Teste triplo biofísico: um novo parâmetro ultra-sonográfico para prognóstico em gestações iniciais

Objetivos: atrasos no desenvolvimento do saco gestacional (SG), no tamanho do botão embrionário (CCN), assim como freqüências cardíacas embrionárias (FCE) baixas podem ser considerados fatores de mau prognóstico na evolução da gestação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização destes 3 parâmetros em conjunto, o que denominamos Teste Triplo Biofísico (TTB). Metodo: foram avaliadas 35 gestações únicas provenientes de fertilização assistida por injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozóide (ICSI). Todos os exames de ultra-som foram realizados por um único examinador, após 4-5 semanas da transferência de embriões (6-7 semanas de gestação), com equipamento modelo Synergy da Diasonics, sonda transvaginal de 7,0 MHz. O SG foi medido em seu maior diâmetro transverso, o CCN foi medido no sentido sagital e a FCE pelo modo B-M e Doppler. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Fisher. Resultados: considerou-se como parâmetros alterados : SG < 15,4 mm; CCN < 3,9 mm e FCE < 100 bpm. Estes parâmetros foram calculados como média menos 1 desvio padrão das gestações em evolução (n = 32). As pacientes definidas com TTB positivo, isto é, as de risco para o aborto, foram aquelas que apresentaram pelo menos 2 parâmetros alterados. Das 35 gestações, o TTB foi positivo em 5, todas as 3 que abortaram e 2 que não abortaram. A diferença entre as que abortaram e as que evoluíram foi altamente significante (p = 0,0015; t-Fisher). A sensibilidade do método foi de 100%, com especificidade de 93,75%, o que resultou em uma eficácia de 96,87%. Conclusão: o TTB é um método ultra-sonográfico não-invasivo e apresenta uma alta eficácia na avaliação prognóstica da gestação inicial.

Molecular epidemiology and extended-spectrum β-lactamases production of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from three dairy herds

The objectives of this study were to isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae from different sources in three dairy cattle herds, to use the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to measure genotypic similarities between isolates within a dairy herd, to verify the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) by the double-disk synergy test (DDST), and to use the PCR to detect the main ESBLs subgroups genes. Three dairy farms were selected based on previous mastitis outbreaks caused by K. pneumoniae. Milk samples were collected from lactating cows and from the bulk tank. Swabs were performed in different locations, including milking parlors, waiting room, soil, animal's hind limbs and rectum. K. pneumoniae was isolated from 27 cases of intramammary infections (IMI) and from 41 swabs. For farm A isolates from IMI and bulk tank were considered of the same PGFE subtype. One isolate from a bulk tank, three from IMI cases and four from environmental samples were positive in the DDST test. All eight DDST positive isolates harbored the bla shv gene, one harbored the bla tem gene, and three harbored the bla ctx-m gene, including the bulk tank isolate. Our study confirms that ESBL producing bacteria is present in different locations in dairy farms, and may be responsible for IMI. The detection of ESBLs on dairy herds could be a major concern for both public and animal health.

Building organizational creativity – a multitheory and multilevel approach for understanding and stimulating organizational creativity

Organizational creativity is increasingly important for organizations aiming to survive and thrive in complex and unexpectedly changing environments. It is precondition of innovation and a driver of an organization’s performance success. Whereas innovation research increasingly promotes high-involvement and participatory innovation, the models of organizational creativity are still mainly based on an individual-creativity view. Likewise, the definitions of organizational creativity and innovation are somewhat equal, and they are used as interchangeable constructs, while on the other hand they are seen as different constructs. Creativity is seen as generation of novel and useful ideas, whereas innovation is seen as the implementation of these ideas. The research streams of innovation and organizational creativity seem to be advancing somewhat separately, although together they could provide many synergy advantages. Thereby, this study addresses three main research gaps. First, as the knowledge and knowing is being increasingly expertized and distributed in organizations, the conceptualization of organizational creativity needs to face that perspective, rather than relying on the individual-creativity view. Thus, the conceptualization of organizational creativity needs clarification, especially as an organizational-level phenomenon (i.e., creativity by an organization). Second, approaches to consciously build organizational creativity to increase the capacity of an organization to demonstrate novelty in its knowledgeable actions are rare. The current creativity techniques are mainly based on individual-creativity views, and they mainly focus on the occasional problem-solving cases among a limited number of individuals, whereas, the development of collective creativity and creativity by the organization lacks approaches. Third, in terms of organizational creativity as a collective phenomenon, the engagement, contributions, and participation of organizational members into activities of common meaning creation are more important than the individualcreativity skills. Therefore, the development approaches to foster creativity as social, emerging, embodied, and collective creativity are needed to complement the current creativity techniques. To address these gaps, the study takes a multiparadigm perspective to face the following three objectives. The first objective of this study is to clarify and extend the conceptualization of organizational creativity. The second is to study the development of organizational creativity. The third is to explore how an improvisational theater based approach fosters organizational creativity. The study consists of two parts comprising the introductory part (part I) and six publications (part II). Each publication addresses the research questions of the thesis through detailed subquestions. The study makes three main contributions to the research of organizational creativity. First, it contributes toward the conceptualization of organizational creativity by extending the current view of organizational creativity. This study views organizational creativity as a multilevel construct constituting both of individual and collective (group and organizational) creativity. In contrast to current views of organizational creativity, this study bases on organizational (collective) knowledge that is based on and demonstrated through the knowledgeable actions of an organization as a whole. The study defines organizational creativity as an overall ability of an organization to demonstrate novelty in its knowledgeable actions (through what it does and how it does what it does).Second, this study contributes toward the development of organizational creativity as multi-level phenomena, introducing developmental approaches that face two or more of these levels simultaneously. More specifically, the study presents the cross-level approaches to building organizational creativity, by using an approach based in improvisational theater and considering assessment of organizational renewal capability. Third, the study contributes on development of organizational creativity using an improvisational theater based approach as twofold meaning. First, it fosters individual and collective creativity simultaneously and builds space for creativity to occur. Second, it models collective and distributed creativity processes, thereby, contributing to the conceptualization of organizational creativity.

Hinnoittelu ja asiakaskannattavuus johdon laskentatoimessa ja markkinoinnissa

Tässä kandidaatintyössä on tutkittu hinnoittelua ja asiakaskannattavuutta johdon laskentatoimen ja markkinoinnin kirjallisuuksissa. Työn tarkoituksena oli tarkastella näiden alojen välisiä eroja hinnoittelussa ja asiakaskannattavuudessa, sekä osoittaa kuinka niitä käytetään, ja miten kyseiset aiheet linkittyvät toisiinsa. Työ on toteutettu kirjallisuustutkimuksena hyödyntäen painettua kirjallisuutta ja elektronista tiedonhakua. Hinnoittelu eroaa suuresti markkinoinnin ja johdon laskentatoimen kirjallisuuksissa. Johdon laskentatoimi käsittelee nykyhetkeä analysoivia asiakaskannattavuuden mittausmalleja, kun taas markkinointi käsittelee tulevaisuutta analysoivia menetelmiä. Sekä johdon laskentatoimi että markkinointi on kiinnostunut kasvavissa määrin asiakaskannattavuuden analysoimisesta. Hinnoittelu ja asiakaskannattavuus vaikuttavat suoraan toisiinsa. ABC-laskennan avulla voidaan toteuttaa analyyseja tuotekustannuksista ja asiakkaista samanaikaisesti. Tulevaisuudessa näiden aihealueiden ja alojen synergiaa parantamalla yritykset pystyisivät kehittämään kannattavuuttaan suuresti.

Integrating the export distribution channels after an acquisition

This thesis is based on studying integration synergies in a merger or acquisition situation with the interest in distribution channel integration. M&As seem to be forever popular and nowadays companies often use them as a certain kind of strategy to develop their business. M&As have attracted research for decades and also distribution in M&As has been found interesting. Moreover, research often concentrates to the horizontal M&A´s potential synergies that emerge in the integration process and so is the case also in this study as the core issue is to study the integration of the distribution channels and its potential synergies. This study concentrates on a single case, an acquisition which took place in 2011. The case consists of two Finnish companies operating in the same business field. Both of the companies are very export orientated, which gives this study its export view. As the companies operate in the same field this acquisition falls into the categorization of horizontal acquisition. The objective of the thesis is to study how the export channels could be integrated after an acquisition? This research question is divided again to three sub-questions asking how the distribution channels of the acquirer and acquired company are organized, what is pursued by the post-acquisition distribution channel integration and what are the integration challenges especially from the logistics point-of-view. The framework was built from the basis of the literature used in this thesis. The framework combines M&A process and distribution channels to a one united model which presents the progress of this thesis. The study was carried out as a qualitative research and as a holistic single case study. The data used in the research includes two interviews, other material from the case companies and also material of the companies collected by the author independently from different sources. There were many motives for the acquisition as usual. From the research results one can find that the integration process is still very ongoing and the synergies have not yet been fully discovered but also they are there to be found. The concentration of the research was in the export distribution which proved to be meaningful since the exports markets of the case companies were found to be quite complementary. The research results brought up also other issues concerning the post-acquisition integration process rather than the distribution channels and export. M&As are always a risky business. The final result can never be predicted. No matter how good the merging companies look on paper the practice is not the same. The acquisition process of this case has not ended yet and there lies potential synergy benefits to be discovered if enough effort is used to go through the process right.

Primary and Revision Hip Replacement. A University Hospital Database and Registry Study

Large-headed total hip arthroplasty (THA) and hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) with metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings became popular during the last decade. Recently, it has become evident that the large-head MoM hip implants are associated with increased revision rates despite their theoretical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early results of primary MoM hip replacements and of acetabular revisions. I analyzed retrospectively the results of four MoM implant designs and the survival rate of acetabular revisions with impaction bone grafting, as documented in the Turku University Hospital database. Further, I evaluated the correlation between femoral head size and dislocation rate, and used the Finnish Arthroplasty Register data to compare the survival of three large-head MoM THAs to analogous HRAs. The early results for the Magnum M2A–ReCap THA were good. A larger head size decreased the risk of dislocation. Articular surface replacement (ASR) THA yielded inferior results compared to analogous HRA. For two other designs the results were similar. The R3–Synergy THA yielded inferior results compared to the reference implants. The survival of acetabular reconstructions with impaction bone grafting was inferior compared to previous reports. In conclusion, the early results of the Biomet ReCap–Magnum design were promising, and large head sizes decreased the dislocation rate. The survival of different MoM hip implant designs varied. The survival of new designs and techniques may be inferior to those reported by the clinics where implants are developed. An important caveat is that early promising results of new devices may rapidly worsen. New implants need to be introduced in a controlled fashion to the market; here, arthroplasty registers are a valuable tool that needs to be used.

Normal HC11 and ras-transformed mouse mammary cells are resistant to the antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of retinoic acid on the growth of the mouse mammary cells HC11 and HC11ras, which are a model for in vitro breast cancer progression. The expression of the two classes (RARs and RXRs) of retinoic acid receptor mRNAs was determined by Northern blot analysis. Receptor functional integrity was determined by testing whether RAR ß mRNA could be induced by retinoic acid. The effects of a 72-h exposure to 50 µM 13-cis retinoic acid on HC11 and HC11ras cell proliferation and HC11 cell differentiation were investigated by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and by determination of ß-casein mRNA expression, respectively. The possibility that retinoic acid would induce the expression of the vitamin D receptor and synergize with vitamin D, a known inhibitor of HC11 cell growth, was also investigated. HC11 cells expressed higher mRNA levels of both RAR a and RAR g when compared to HC11ras cells. In contrast, RAR ß, as well as RXR a, ß and g expression was low in both HC11 and HC11ras cells. In addition, RAR ß mRNA was induced by retinoic acid treatment in both cells. In spite of these observations, no effects were seen on cell proliferation or differentiation upon exposure to retinoic acid. Neither vitamin D receptor induction nor synergy with vitamin D on growth inhibition was observed. We conclude that the RAR expression profile could be related to the transformed state in HC11ras cells and that the retinoic acid resistance observed merits further investigation.

Toimitusvarmuuden kehittäminen aikatauluhallinnan ja tavaravirran ohjauksen menettelyillä

Vuonna 2009 Kespron horeca-tuotteille perustettiin oma keskusvarasto, jolloin logistiikka- ja ostotoiminnot eriytettiin vähittäiskaupan toiminnoista säilyttäen synergiaetuja. Tilaus-toimitusketjun vaatimukset ovat lisääntyneet jatkuvasti ja se on luonut painetta aikatauluhallinnan merkitykselle. Ruuhka-Suomen asiakkaille on paine toimittaa tuotteet entistä nopeammin kilpailukyvyn takaamiseksi. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia ruokaputken toimitusvarmuuden heikoimpia kohtia aikatauluhallinnan ja tavaravirran ohjauksen näkökulmista. Lisäksi varastonohjausparametrien paikkansapitävyys nostettiin tutkimuksessa esille, jotta kehitysehdotuksia ja malleja toiminnan kehittämiselle voitiin luoda. Tutkimuksen tavoitteeseen pääsemiseksi ajettiin runsaasti logistista dataa varastoinnista ja kellonajoista sekä analysoitiin näitä erilaisten parametrien valossa. Tarkasteltavina ajanjaksoina käytettiin vuoden 2014 lokakuuta ja osittain pääsiäistä. Raportti sisältää tutkimusta tukevan teoriakatsauksen ja yrityksen toimintaa käsittelevän empiirisen osuuden, joka perustuu vahvasti kvantitatiiviseen tutkimukseen sisältäen kuitenkin runsaasti haastatteluja ja keskusteluja. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksena todettiin, että aikatauluhallintaa tulee kehittää tavaravirtojen oikea-aikaisen kohtaamisen mahdollistamiseksi. Lisäksi järjestelmätuen kehittäminen yhdessä varastonohjauksen ja tilausaikojen kanssa ovat todistetusti yhteydessä aikatauluhallinnan kehittämisen kanssa. Merkittävä havainto kehityksen kannalta oli toimittajien ja tuoteryhmien pilkkominen omiksi kokonaisuuksiksi ja tätä kautta aikatauluhallinnan ja tavaravirtojen ohjauksen kehittäminen. Näiden havaittujen kehittämispainopisteiden pohjalta on luotu myös mittari, jolla voitaisiin vaihtoehtoisesti mitata toimittajan kyvykkyyttä suhteutettuna varaston puutekeräystyöhön. Työ antaa hyödynnettävää tietoa ja kehitysideoita toimitusvarmuuden parantamiseksi aikatauluhallinnan menetelmillä.

Mineralocorticoid modulation of central angiotensin-induced neuronal activity, water intake and sodium appetite

Central angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates water and salt solution intake. Pretreatment with low-dose mineralocorticoid (DOCA) enhances this AngII-induced intake of salt solutions (the synergy theory) in Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats but not in Fischer rats. This response is mediated via the AT-1 receptor. Electrophysiological experiments using iontophoretic application of AngII and the AT-1 receptor-specific non-peptide antagonist losartan showed excitation of neurons in the preoptic/medial septum region of urethane-anesthetized male Wistar rats. DOCA pretreatment further enhances this neuronal excitation in response to AngII and reduces the responses to losartan. This generated the hypothesis that DOCA-enhanced AngII-induced neuronal excitation is the neural support for the synergy theory. AT-2 receptors modulate these intake responses depending on sodium in the diet, and diuretic-induced dehydration during pregnancy produces a higher salt intake in the offspring. AngII-induced salt and water intakes were tested in offspring from Sprague Dawley mothers with only 1.8% NaCl to drink in which half were treated with furosemide. The important observations were a) the AT-1 antagonist alone suppressed intakes in offspring from mothers not treated with furosemide, b) both AT-1 and AT-2 antagonists suppressed intakes in offspring from furosemide-treated mothers, and c) combined administration of AT-1 and AT-2 antagonists greatly suppressed water intake in offspring from mothers not treated with furosemide. These results suggest that AT-1 and AT-2 receptors have variable properties (receptor number and/or second messengers). Furthermore, the activity and function of these central AngII receptors depend on the background mineralocorticoid levels. The exact mechanism of this influence, however, remains to be determined.

Synergistic control of forearm based on accelerometer data and artificial neural networks

In the present study, we modeled a reaching task as a two-link mechanism. The upper arm and forearm motion trajectories during vertical arm movements were estimated from the measured angular accelerations with dual-axis accelerometers. A data set of reaching synergies from able-bodied individuals was used to train a radial basis function artificial neural network with upper arm/forearm tangential angular accelerations. The trained radial basis function artificial neural network for the specific movements predicted forearm motion from new upper arm trajectories with high correlation (mean, 0.9149-0.941). For all other movements, prediction was low (range, 0.0316-0.8302). Results suggest that the proposed algorithm is successful in generalization over similar motions and subjects. Such networks may be used as a high-level controller that could predict forearm kinematics from voluntary movements of the upper arm. This methodology is suitable for restoring the upper limb functions of individuals with motor disabilities of the forearm, but not of the upper arm. The developed control paradigm is applicable to upper-limb orthotic systems employing functional electrical stimulation. The proposed approach is of great significance particularly for humans with spinal cord injuries in a free-living environment. The implication of a measurement system with dual-axis accelerometers, developed for this study, is further seen in the evaluation of movement during the course of rehabilitation. For this purpose, training-related changes in synergies apparent from movement kinematics during rehabilitation would characterize the extent and the course of recovery. As such, a simple system using this methodology is of particular importance for stroke patients. The results underlie the important issue of upper-limb coordination.

Liiketoimintamallin uudistuminen yrityskaupassa

Diplomityön tavoitteena on tutkia yrityskaupan vaikutuksia liiketoimintaan. Kuinka se muuttui yrityskaupan jälkeen ja kuinka se vastasi ennalta suunniteltua strategiaa. Työ tehtiin haastattelututkimuksena, jossa tutkittavina kohdeyhtiöinä oli kuusi yritystä, jotka olivat laajentuneet ostamalla yrityksen tai yrityksiä. Yhtiöiden tavoitteena oli hakea kasvua ostamalla valmis yritys tai liiketoiminta. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen viitekehityksen mukaisesti, jos yrityksen kasvustrategiana on kasvaa yrityskaupan avulla, sillä on vaikutus liiketoimintaan yrityskaupan jälkeen. Työn tuloksena saatiin arvio siitä, kuinka alkuperäinen strateginen tavoite saavutettiin ja mitä muita hyötyjä ja haittoja liiketoiminnan yhdistämisellä oli. Työn keskeisimmät tulokset olivat, että yrityskaupalla on aina vaikutus yrityksen liike- toimintaan. Paras hyöty saadaan, jos ostettavan yrityksen liiketointa on täydentävää, ei päällekkäistä liiketoimintaa. Yhdistymisestä saadaan hyötyjä jos yritykset voivat hyödyn- tää toinen toisensa osaamista. Etuina saadaan myös synergiahyötyjä, erityisesti yrityksen hallinnossa ja toiminnanohjausjärjestelmissä. Ostettavan yrityksen haltuunotto tulisi olla hallittu ja nopea.

Developing Global Sourcing

Global Sourcing has gained popularity among Multinational Corporations as a method to achieve competitive advantage in increasingly competitive international environment. However, the companies pursuing coordinated global sourcing strategies in many cases tend to overlook many potential synergies from global sourcing. The objective of this research is to identify development areas in which the case company can further improve its conduct regarding global sourcing. This thesis was done as a case study for a MNC with business units across the world. The data used to analyse the case company is based on personal observations of the researcher, company’s material regarding its global sourcing, and on themed interviews and discussions with the company’s purchasing personnel. The analyses of this research are qualitative in nature, relying on subjective observations of the researcher. The research revealed that the case company has room for improvement in many of the identified success factors of global sourcing. One main recommendation of the thesis is to introduce portfolio-tool to identify synergy areas from global sourcing in a more systematic manner. In addition, the thesis proposes that information-processing framework can help the case company design more effective integration mechanisms that are required to process complex information emerging when sourcing globally.

Drumming toward communitas : a case study of facilitated recreational music making and the Arthurian method

The phenomenon of communitas has been described as a moment 'in and out of time' in which a collective of individuals may be experienced by one as equal and individuated in an environment stripped of structural attributes (Turner, 1 969). In these moments, emotional bonds form and an experience of perceived 'oneness' and synergy may be described. As a result of the perceived value of these experiences, it has been suggested by Sharpe (2005) that more clearly understanding how this phenomenon may be purposefully facilitated would be beneficial for leisure service providers. Consequently, the purpose of this research endeavor was to examine the ways in which a particular leisure service provider systematically employs specific methods and sets specific parameters with the intention of guiding participants toward experiences associated with communitas or "shared spirit" as described by the organization. A qualitative case study taking a phenomenological approach was employed in order to capture the depth and complexity of both the phenomenon and the purposefiil negotiation of experiences in guiding participants toward this phenomenon. The means through which these experiences were intentionally facilitated was recreational music making in a group drumming context. As such, an organization which employs specific methods of rhythm circle facilitation as well as trains other facilitators all over the world was chosen purposely for their recognition as the most respectable and credible in this field. The specific facilitator was chosen based on high recommendation by the organization due to her level of experience and expertise. Two rhythm circles were held, and participants were chosen randomly by the facilitator. Data was collected through observation in the first circle and participant- observation in the second, as well as through focus groups with circle participants. Interviews with the facilitator were held both initially to gain broad understanding of concepts and phenomenon as well as after each circle to reflect on each circle specifically. Data was read repeatedly to drawn out patterns which emerged and were coded and organized accordingly. It was found that this specific process or system of implementation lead to experiences associated with communitas by participants. In order to more clearly understand this process and the ways in which experiences associated with communitas manifest as a result of deliberate facilitator actions, these objective facilitator actions were plotted along a continuum relating to subjective participant experiences. These findings were then linked to the literature with regards to specific characteristics of communitas. In so doing, the intentional manifestation of these experiences may be more clearly understood for ftiture facilitators in many contexts. Beyond this, findings summarized important considerations with regards to specific technical and communication competencies which were found to be essential to fostering these experiences for participants within each group. Findings surrounding the maintenance of a fluid negotiation of certain transition points within a group rhythm event overall were also highlighted, and this fluidity was found to be essential to the experience of absorption and engagement in the activity and experience. Emergent themes of structure, control, and consciousness have been presented as they manifested and were found to affect experiences within this study. Discussions surrounding the ethics and authenticity of these particular methods and their implementation has also been generated throughout. In conclusion, there was a breadth as well as depth of knowledge found in unpacking this complex process of guiding individuals toward experiences associated with communitas. The implications of these findings contribute in broadening the current theoretical as well as practical understanding as to how certain intentional parameters may be set and methods employed which may lead to experiences of communitas, and as well contribute a greater knowledge to conceptualizing the manifestation of these experiences when broken down.

A narrative journey of teacher reflexivity and authenticity in technological environments /

This qualitative narrative inquiry was driven by my desire to further explore my personal discovery that my utilization of educational technologies in teaching and learning environments seemed to heighten a sense of creativity, which in turn increased reflective practice and authenticity in my teaching. A narrative inquiry approach was used as it offered the opportunity to uncover the deeper meanings of authenticity and reflection as participants' personal experiences were coconstructed and reconstructed in relationship with me and in relationship to a social milieu. To gain further insight into this potential phenomenon, I engaged in 2 conversational interviews with 2 other teachers from an Ontario College in a large urban centre who have utilized educational technologies in their teaching and learning communities and I maintained a research journal, constructed during the interview process, to record my own emerging narrative accounts, reflections, insights and further questions. The field texts consisted of transcriptions of the interviews and my reflective journal. Research texts were developed as field texts were listened to multiple times and texts were examined for meanings and themes. The educational technologies that both women focused on in the interview were digital video of children as they play, learn and develop and the use of an audible teacher voice in online courses. The invitation given to students to explore and discover meaning in videos of children as they watched them with the teacher seemed to be a catalyst for authenticity and a sense of synergy in the classroom. The power of the audible teacher voice came through as an essential component in online learning environments to offer students a sense of humanness and connection with the teacher. Relationships in both online and face to face classrooms emerged as a necessary and central component to all teaching and learning communities. The theme of paradox also emerged as participants recognized that educational technologies can be used in ways that enhance creativity, authenticity, reflection and relationships or in ways that hinder these qualities in the teaching and learning community. Knowledge of the common experiences of college educators who utilize educational technologies, specifically digital video of children to educate early childhood educators, might give meaning and insight to inform the practice of other teachers who seek authentic, reflexive practice in the classroom and in on line environments.