Unraveling the Mysterious Role of Palladium in Feigl bis(dimethylglyoximate)nickel(II) Spot Tests by Means of Confocal Raman Microscopy

The add protection effect promoted by traces of PdCl2 in [Ni(dmgH)(2)] spot tests was elucidated from confocal Raman microscopy imaging, which revealed the formation of protecting layers of [Pd(dmgH)(2)] closing the extremities of the [Ni(dmgH)(2)] filaments.

Effect of fungicides and alternative products in control of anthracnose and black spot of guava

This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of fungicides in controlling in vitro and in vivo the causal agents of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum) and black spot (Guignardia psidii) and evaluate the effect of alternative products to control these diseases. Inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogens was evaluated for ten fungicides at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 mg L-1 of active ingredient in potato-dextrose-agar medium. The effectiveness of the fungicides azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, cyproconazole, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin in controlling disease incidence and severity of anthracnose, through applications in the field, was measured in fruits collected at three stages of maturation, according to the skin color ( dark green, light green and yellowish green). In postharvest dipping of fruits, the products evaluated were citric acid, peracetic acid, salicylic acid, sodium bicarbonate, chlorine dioxide, Ecolife (R) and chitosan. The fungicides azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole were highly effective in inhibiting the in vitro mycelial growth of G. psidii and moderately to highly effective in inhibiting C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. In field conditions, the fungicide azoxystrobin + difenoconazole was effective in controlling anthracnose and black spot in fruit at three maturity stage ( skin color yellowish green). The alternative products tested were ineffective in the curative control of anthracnose and early blight at postharvest of guava.

Analisi, progettazione e valutazione dell'efficacia dello spot pubblicitario. Una semiotica per la ricerca di mercato

Il lavoro di ricerca tenta di inquadrare sotto nuove prospettive una problematica ormai classica all’interno della semiotica della pubblicità: l’analisi dello spot. I punti chiave del lavoro – e la pretesa di una certa differenza rispetto a lavori con oggetti affini – consistono sostanzialmente in tre aspetti. Innanzitutto, vi è un ritorno alle origini flochiane nella misura in cui non solo il contesto complessivo e le finalità che la ricerca si propone sono fortemente ancorati all’interno di obiettivi di marketing, ma tutto lo studio nella sua interezza nasce dal dialogo concreto tra metodologia di analisi semiotica e prassi concreta all’interno degli istituti di ricerca di mercato. La tesi non presenta quindi una collezione di analisi di testi pubblicitari condotte in modo autoriferito, quanto piuttosto di “messe alla prova” della metodologia, funzionali alla definizione di disegni di ricerca per la marketing research. Questo comporta un dialogo piuttosto stretto con metodologie affini (sociologia qualitativa e quantitativa, psicologia motivazionale, ecc.) nella convinzione che la priorità accordata all’oggetto di analisi sia sovraordinata rispetto all’ortodossia degli strumenti metodologici. In definitiva, lo spot è sempre e comunque analizzato all’interno di una prospettiva brand-centrica che ha ben in mente la semiotica della situazione di consumo rispetto alla quale lo spot agisce da leva di valorizzazione per l’acquisto. In secondo luogo, gli oggetti analizzati sono piuttosto vari e differenziati: non solo lo spot nella sua versione audiovisiva definitiva (il “girato”), ma anche storyboard, animatic, concept (di prodotto e di comunicazione). La prospettiva generativa greimasiana va a innestarsi su problematiche legate (anche) alla genesi dello spot, alla sua progettazione e riprogettazione/ottimizzazione. La tesi mostra quindi come una semiotica per le consulenze di marketing si diriga sul proprio oggetto ponendogli domande ben circoscritte e finalizzate a un obiettivo specifico, sostanzialmente derivato dal brief contenente le intenzioni comunicazionali del cliente-azienda. Infine, pur rimanendo all’interno di una teoria semiotica generativa (sostanzialmente greimasiana e post greimasiana), la ricerca adotta una prospettiva intrinsecamente multidisciplinare che se da un lato guarda a problematiche legate al marketing, al branding e alla comunicazione pubblicitaria e d’impresa tout court, dall’altro ritorna alle teorie dell’audiovisivo, mostrando affinità e differenze rispetto a forme audiovisive standard (il “film”) e a mutuazioni da nuove estetiche (la neotelevisione, il videoclip, ecc). La tesi si mostra solidamente convinta del fatto che per parlare di efficacia discorsiva sia imprescindibile approfondire le tematiche riguardanti il sincretismo espressivo e le specifiche modalità di manifestazione stilistica. In questo contesto, il lavoro si compone di quattro grandi aree tematiche. Dopo una breve introduzione sull’attualità del tema “spot” e sulla prospettiva analiticometodologica adottata (§ 1.), nel secondo capitolo si assume teoreticamente che i contenuti dello spot derivino da una specifica (e di volta in volta diversa) creolizzazione tra domini tematici derivanti dalla marca, dal prodotto (inteso tanto come concept di prodotto, quanto come prodotto già “vestito” di una confezione) e dalle tendenze socioculturali. Le tre dimensioni vengono valutate in relazione all’opposizione tra heritage, cioè continuità rispetto al passato e ai concorrenti e vision, cioè discontinuità rispetto alla propria storia comunicazionale e a quella dei concorrenti. Si esplorano inoltre altri fattori come il testimonial-endorser che, in quanto elemento già intrinsecamente foriero di elementi di valorizzazione, va a influire in modo rilevante sul complesso tematico e assiologico della pubblicità. Essendo la sezione della tesi che prende in considerazione il piano specificatamente contenutistico dello spot, questa parte diventa quindi anche l’occasione per ritornare sul modello delle assiologie del consumo di Jean-Marie Floch, approntando alcune critiche e difendendo invece un modello che – secondo la prospettiva qui esposta – contiene punti di attualità ineludibili rispetto a schematizzazioni che gli sono successive e in qualche modo debitrici. Segue una sezione (§ 3.) specificatamente dedicata allo svolgimento e dis-implicazione del sincretismo audiovisivo e quindi – specularmente alla precedente, dedicata alle forme e sostanze del contenuto – si concentra sulle dinamiche espressive. Lo spot viene quindi analizzato in quanto “forma testuale” dotata di alcune specificità, tra cui in primis la brevità. Inoltre vengono approfondite le problematiche legate all’apporto di ciascuna specifica sostanza: il rapporto tra visivo e sonoro, lo schermo e la sua multiprospetticità sempre più evidente, il “lavoro” di punteggiatura della musica, ecc. E su tutto il concetto dominante di montaggio, intrinsecamente unito a quello di ritmo. Il quarto capitolo ritorna in modo approfondito sul rapporto tra semiotica e ricerca di mercato, analizzando sia i rapporti di reciproca conoscenza (o non conoscenza), sia i nuovi spazi di intervento dell’analisi semiotica. Dopo aver argomentato contro un certo scetticismo circa l’utilità pragmatica dell’analisi semiotica, lo studio prende in esame i tradizionali modelli di valutazione e misurazione dell’efficacia pubblicitaria (pre- e post- test) cercando di semiotizzarne il portato. Ne consegue la proposta di disegni di ricerca semiotici modulari: integrabili tra loro e configurabili all’interno di progetti semio-quali-quantitativi. Dopo aver ridefinito le possibilità di un’indagine semiotica sui parametri di efficacia discorsiva, si procede con l’analisi di un caso concreto (§ 5.): dato uno spot che si è dimostrato efficace agli occhi dell’azienda committente, quali possono essere i modi per replicarne i fattori di successo? E come spiegare invece quelli di insuccesso delle campagne successive che – almeno teoricamente – erano pensate per capitalizzare l’efficacia della prima? Non si tratta quindi di una semiotica ingenuamente chiamata a “misurare” l’efficacia pubblicitaria, che evidentemente la marketing research analizza con strumenti quantitativi assodati e fondati su paradigmi di registrazione di determinati parametri sul consumatore (ricordo spontaneo e sollecitato, immagine di marca risultante nella mente di user e prospect consumer, intenzione d’acquisto stimolata). Piuttosto l’intervento qui esposto si preoccupa più funzionalmente a spiegare quali elementi espressivi, discorsivi, narrativi, siano stati responsabili (e quindi prospetticamente potranno condizionare in positivo o in negativo in futuro) la ricezione dello spot. L’analisi evidenzia come elementi apparentemente minimali, ancorati a differenti livelli di pertinenza siano in grado di determinare una notevole diversità negli effetti di senso. Si tratta quindi di un problema di mancata coerenza tra intenzioni comunicative e testo pubblicitario effettivamente realizzato. La risoluzione di tali questioni pragmatiche conduce ad approfondimenti teoricometodologici su alcuni versanti particolarmente interessanti. In primo luogo, ci si interroga sull’apporto della dimensione passionale nella costruzione dell’efficacia e nel coinvolgimento dello spettatore/consumatore. Inoltre – e qui risiede uno dei punti di maggior sintesi del lavoro di tesi – si intraprende una proficua discussione dei modelli di tipizzazione dei generi pubblicitari, intesi come forme discorsive. Si fanno quindi dialogare modelli diversi ma in qualche misura coestensivi e sovrapponibili come quelli di Jean Marie Floch, Guido Ferraro, Cosetta Saba e Chiara Giaccardi. Si perviene così alla costruzione di un nuovo modello sintetico, idealmente onnipervasivo e trasversale alle prospettive analizzate.

Late Infiltration of Post-orthodontic White Spot Lesions

White spot lesion (WSL) infiltration has been recommended immediately after debonding of orthodontic brackets. It is however not clear if established inactive WSLs can also be masked through infiltrationOrthodontic treatment of a 19-year-old patient had to be terminated prematurely due to development of multiple WSLs of varying severity. Three months after debonding, the patient presented for lesion infiltration. After etching with 15% HCl gel and re-wetting of the dried surfaces it seemed that a good outcome could be expected. Lesion infiltration led to complete masking of less severe WSLs. The visual appearance of moderate and severe WSLs was improved but they were still visible after treatment.Inactive WSLs may not represent an increased caries risk, but patients are often bothered esthetically. Infiltration by repeated etching might be a viable approach even for inactive WSLs. Controlled clinical trials are needed to investigate the long-term performance of this technique.

Spot drug-eluting stenting for long coronary stenoses: long-term results of a randomized clinical study

Preliminary results of a randomized trial have suggested that total lesion coverage with drug-eluting stents (DES) is not necessary in the presence of diffuse disease of nonuniform severity. In the present study, we report long-term results of this trial.

Improved sensitivity of an interferon-gamma release assay (T-SPOT.TB™) in combination with tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in the presence of HIV co-infection

Background Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) are more specific than the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Data on sensitivity are controversial in HIV infection. Methods IGRA (T-SPOT.TB) was performed using lymphocytes stored within 6 months before culture-confirmed tuberculosis was diagnosed in HIV-infected individuals in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Results 64 individuals (69% males, 45% of non-white ethnicity, median age 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] 31-42), 28% with prior AIDS) were analysed. Median CD4 cell count was 223 cells/μl (IQR 103-339), HIV-RNA was 4.7 log10 copies/mL (IQR 4.3-5.2). T-SPOT.TB resulted positive in 25 patients (39%), negative in 18 (28%) and indeterminate in 21 (33%), corresponding to a sensitivity of 39% (95% CI 27-51%) if all test results were considered, and 58% (95% CI 43-74%) if indeterminate results were excluded. Sensitivity of IGRA was independent of CD4 cell count (p = 0.698). Among 44 individuals with available TST, 22 (50%) had a positive TST. Agreement between TST and IGRA was 57% (kappa = 0.14, p = 0.177), and in 34% (10/29) both tests were positive. Combining TST and IGRA (at least one test positive) resulted in an improved sensitivity of 67% (95% CI 52-81%). In multivariate analysis, older age was associated with negative results of TST and T-SPOT.TB (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1,22-7.74, p = 0.017, per 10 years older). Conclusions T-SPOT.TB and TST have similar sensitivity to detect latent TB in HIV-infected individuals. Combining TST and IGRA may help clinicians to better select HIV-infected individuals with latent tuberculosis who qualify for preventive treatment.

Mitral isthmus ablation with and without temporary spot occlusion of the coronary sinus: a randomized clinical comparison of acute outcomes

To evaluate the safety and outcomes of mitral isthmus (MI) linear ablation with temporary spot occlusion of the coronary sinus (CS). Background: CS blood flow cools local tissue precluding transmurality and bidirectional block across MI lesion.

TUNING, AVO, AND FLAT-SPOT EFFECTS IN A SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF NORTH SEA BLOCK F3

Reflection seismic data from the F3 block in the Dutch North Sea exhibits many large-amplitude reflections at shallow horizons, typically categorized as “brightspots ” (Schroot and Schuttenhelm, 2003), mainly because of their bright appearance. In most cases, these bright reflections show a significant “flatness” contrasting with local structural trends. While flatspots are often easily identified in thick reservoirs, we have often occasionally observed apparent flatspot tuning effects at fluid contacts near reservoir edges and in thin reservoir beds, while only poorly understanding them. We conclude that many of the shallow large-amplitude reflections in block F3 are dominated by flatspots, and we investigate the thin-bed tuning effects that such flatspots cause as they interact with the reflection from the reservoir’s upper boundary. There are two possible effects to be considered: (1) the “wedge-model” tuning effects of the flatspot and overlying brightspots, dimspots, or polarity-reversals; and (2) the stacking effects that result from possible inclusion of post-critical flatspot reflections in these shallow sands. We modeled the effects of these two phenomena for the particular stratigraphic sequence in block F3. Our results suggest that stacking of post-critical flatspot reflections can cause similar large-amplitude but flat reflections, in some cases even causing an interface expected to produce a ‘dimspot’ to appear as a ‘brightspot’. Analysis of NMO stretch and muting shows the likely exclusion of critical offset data in stacked output. If post-critical reflections are included in stacking, unusual results will be observed. In the North Sea case, we conclude the tuning effect was the primary reason causing for the brightness and flatness of these reflections. However, it is still important to note that care should be taken while applying muting on reflections with wide range of incidence angles and the inclusion of critical offset data may cause some spurious features in the stacked section.

Comparison of long versus short ("spot") drug-eluting stenting for long coronary stenoses

We compared spot drug-eluting stenting (DES) to full stent coverage for treatment of long coronary stenoses. Consecutive, consenting patients with a long (>20 mm) coronary lesion of nonuniform severity and indication for percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to full stent coverage of the atherosclerotic lesion with multiple, overlapping stenting (full DES group, n = 90) or spot stenting of hemodynamically significant parts of the lesion only (defined as diameter stenosis >50%; spot DES group, n = 89). At 1-year follow-up, 14 patients with full DES (15.6%) and 5 patients (5.6%) with spot DES had a major adverse cardiac event (MACE; p = 0.031). At 3 years, MACEs occurred in 18 patients with full DES (20%) and 7 patients (7.8%) with spot DES (p = 0.019). Cox proportional hazard model showed that the risk for MACEs was almost 60% lower in patients with spot DES compared to those with full DES (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.98, p = 0.044). This association remained even after controlling for age, gender, lesion length, and type of stent used (hazard ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 1.00, p = 0.05). In conclusion, total lesion coverage with DES is not necessary in the presence of diffuse disease of nonuniform severity. Selective stenting of only the significantly stenosed parts of the lesion is an appropriate therapeutic alternative in this setting, offering a favorable clinical outcome.

Preventive effect of ozone on the development of white spot lesions during multibracket appliance therapy

OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypotheses: (1) there is no difference in the caries protective effect of ozone and Cervitec/Fluor Protector during multibracket (MB) appliance therapy, and (2) DIAGNOdent and quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) are not superior to a visual evaluation of initial caries lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty right-handed patients with a very poor oral hygiene who required full MB appliance therapy were analyzed during 26 months. In a split-mouth-design, the four quadrants of each patient were either treated with ozone, a combination of Cervitec and Fluor Protector, or served as untreated controls. The visible plaque index (VPI) and white spot formation were analyzed clinically. DIAGNOdent and QLF were used for a quantitative assessment of white spot formation. RESULTS: The average VPI in all four dental arch quadrants amounted to 55.6% and was independent of the preventive measure undertaken. In the quadrants treated with Cervitec/Fluor Protector, only 0.7% of the areas developed new, clinically visible white spots. This was significantly (P < .05) less than in the quadrants treated with ozone (3.2%). The lesions detected with QLF only partially corresponded to the clinically detected white spots, while DIAGNOdent proved to be unable to detect any changes at all. CONCLUSIONS: The caries protective effect of Cervitec/Fluor Protector during MB therapy was superior to ozone, and a visual evaluation of initial caries lesions was superior to both DIAGNOdent and QLF.

Assessing vegetation cover and biomass in restored erosion areas in Iceland using SPOT satellite data

Due to highly erodible volcanic soils and a harsh climate, livestock grazing in Iceland has led to serious soil erosion on about 40% of the country's surface. Over the last 100 years, various revegetation and restoration measures were taken on large areas distributed all over Iceland in an attempt to counteract this problem. The present research aimed to develop models for estimating percent vegetation cover (VC) and aboveground biomass (AGB) based on satellite data, as this would make it possible to assess and monitor the effectiveness of restoration measures over large areas at a fairly low cost. Models were developed based on 203 vegetation cover samples and 114 aboveground biomass samples distributed over five SPOT satellite datasets. All satellite datasets were atmospherically corrected, and digital numbers were converted into ground reflectance. Then a selection of vegetation indices (VIs) was calculated, followed by simple and multiple linear regression analysis of the relations between the field data and the calculated VIs. Best results were achieved using multiple linear regression models for both %VC and AGB. The model calibration and validation results showed that R2 and RMSE values for most VIs do not vary very much. For percent VC, R2 values range between 0.789 and 0.822, leading to RMSEs ranging between 15.89% and 16.72%. For AGB, R2 values for low-biomass areas (AGB < 800 g/m2) range between 0.607 and 0.650, leading to RMSEs ranging between 126.08 g/m2 and 136.38 g/m2. The AGB model developed for all areas, including those with high biomass coverage (AGB > 800 g/m2), achieved R2 values between 0.487 and 0.510, resulting in RMSEs ranging from 234 g/m2 to 259.20 g/m2. The models predicting percent VC generally overestimate observed low percent VC and slightly underestimate observed high percent VC. The estimation models for AGB behave in a similar way, but over- and underestimation are much more pronounced. These results show that it is possible to estimate percent VC with high accuracy based on various VIs derived from SPOT satellite data. AGB of restoration areas with low-biomass values of up to 800 g/m2 can likewise be estimated with high accuracy based on various VIs derived from SPOT satellite data, whereas in the case of high biomass coverage, estimation accuracy decreases with increasing biomass values. Accordingly, percent VC can be estimated with high accuracy anywhere in Iceland, whereas AGB is much more difficult to estimate, particularly for areas with high-AGB variability.