Kontrapultsazio-baloi uhin-forma errealistak sortzeko tresna.

[EN]In this project has been developed a tool which synthesizes realistic waveforms produced by the intra-aortic balloon pump. In addition the following waveforms have also been synthesized: arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform, the four variations produced due to timing errors of the balloon and the waveform of the helium gas rapidly shuttling in and out of the balloon chamber. All waveforms are synthesized in synchrony with the balloon's inflation/deflation cycles. A database composed of annotated ECG (Electrocardiogram) normal sinus rhythm records has also been created during the project. In order to facilitate the work, two graphical user interfaces were developed. The first interface allows the selection of the ECG records, which were latter annotated using the second interface. Starting from the newly created annotated database, the different waveforms, mentioned above, were synthesized. In this document, in view of the synthesized waveforms, it can be concluded that the obtained results are satisfactory.

A Escola Normal de Juiz de Fora: crises e permanências (1881-1911)

A motivação apresentada nesta dissertação alimentou-se pela instabilidade evidenciada no processo de criação e na tentativa de consolidação da Escola Normal de Juiz de Fora. Sendo alvo de constantes críticas e debates, o papel da escola normal, assim como sua permanência, motivou propostas, reformas e manifestações, que envolveram não só o poder político, mas também a sociedade. Tais apontamentos foram observados tanto em periódicos da cidade, como o Jornal do Commercio e o Correio de Minas, quanto em documentos encontrados no Arquivo Público Mineiro, como relatórios de inspetores e correspondências de professores.Algumas das publicações presentes nesses periódicos expressaram e, de certa forma, mobilizaram a população a tomar atitudes contra a supressão da mesma, através de abaixo-assinados e representações enviadas ao governo do estado, muitas vezes enaltecendo não só a escola normal, mas principalmente a cidade de Juiz de Fora, considerada a principal da Zona da Mata mineira. Assim, foram mapeadas as discussões sobre a instituição, levantando questões sobre o posicionamento dos diferentes atores sociais acerca da instituição que, mesmo após sua supressão, não deixou de ser alvo de debates. Ainda, teceu-se algumas reflexões acerca da Reforma do Ensino Primário e Normal de João Pinheiro (1906), no que se refere ao ensino normal, mais especificamente no contexto juizforano. Para tanto, foram abordadas questões sobre a preferência da mulher para o magistério,o papel do professor e os institutos equiparados à Escola Normal Modelo de Belo Horizonte. Esse estudo concluiu que as determinações políticas não são produzidas apenas pelos discursos e decisões dos governantes, mas também são influenciáveis e podem ser modificadas por pressões de outros grupos sociais. Tais grupos sociais são formados por indivíduos com ideias e objetivos semelhantes, fazendo parte de um lugar e de uma posição social que os permitam circular e se manifestar em espaços que atinjam proporções significativas, como é o caso da imprensa.

论环节动物蛭纲的体腔与血管系统

<正> 在本世纪初,Oka(1902)通过对蛭纲几个主要科的代表属进行的比较解剖学研究,提出了体腔与血管系统在蛭纲中演替的理论,从而纠正了前人对蛭纲循环系统的错误认识。他所得出的结论有:1.在整个蛭纲中都有体腔存在,但在舌蛭科和鱼蛭科中比在医蛭科和石蛭科中要明显得多。这个体腔随着结缔组织的扩大而逐渐缩小成为体腔窦(coelomic sinus)。人们所说的医蛭科和石蛭科中的血管,实际上只是缩小成管状的体腔部分。2.只有在舌蛭科和鱼蛭科中才有真正的血管系统。这种血管系统是完全封闭的,它

具有万向机构的蛇形机器人运动控制

设计了一种能够使蛇形机器人运动更灵巧、奇异点更少和运动能力更强的机构 ,对具有三个自由度的新型蛇形机器人单元进行了改进 ,在单元上增加被动轮机构 ,使其具有万向机构的特点。该单元不仅能够用被动轮驱动机器人运动 ,而且增加了类似于主动轮的驱动机构 ,克服了被动轮驱动能力弱的缺点 ,增强了机器人的运动能力。在分析非完整约束的基础上 ,对蛇形机器人的运动学和冗余度进行分析 ,提出了控制该类蛇形机器人运动的分解矩阵方法和分组交替运动法。

Sinusite odontogénica

Monografia apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Medicina Dentária.

Elevação do seio maxilar versus colocação de implantes curtos

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Elevação do seio maxilar versus implantes zigomáticos

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Enxertos de dente particulado

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

Evaluation and outcome of patients with chronic non-productive cough using a comprehensive diagnostic protocol

Background-Asthma, post-nasal drip syndrome (PNDS), and gastrooesophageal reflux (GOR) account for many cases of chronic non-productive cough (CNPC). Each may simultaneously contribute to cough even when clinically silent, and failure to recognise their contribution may lead to unsuccessful treatment.

Methods—Patients (all lifetime non-smokers with normal chest radiographs and spirometric measurements) referred with CNPC persisting for more than three weeks as their sole respiratory symptom underwent histamine challenge, home peak flow measurements, ear, nose and throat (ENT) examination, sinus CT scanning, and 24 hour oesophageal pH monitoring. Treatment was prescribed on the basis of diagnoses informed by investigation results.

RESULTS—Forty three patients (29 women) of mean age 47.5 years (range 18-77) and mean cough duration 67 months (range 2-240) were evaluated. On the basis of a successful response to treatment, a cause for the cough was identified in 35 patients (82%) as follows: cough variant asthma (CVA) (10 cases), PNDS (9 cases), GOR (8cases), and dual aetiologies (8 cases). Histamine challenge correctly predicted CVA in 15 of 17 (88%) positive tests. ENT examination and sinus CT scans each had low positive predictive values for PNDS (10 of 16 (63%) and 12 of 18 (67%) positive cases, respectively), suggesting that upper airways disease frequently co-exists but does not always contribute to cough. When negative, histamine challenge and 24 hour oesophageal pH monitoring effectively ruled out CVA and GOR, respectively, as a cause for cough.

CONCLUSION—This comprehensive approach aids the accurate direction of treatment and, while CVA, PNDS and GOR remain the most important causes of CNPC to consider, a group with no identifiable aetiology remains.

eNOS overexpression exacerbates vascular closure in the obliterative phase of OIR and increases angiogenic drive in the subsequent proliferative stage

Purpose: In ischemic retinopathies, the misdirection of reparative angiogenesis away from the hypoxic retina leads to pathologic neovascularization. Thus, therapeutic strategies that reverse this trend would be extremely beneficial. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) function facilitating vascular growth and maturation. However, in addition to NO, eNOS can also produce superoxide (O), exacerbating pathology. Here, our aim was to investigate the effect of eNOS overexpression on vascular closure and subsequent recovery of the ischemic retina.

Methods: Mice overexpressing eNOS-GFP were subjected to oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and changes in retinal vascularization quantified. Background angiogenic drive was assessed during vascular development and in aortic rings. NOS activity was measured by Griess assay or conversion of radiolabeled arginine to citrulline, nitrotyrosine (NT), and superoxide by immunolabeling and dihydroethidium fluorescence and VEGF by ELISA.

Results: In response to hyperoxia, enhanced eNOS expression led to increased NOS-derived superoxide and dysfunctional NO production, NT accumulation, and exacerbated vessel closure associated with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH) insufficiency. Despite worse vaso-obliteration, eNOS overexpression resulted in elevated hypoxia-induced angiogenic drive, independent of VEGF production. This correlated with increased vascular branching similar to that observed in isolated aortas and during development. Enhanced recovery was also associated with neovascular tuft formation, which showed defective NO production and increased eNOS-derived superoxide and NT levels.

Conclusions: In hyperoxia, reduced BH bioavailability causes overexpressed eNOS to become dysfunctional, exacerbating vaso-obliteration. In the proliferative phase, however, eNOS has important prorepair functions enhancing angiogenic growth potential and recovery in ischemia. © 2012 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

Aneurysms increase the risk of rebleeding after stereotactic radiosurgery for hemorrhagic arteriovenous malformations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study was to define the risk of rebleeding after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for hemorrhagic arteriovenous malformations with or without associated intracranial aneurysms.

METHODS:
Between 1987 and 2006, we performed Gamma Knife SRS on 996 patients with brain arteriovenous malformations; 407 patients had sustained an arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage. Sixty-four patients (16%) underwent prior embolization and 84 (21%) underwent prior surgical resection. The median target volume was 2.3 mL (range, 0.1-20.7 mL). The median margin dose was 20 Gy (range, 13.5-27 Gy).

RESULTS:
The overall rate of total obliteration defined by angiography or MRI was 56%, 77%, 80%, and 82% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Before obliteration, 33 patients (8%) sustained an additional hemorrhage after SRS. The overall annual hemorrhage rate until obliteration after SRS was 1.3%. The presence of a patent aneurysm was significantly associated with an increased rehemorrhage risk after SRS (annual hemorrhage rate, 6.4%) compared with patients with a clipped or embolized aneurysm (annual hemorrhage rate, 0.8%; P=0.033).

CONCLUSIONS:
When an aneurysm is identified in patients with arteriovenous malformations selected for SRS, additional endovascular or surgical strategies should be considered to reduce the risk of bleeding during the latency interval.

The impedance cardiogram recorded through two electrocardiogram/defibrillator pads as a determinant of cardiac arrest during experimental studies

OBJECTIVE: Laypersons are poor at emergency pulse checks (sensitivity 84%, specificity 36%). Guidelines indicate that pulse checks should not be performed. The impedance cardiogram (dZ/dt) is used to assess stroke volume. Can a novel defibrillator-based impedance cardiogram system be used to distinguish between circulatory arrest and other collapse states?

DESIGN: Animal study.

SETTING: University research laboratory.

SUBJECTS: Twenty anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs, weight 50-55 kg.

INTERVENTIONS: Stroke volume was altered by right ventricular pacing (160, 210, 260, and 305 beats/min). Cardiac arrest states were then induced: ventricular fibrillation (by rapid ventricular pacing) and, after successful defibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and asystole (by high-dose intravenous pentobarbitone).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The impedance cardiogram was recorded through electrocardiogram/defibrillator pads in standard cardiac arrest positions. Simultaneously recorded electro- and impedance cardiogram (dZ/dt) along with arterial blood pressure tracings were digitized during each pacing and cardiac arrest protocol. Five-second epochs were analyzed for sinus rhythm (20 before ventricular fibrillation, 20 after successful defibrillation), ventricular fibrillation (40), pulseless electrical activity (20), and asystole (20), in two sets of ten pigs (ten training, ten validation). Standard impedance cardiogram variables were noncontributory in cardiac arrest, so the fast Fourier transform of dZ/dt was assessed. During ventricular pacing, the peak amplitude of fast Fourier transform of dZ/dt (between 1.5 and 4.5 Hz) correlated with stroke volume (r2 = .3, p < .001). In cardiac arrest, a peak amplitude of fast Fourier transform of dZ/dt of < or = 4 dB x ohm x rms indicated no output with high sensitivity (94% training set, 86% validation set) and specificity (98% training set, 90% validation set).

CONCLUSIONS: As a powerful clinical marker of circulatory collapse, the fast Fourier transformation of dZ/dt (impedance cardiogram) has the potential to improve emergency care by laypersons using automated defibrillators.

Contingency Learning and Reactivity in Preterm and Full-Term Infants at 3 Months

Learning difficulties in preterm infants are thought to reflect impairment in arousal regulation. We examined relationships among gestational age, learning speed, and behavioral and physiological reactivity in 55 preterm and 49 full-term infants during baseline, contingency, and nonreinforcement phases of a conjugate mobile paradigm at 3 months corrected age. For all infants, negative affect, looking duration, and heart rate levels increased during contingency and nonreinforcement phases, whereas respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA, an index of parasympathetic activity) decreased and cortisol did not change. Learners showed greater RSA suppression and less negative affect than nonlearners. This pattern was particularly evident in the preterm group. Overall, preterm infants showed less learning, spent less time looking at the mobile, and had lower cortisol levels than full-term infants. Preterm infants also showed greater heart rate responses to contingency and dampened heart rate responses to nonreinforcement compared to full-term infants. Findings underscore differences in basal and reactivity measures in preterm compared to full-term infants and suggest that the capacity to regulate parasympathetic activity during a challenge enhances learning in preterm infants.

The developmental character of cardiac autonomic responses to an acute noxious event in 4- and 8-month-old healthy infants

Heart rate (HR) has been widely studied as a measure of an individual's response to painful stimuli. It remains unclear whether changes in mean HR or the variability of HR are specifically related to the noxious stimulus (i.e. pain). Neither is it well understood how such changes reflect underlying neurologic control mechanisms that produce these responses, or how these mechanisms change during the first year of life. To study the changes in cardiac autonomic modulation that occur with acute pain and with age during early infancy, the relationship between respiratory activity and short-term variations of HR (i.e. respiratory sinus arrhythmia) was quantified in a longitudinal study of term born healthy infants who underwent a finger lance blood collection at 4 months of age (n = 24) and again at 8 months of age (n = 20). Quantitative respiratory activity and HR were obtained during baseline, lance, and recovery periods. Time and frequency domain analyses from 2.2-min epochs of data yielded mean values, spectral measures of low (0.04-0.15 Hz) and high (0.15-0.80 Hz) frequency power (LF and HF), and the LF/HF ratio. To determine sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac activity, the transfer relation between respiration and HR was used. At both 4 and 8 months, mean HR increased significantly with the noxious event (p > 0.01). There were age-related differences in the pattern of LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio changes. Although these parameters all decreased (p > 0.01) at 4 months, LF and LF/HF increased at 8 months and at 8 months HF remained stable in response to the noxious stimulus. Transfer gain changes with the lance demonstrated a change from predominant vagal baseline to a sympathetic condition at both ages. The primary finding of this study is that a response to an acute noxious stimulus appears to produce an increase in respiratory-related sympathetic HR control and a significant decrease in respiratory-related parasympathetic control at both 4 and 8 months. Furthermore, with increasing age, the sympathetic and parasympathetic changes appear to be less intense, but more sustained.

Agreement between self-report and medical records on signs and symptoms of respiratory illness

Background: Information on patient symptoms can be obtained by patient self-report or medical records review. Both methods have limitations. Aims: To assess the agreement between self-report and documentation in the medical records of signs/symptoms of respiratory illness (fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, headache, sinus problems, muscle aches, fatigue, earache, and chills). Methods: Respondents were 176 research participants in the Hutterite Influenza Prevention Study during the 2008-2009 influenza season with information about the presence or absence of signs/symptoms from both self-report and primary care medical records. Results: Compared with medical records, lower proportions of self-reported fever, sore throat, earache, cough, and sinus problems were found. Total agreements between self-report and medical report of symptoms ranged from 61% (for sore throat) to 88% (for muscle aches and earache), with kappa estimates varying from 0.05 (for chills) to 0.41 (for cough) and 0.51 (for earache). Negative agreement was considerably higher (from 68% for sore throat to 93% for muscle aches and earache) than positive agreement (from 13% for chills to 58% for earache) for each symptom except cough where positive agreement (77%) was higher than negative agreement (64%). Agreements varied by age group. We found better agreement for earache (kappa=0.62) and lower agreements for headache, sinus problems, muscle aches, fatigue, and chills in older children (aged =5 years) and adults. Conclusions: Agreements were variable depending on the specific symptom. Contrary to research in other patient populations which suggests that clinicians report fewer symptoms than patients, we found that the medical record captured more symptoms than selfreport. Symptom agreement and disagreement may be affected by the perspectives of the person experiencing them, the observer, the symptoms themselves, measurement error, the setting in which the symptoms were observed and recorded, and the broader community and cultural context of patients. © 2012 Primary Care Respiratory Society UK. All rights reserved.