of oxygen at 373 K a uniform layer of chemisorbed oxygen was found on all facets. After oxygen exposure at 473–673 K, small NiO crystallites are formed on all facets but not in the vicinity of all grain boundaries. The crystallites are separated by areas of bare Ni without significant oxygen coverage.

Global and local expression of chirality in serine on the Cu{110} surface

Establishing a molecular-level understanding of enantioselectivity and chiral resolution at the organic−inorganic interfaces is a key challenge in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. As a model system, we investigate the adsorption geometry of serine on Cu{110} using a combination of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The chirality of enantiopure chemisorbed layers, where serine is in its deprotonated (anionic) state, is expressed at three levels: (i) the molecules form dimers whose orientation with respect to the substrate depends on the molecular chirality, (ii) dimers of l- and d-enantiomers aggregate into superstructures with chiral (−1 2; 4 0) lattices, respectively, which are mirror images of each other, and (iii) small islands have elongated shapes with the dominant direction depending on the chirality of the molecules. Dimer and superlattice formation can be explained in terms of intra- and interdimer bonds involving carboxylate, amino, and β−OH groups. The stability of the layers increases with the size of ordered islands. In racemic mixtures, we observe chiral resolution into small ordered enantiopure islands, which appears to be driven by the formation of homochiral dimer subunits and the directionality of interdimer hydrogen bonds. These islands show the same enantiospecific elongated shapes those as in low-coverage enantiopure layers.

Late Quaternary environmental change in the interior South American tropics: new insight from leaf wax stable isotopes

Stable isotope analysis of leaf waxes in a sediment core from Laguna La Gaiba, a shallow lake located at the Bolivian margin of the Pantanal wetlands, provides new perspective on vegetation and climate change in the lowland interior tropics of South America over the past 40,000 years. The carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of long-chain n-alkanes reveal large shifts between C3-and C4-dominated vegetation communities since the last glacial period, consistent with landscape reconstructions generated with pollen data from the same sediment core. Leaf wax δ13C values during the last glacial period reflect an open landscape composed of C4grasses and C3herbs from 41–20ka. A peak in C4abundance during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21ka) suggests drier or more seasonal conditions relative to the earlier glacial period, while the development of a C3-dominated forest community after 20 ka points to increased humidity during the last deglaciation. Within the Holocene, large changes in the abundance of C4 vegetation indicate a transition from drier or more seasonal conditions during the early/mid-Holocene to wetter conditions in the late Holocene coincident with increasing austral summer insolation. Strong negative correlations between leaf wax δ13C and δD values over the entire record indicate that the majority of variability in leaf wax δD at this site can be explained by variability in the magnitude of biosynthetic fractionation by different vegetation types rather than changes in meteoric water δD signatures. However, positive δD deviations from the observed δ13C–δD trends are consistent with more enriched source water and drier or more seasonal conditions during the early/mid-Holocene and LGM. Overall, our record adds to evidence of varying influence of glacial boundary conditions and orbital forcing on South American Summer Monsoon precipitation in different regions of the South American tropics. Moreover, the relationships between leaf wax stable isotopes and pollen data observed at this site underscore the complementary nature of pollen and leaf wax δ13C data for reconstructing past vegetation changes and the potentially large effects of such changes on leaf wax δD signatures.

Upplysning och gränsdragning : en filosofisociologisk studie av den första generationen analytiska filosofer i Sverige

Enlightenment and boundary work: a study of the first-generation Swedish analytical philosophers from a sociology-of-philosophy perspective The history of Swedish analytical philosophy begins with the writings of Ingemar Hedenius, Anders Wedberg, and Konrad Marc-Wogau, who introduced the country to a new style of thinking that was to become the dominant mode of academic philosophizing in it from the mid-1940s to the late 1960s. The article presents a sociological analysis of how that hegemonic position was claimed and established for it in Swedish philosophy departments. In particular, the critique that Hedenius, Wedberg, and Marc-Wogau levelled in their popular writings against continental philosophy is looked upon in detail. Drawing upon Thomas Gieryn’s theory of boundary work, it is shown how the three strove for epistemic authority by demarcating their own ‘scientific’ enterprise from the ‘unscientific’ philosophy of their competitors. This quest for authority, however, was pursued not solely for its own sake: Hedenius, Wedberg, and Marc-Wogau were also all firmly committed to the ideals of enlightenment and cultural radicalism shaping the Swedish society of their time.

Análise da variabilidade de Magnaporthe grisea no Estado de Santa Catarina

A rápida perda da resistência das cultivares de arroz à brusone, causada por Magnaporthe grisea (Herb.) Barr, é geralmente atribuída à variabilidade genética do patógeno ou ainda à ocorrência de escape durante a seleção de novas cultivares. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a estrutura genética de um grupo de isolados de M. grisea em Santa Catarina (SC), plantas com sintomas de brusone foram coletadas em 12 municípios e na Estação Experimental da Epagri em Itajaí (EEI), SC. Os isolados foram analisados através de rep-PCR baseado no transposon Pot-2. Para a identificação das raças, um subgrupo de isolados foi inoculado na série internacional de cultivares diferenciais de arroz. As raças identificadas tiveram seu espectro de virulência avaliado em um grupo de cultivares com genes de resistência conhecidos (isolinhas). Isolados que apresentaram características genéticas distintas, foram avaliados quanto a capacidade de recombinação parassexual. Noventa e dois isolados monoconidiais obtidos foram agrupados através de rep-PCR em 13 haplótipos e 2 linhagens. Nove haplótipos encontrados na amostragem dos municípios não foram encontrados na EEI, indicando a ocorrência de escape. Seis raças de M. grisea foram identificadas a partir da inoculação de 28 isolados, representando 12 haplótipos na série diferencial, sendo que, 5 destas, foram avirulentas à isolinha que possui os genes de resistência Pi-1 e Pi-11. Por outro lado, o isolado 25, agrupado na raça IA-65, superou 4 das 5 isolinhas testadas. A análise da capacidade de recombinação parassexual mostra a existência de compatibilidade vegetativa associado à ocorrência de anastomoses entre três haplótipos, sendo identificados três possíveis isolados recombinantes.

Growth, fat content and fatty acid profile of South American catfish, surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) juveniles fed live, commercial and formulated diets

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)