La dimensión transnacional del movimiento feminista marroquí: génesis, desarrollo e impacto social (1980-2008)

Esta monografía busca explicar cómo han incidido el contexto internacional y las relaciones transnacionales en el movimiento feminista de Marruecos. De este modo, este estudio defiende que las Conferencias Mundiales sobre la Mujer de la ONU crearon una estructura de oportunidad política que favoreció el surgimiento y el desarrollo de este movimiento. Asimismo, dicho contexto construyó un espacio para que las activistas feministas marroquíes crearan y se insertaran en Redes de Defensa Transnacional, las cuales contribuyeron a cambiar la condición de la mujer en Marruecos, a través de reformas a los Códigos de Familia y Nacionalidad y el levantamiento de las reservas a la CEDAW. Para esto se hará un estudio interdisciplinario haciendo uso de la teoría de los movimientos sociales y del activismo transnacional. Igualmente, se utilizará una metodología cualitativa, principalmente a través de las herramientas del análisis de contenido y el trabajo de campo de la autora.

Política i legislació educativa a l'entorn de l'escola unitària i cíclica. Evolució i situació actual a les comarques gironines (1970-1998)

Aquesta tesi doctoral té quatre objectius fonamentals: 1) analitzar la legislació espanyola i catalana referent a l'escola unitària i cíclica -altrament dita escola rural, escola incompleta o escola petita- des de final del segle XIX fins avui; 2) analitzar la política educativa teòrica i real que s'ha aplicat a aquest tipus d'escola des del final del segle XIX fins avui; 3) analitzar l'evolució del mapa escolar de les comarques gironines -i més concretament l'evolució de l'escola unitària i cíclica- durant el període 1970-1998; i 4) copsar les característiques bàsiques de les escoles unitàries i cícliques de les comarques gironines que impartien docència durant el curs 1997-98. L'aconseguiment d'aquest objectius han estat precedits i condicionats a la vegada per l'emmarcament teòric que hem elaborat i per la metodologia que hem aplicat. Pel que fa als aspectes pròpiament teòrics hem establert a grosso modo dues reflexions bàsiques: a) l'escola unitària i cíclica ha experimentat un procés de transformació notable des del final de la dècada dels 70 fins avui dia, i b) l'escola unitària i cíclica té un gran potencial pedagògic, relacional i humà arran dels "límits" objectius que té. En l'emmarcament teòric afirmem que l'escola "petita" ha evolucionat -sempre en termes generals- d'una manera positiva gràcies a la confluència de diversos factors. D'una banda cal parlar del paper assumit per bona part dels "mestres rurals", els pares i mares, els moviments de renovació pedagògica, el Secretariat d'Escola Rural de Catalunya, els sindicats i alguns partits politics, l'administració educativa i darrerament, el Grup Interuniversitari d'Escola Rural. D'altra banda, no podem oblidar que la millora de l''escola unitària i cíclica també es deu, segons el nostre parer, a l'emergència d'un discurs positivitzador així com a la revalorització social dels pobles "petits" (amb pocs habitants) i especialment dels que tenen una estructura rural. En l'emmarcament teòric també afirmem que l'escola unitària i cíclica compta amb un escenari educatiu privilegiat per impartir una educació més flexible i més oberta. Això es deu, entre altres aspectes, a allò que durant molt de temps s'ha considerat límits estructurals o dèficits: nombre reduït d'alumnes, nombre reduït d'unitats o aules, pocs mestres, espai escolar escàs i a més, molt poc fragmentat, etc. Tots aquests elements, que constitueixen els trets bàsics i més essencials de les escoles unitàries i no tant de les cícliques més grans, propicien allò que B. Bemstein anomena: un text pedagògic integrador, una classificació feble del currículum, un emmarcament dèbil de les relacions socials i una pedagogia invisible. La metodologia que s'ha utilitzat per aconseguir els objectius que hem esmentat es caracteritza per ser plural i per combinar els mètodes quantitatius i els qualitatius. L'objectiu nº1 s'ha aconseguit a través del buidatge i de la interpretació de la normativa referida al nostre objecte d'estudi. L'objectiu nº2 s'ha aconseguit mitjançant l'anàlisi global de la normativa anteriorment comentada i a través de dades estadístiques que provenen de diversos censos escolars. L'objectiu nº3 s'ha acomplert mitjançant el buidatge de les Fulls d'Estadística i dels Fulls d'organització pedagògica (elaborats pel MEC pel Departament d'Ensenyament respectivament). I el darrer objectiu s'ha aconseguit mitjançant l'elaboració d'un qüestionari adreçat a tots els directors i als mestres en plantilla de les escoles unitàries i cícliques. També s'ha elaborat una entrevista semiestructurada que s'ha passat a vuit persones relacionades amb l'escola que aquí ens ocupa. I per últim, també s'ha practicat l'observació participant en una dotzena de centres. Les principals conclusions que hem obtingut -seguint l'orde dels objectius i considerant el que hem exposat en parlar de l'emmarcament teòric són les següents: 1) La política educativa teòrica sobre l'escola unitària i cíclica s'estructura, pel que fa a l'àmbit de l'Estat Espanyol, a l'entorn de set períodes: i) 1838-1910. Des de les instancies governamentals s'accepta aquest tipus d'escola per bé que s'estableixen diferències notables entre les escoles "petites" del món rural i les del món urbà. ii) 1910-1931. S'inicia una política educativa poc favorable perquè s'insta a la graduació de les escoles unitàries i cícliques, malgrat ho facin d'una manera poc ortodoxa. iii) 1931-1939. La política de construccions escolars de la República contempla i fins i tot discrimina d'una manera positiva les escoles incompletes. iv) 1939-1955. EI franquisme de la postguerra tolera, almenys de manera oficial, la presencia i la construcció de noves escoles "petites" per bé que a mesura que s'avança només preveu que es construeixin en el medi rural. v) 1955-1970. S'inicia un procés d'asfíxia que acaba prohibint la construcció d'escoles incompletes. vi) 1971-1982. S'aguditza la política del període anterior. vii) 1982-1995. S'enceta . una política educativa sensible amb l'escola unitària I cíclica. Pel que fa a Catalunya, la política educativa teòrica s'estructura en dos períodes: a) 1981-1987. Es projecta una política més aviat grisa i poc ambiciosa, i b) 1987 fins als nostres dies. Desenvolupament d'una política que, en alguns aspectes, es mostra a favor de l'escola "petita". 2) Malgrat que durant molt temps l'escola unitària cíclica, tant en l'àmbit espanyol com en el català, no hagi tingut una política teòrica favorable ha perdurat fins el dia d'avui. Per fer-nos una idea del que ha representat aquest tipus de centres pensem que són significatives les afirmacions següents: i) L'escola unitària i cíclica és l'única escola pública que existeix a l'Estat espanyol fins al final del segle XIX, ii) L'escola unitària i cíclica augmenta de manera progressivament dades absolutes- fins el 1935, iii) L'escola unitària i cíclica és el tipus de centre més representat -considerant la resta de centres- fins al final de la dècada dels 60. 3) Durant el període 1970-1998 constatem que el mapa escolar de les comarques gironines s'ha transformat notablement arran, tal com succeeix en el conjunt de l'Estat espanyol, de l'expansió progressiva de l'escola graduada o completa. Al curs 1970-71 les comarques gironines tenien 34 escoles graduades (que representaven el 10,9% dels centres públics gironins) i 279 escoles incompletes (149 escoles cícliques 1130 d'unitàries que representaven el 89,1% del total). Al curs 1997-98, en canvi, hem comptabilitzat 111 escoles completes (54,7% dels centres públics) i 92 d'incompletes (72 escoles cícliques i 20 d'unitàries que representen el 45,3%). Malgrat aquesta davallada cal fer pal·lès que avui dia l'escola unitària i cíclica és majoritària (representa el 50% o més dels centres públics) en quatre de les comarques gironines: l'Alt Empordà, el Baix Empordà, la Garrotxa i el Pla de l'Estany. 4) Pel que fa al darrer objectiu, així com els dos aspectes principals que hem plantejat en el marc teòric arribem a les conclusions següents: L'escola unitària i cíclica de les comarques gironines si bé és cert que en termes generals ha millorat notablement -ha millorat la infraestructura, ha incrementat el material didàctic, ha incorporat mestres especialistes, etc.- no ha assolit encara la plena normalització. Avui dia encara trobem escoles que per deixadesa de l'ajuntament no tenen telèfon, l'edifici no es troba en bones condicions, el pati no reuneix les condicions mínimes, etc. D'altra banda, més del 90% d'aquests centres no disposen de mestre d'educació especial. També considerem important remarcar el fet que una part considerable dels centres estudiants no tenen serveis paraescolars de primera necessitat: el 50% no té menjador, el 72,7% no té llar d'infants i el 76,2% no té transport escolar. Per acabar, només cal dir que si bé l'escola incompleta de les comarques gironines imparteix una educació de qualitat i renovadora, no totes les escoles exploten al màxim les potencialitats educatives i relacionals que els atribuïm en l'emmarcament teòric. Conseqüentment no totes apliquen una pedagogia invisible en el sentit Bemstenià del terme. Si bé el 75% dels centres utilitzen, de manera parcial, una modalitat de transmissió difusa perquè utilitzen una pedagogia activa, no podem oblidar que només una minoria -que no arriba al 3%- s'atreveix a prescindir -i només en determinades circumstàncies- dels llibres de text. Les relacions de poder, de jerarquia, i control només són difuses en unes poques escoles ja que l'elaboració de les normes i l'aplicació de les sancions corre a càrrec del mestre en el 75,7% i en el 58% dels centres respectivament. Les regles de seqüència són flexibles en el 68% dels centres perquè adapten el ritme d'aprenentatge a l'especificitat de cada alumne, però molt poques escoles, el 12,4%, són les que alteren amb certa assiduïtat l'ordre del currículum.

Diversity and difference in the everyday lives of Ugandan street children: The significance of age and gender for understanding the use of space

Childhood is characterised by diversity and difference across and within societies. Street children have a unique relationship to the urban environment evident through their use of the city. The everyday geographies that street children produce are diversified through the spaces they frequent and the activities they engage in. Drawing on a range of children-centred qualitative methods, this article focuses on street children's use of urban space in Kampala, Uganda. The article demonstrates the importance of considering variables such as gender and age in the analysis of street children's socio-spatial experiences, which, to date, have rarely been considered in other accounts of street children's lives. In addition the article highlights the need for also including street children's individuality and agency into understanding their use of space. The article concludes by arguing for policies to be sensitive to the diversity that characterises street children's lives and calls for a more nuanced approach where policies are designed to accommodate street children's age and gender differences, and their individual needs, interests and abilities.

Diversity and difference in the everyday lives of Ugandan street children: The significance of age and gender for understanding the use of space

Childhood is characterised by diversity and difference across and within societies. Street children have a unique relationship to the urban environment evident through their use of the city. The everyday geographies that street children produce are diversified through the spaces they frequent and the activities they engage in. Drawing on a range of children-centred qualitative methods, this article focuses on street children's use of urban space in Kampala, Uganda. The article demonstrates the importance of considering variables such as gender and age in the analysis of street children's socio-spatial experiences, which, to date, have rarely been considered in other accounts of street children's lives. In addition the article highlights the need for also including street children's individuality and agency into understanding their use of space. The article concludes by arguing for policies to be sensitive to the diversity that characterises street children's lives and calls for a more nuanced approach where policies are designed to accommodate street children's age and gender differences, and their individual needs, interests and abilities.

'They did not have a word': the parental quest to locate a 'true sex' for their intersex children

Given the paucity of research in this area, the primary aim of this study was to explore how parents of infants with unclear sex at birth made sense of 'intersex'. Qualitative methods were, used (semi-structured interviews, interpretative phenomenological analysis) with 10 parents to generate pertinent themes and provide ideas for further research. Our analysis highlights the fundamental shock engendered by the uncertain sex status of children, and documents parental struggles to negotiate a coherent sex identity for their children. Findings are discussed in light of the rigid two-sex system which pervades medicine and everyday life, and we argue that greater understanding of the complexity of sex and gender is required in order to facilitate better service provision and, ultimately, greater informed consent and parental participation regarding decisions about their children's status.

Provider diversity in the NHS: impact on quality and innovation

The overall objective of the research project has been to assess the impact of provider diversity on quality and innovation in the NHS. The specific research aims were to identify the differences in performance between non-profit Third Sector organisations, for-profit private enterprises, and incumbent public sector institutions within the NHS as providers of health care services, as well as the factors that affect the entry and growth of new private and Third Sector providers. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods based on case studies of four Local Health Economies (LHEs). Qualitative methods included documentary analysis and interviews with key informants and managers of both commissioning and provider organisations. To provide a focus to the study, two tracer conditions were followed: orthopaedic surgery and home health care for frail older people. In the case of hospital inpatient care, data on patient characteristics were also collected from the HES database. The analysis of this data provided preliminary estimates of the effects of provider type on quality, controlling for client characteristics and case mix. In addition, a survey of patient experience in diverse provider organisations was analysed to compare the different dimensions of quality of provision of acute services between incumbent NHS organisations and new independent sector treatment centres. The research has shown that, in respect of inpatient hospital services, diverse providers supply health services of at least as good quality as traditional NHS providers, and that there is ample opportunity to expand their scale and scope as providers of services commissioned by the NHS. The research used patient experience survey data to investigate whether hospital ownership affects the quality of services reported by NHS patients in areas other than clinical quality. The raw survey data appear to show that private hospitals provide higher quality services than the public hospitals. However, further empirical analysis leads to a more nuanced understanding of the performance differences. Firstly, the analysis shows that each sector offers greater quality in certain specialties. Secondly, the analysis shows that differences in the quality of patients’ reported experience are mainly attributable to patient characteristics, the selection of patients into each type of hospital, and the characteristics of individual hospitals, rather than to hospital ownership as such. Controlling for such differences, NHS patients are on average likely to experience a similar quality of care in a public or privately-run hospital. Nevertheless, for specific groups of patients and for specific types of treatments, especially the more straightforward ones, the private sector provides an improved patient experience compared to the public sector. Elsewhere, the NHS continues to provide a high quality service and outperforms the private sector in a range of services and for a range of clients.

Achieving carbon reduction from listed buildings in the UK: A case study on The Royal Academy of Engineering, London

A carbon reduction strategy for a historic Grade 1 listed office building in London is presented. The study evaluates the impact of49 different carbon abatement options, quantified using building simulation software, auditing procedures and qualitative methods. The impact of each option is assessed against three criteria: carbon abatement potential, practicality and cost. The strategy comprises of18interventions,integrated within 12 key recommendations. Accumulative reduction of 37% (below a 2009 carbon emissions baseline)appears achievable and only feasible with heavy reliance on changes in occupant behaviour. This theme appears central in achieving realistic and significant carbon savings from listed buildings, where planning constraints relinquish potential for major building fabric alteration and renewable energy installations.

The effectiveness of non-executive directors in Chinese state-owned enterprises

Purpose – The primary aim of this paper is to examine whether boards of directors with independent members function as effective corporate governance mechanisms in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises(SOEs), by analysing four characteristics of non-executive directors (NEDs) that impact on their effectiveness, namely their degree of independence, information, incentive, and competence. Design/methodology/approach – Being exploratory in nature, the research uses qualitative methods for data collection. It is based on an interpretivist perspective of social sciences, analysing and explaining the factors that influence the effectiveness of NEDs. Findings – The findings indicate that the NED system is weak in China as a result of the concentrated ownership structure, unique business culture, intervention of controlling shareholders and the lack of understanding of the benefits brought by NEDs. Research limitations/implications – The paper examines the salient features of and challenges to the system of NEDs of SOEs in present-day China. It provides an understanding of how the various perceptions of the board, gathered from in-depth interviews of corporate directors, leads to new interpretations of board effectiveness. The research, however, is limited owing to a relatively small sample size and the sensitive nature of the information collected. Originality/value – The study aims to fill gaps in the literature and contribute to it by assessing the “real” views and perceptions of NEDs in China in an institutional environment significantly different from that of the USA, the UK and other western economies.

Mid-term evaluation of African Technology Policy Studies Network Phase VI Strategic Plan: for the period January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010

The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, private sector actors, policymakers and civil society. ATPS has the vision to become the leading international centre of excellence and reference in science, technology and innovation (STI) systems research, training and capacity building, communication and sensitization, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy and outreach in Africa. It has a Regional Secretariat in Nairobi Kenya, and operates through national chapters in 29 countries (including 27 in Africa and two Chapters in the United Kingdom and USA for Africans in the Diaspora) with an expansion plan to cover the entire continent by 2015. The ATPS Phase VI Strategic Plan aims to improve the understanding and functioning of STI processes and systems to strengthen the learning capacity, social responses, and governance of STI for addressing Africa's development challenges, with a specific focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A team of external evaluators carried out a midterm review to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of the Strategic Plan for the period January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010. The evaluation methodology involved multiple quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the qualitative and quantitative inputs (human resources, financial resources, time, etc.) into ATPS activities (both thematic and facilitative) and their tangible and intangible outputs, outcomes and impacts. Methods included a questionnaire survey of ATPS members and stakeholders, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) with members in six countries. Effectiveness of Programmes Under all six strategic goals, very good progress has been made towards planned outputs and outcomes. This is evidenced by key performance indicators (KPIs) generated from desk review, ratings from the survey respondents, and the themes that run through the FGDs. Institutional and Programme Cost Effectiveness Institutional Effectiveness: assessment of institutional effectiveness suggests that adequate management frameworks are in place and are being used effectively and transparently. Also technical and financial accounting mechanisms are being followed in accordance with grant agreements and with global good practice. This is evidenced by KPIs generated from desk review. Programme Cost Effectiveness: assessment of cost-effectiveness of execution of programmes shows that organisational structure is efficient, delivering high quality, relevant research at relatively low cost by international standards. The evidence includes KPIs from desk review: administrative costs to programme cost ratio has fallen steadily, to around 10%; average size of research grants is modest, without compromising quality. There is high level of pro bono input by ATPS members. ATPS Programmes Strategic Evaluation ATPS research and STI related activities are indeed unique and well aligned with STI issues and needs facing Africa and globally. The multi-disciplinary and trans-boundary nature of the research activities are creating a unique group of research scientists. The ATPS approach to research and STI issues is paving the way for the so called Third Generation University (3GU). Understanding this unique positioning, an increasing number of international multilateral agencies are seeking partnership with ATPS. ATPS is seeing an increasing level of funding commitments by Donor Partners. Recommendations for ATPS Continued Growth and Effectiveness On-going reform of ATPS administrative structure to continue The on-going reforms that have taken place within the Board, Regional Secretariat, and at the National Chapter coordination levels are welcomed. Such reform should continue until fully functional corporate governance policy and practices are fully established and implemented across the ATPS governance structures. This will further strengthen ATPS to achieve the vision of being the leading STI policy brokerage organization in Africa. Although training in corporate governance has been carried out for all sectors of ATPS leadership structure in recent time, there is some evidence that these systems have not yet been fully implemented effectively within all the governance structures of the organization, especially at the Board and National chapter levels. Future training should emphasize practical application with exercises relevant to ATPS leadership structure from the Board to the National Chapter levels. Training on Transformational Leadership - Leading a Change Though a subject of intense debate amongst economists and social scientists, it is generally agreed that cultural mindsets and attitudes could enhance and/or hinder organizational progress. ATPS’s vision demands transformational leadership skills amongst its leaders from the Board members to the National Chapter Coordinators. To lead such a change, ATPS leaders must understand and avoid personal and cultural mindsets and value systems that hinder change, while embracing those that enhance it. It requires deliberate assessment of cultural, behavioural patterns that could hinder progress and the willingness to be recast into cultural and personal habits that make for progress. Improvement of relationship amongst the Board, Secretariat, and National Chapters A large number of ATPS members and stakeholders feel they do not have effective communications and/or access to Board, National Chapter Coordinators and Regional Secretariat activities. Effort should be made to improve the implementation of ATPS communication strategy to improve on information flows amongst the ATPS management and the members. The results of the survey and the FGDs suggest that progress has been made during the past two years in this direction, but more could be done to ensure effective flow of pertinent information to members following ATPS communications channels. Strategies for Increased Funding for National Chapters There is a big gap between the fundraising skills of the Regional Secretariat and those of the National Coordinators. In some cases, funds successfully raised by the Secretariat and disbursed to national chapters were not followed up with timely progress and financial reports by some national chapters. Adequate training in relevant skills required for effective interactions with STI key policy players should be conducted regularly for National Chapter coordinators and ATPS members. The ongoing training in grant writing should continue and be made continent-wide if funding permits. Funding of National Chapters should be strategic such that capacity in a specific area of research is built which, with time, will not only lead to a strong research capacity in that area, but also strengthen academic programmes. For example, a strong climate change programme is emerging at University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), with strong collaborations with Universities from neighbouring States. Strategies to Increase National Government buy-in and support for STI Translating STI research outcomes into policies requires a great deal of emotional intelligence, skills which are often lacking in the first and second generation universities. In the epoch of the science-based or 2GUs, governments were content with universities carrying out scientific research and providing scientific education. Now they desire to see universities as incubators of new science- or technology-based commercial activities, whether by existing firms or start-ups. Hence, governments demand that universities take an active and leading role in the exploitation of their knowledge and they are willing to make funds available to support such activities. Thus, for universities to gain the attention of national leadership they must become centres of excellence and explicit instruments of economic development in the knowledge-based economy. The universities must do this while working collaboratively with government departments, parastatals, and institutions and dedicated research establishments. ATPS should anticipate these shifting changes and devise programmes to assist both government and universities to relate effectively. New administrative structures in member organizations to sustain and manage the emerging STI multidisciplinary teams Second Generation universities (2GUs) tend to focus on pure science and often do not regard the application of their know-how as their task. In contrast, Third Generation Universities (3GUs) objectively stimulate techno-starters – students or academics – to pursue the exploitation or commercialisation of the knowledge they generate. They view this as being equal in importance to the objectives of scientific research and education. Administratively, research in the 2GU era was mainly monodisciplinary and departments were structured along disciplines. The emerging interdisciplinary scientific teams with focus on specific research areas functionally work against the current mono-disciplinary faculty-based, administrative structure of 2GUs. For interdisciplinary teams, the current faculty system is an obstacle. There is a need for new organisational forms for university management that can create responsibilities for the task of know-how exploitation. ATPS must anticipate this and begin to strategize solutions for their member institutions to transition to 3Gus administrative structure, otherwise ATPS growth will plateau, and progress achieved so far may be stunted.

Essays on labour market dualisation in Western Europe: active labour market policies, temporary work regulation and inequality

European labour markets are increasingly divided between insiders in full-time permanent employment and outsiders in precarious work or unemployment. Using quantitative as well as qualitative methods, this thesis investigates the determinants and consequences of labour market policies that target these outsiders in three separate papers. The first paper looks at Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) that target the unemployed. It shows that left and right-wing parties choose different types of ALMPs depending on the policy and the welfare regime in which the party is located. These findings reconcile the conflicting theoretical expectations from the Power Resource approach and the insider-outsider theory. The second paper considers the regulation and protection of the temporary work sector. It solves the puzzle of temporary re-regulation in France, which contrasts with most other European countries that have deregulated temporary work. Permanent workers are adversely affected by the expansion of temporary work in France because of general skills and low wage coordination. The interests of temporary and permanent workers for re-regulation therefore overlap in France and left governments have an incentive to re-regulate the sector. The third paper then investigates what determines inequality between median and bottom income workers. It shows that non-inclusive economic coordination increases inequality in the absence of compensating institutions such as minimum wage regulation. The deregulation of temporary work as well as spending on employment incentives and rehabilitation also has adverse effects on inequality. Thus, policies that target outsiders have important economic effects on the rest of the workforce. Three broader contributions can be identified. First, welfare state policies may not always be in the interests of labour, so left parties may not always promote them. Second, the interests of insiders and outsiders are not necessarily at odds. Third, economic coordination may not be conducive to egalitarianism where it is not inclusive.

Factors influencing tourism sustainability : The case of the World Heritage Falun Great Copper Mountain

This thesis focuses on identifying hindrances of achieving a sustainable tourism development on a base of a World Heritage Site. Using a case study of the World Heritage Site Falun Great Copper Mountain, the thesis assesses the situational context by using qualitative methods. Five semi- structured interviews with influential stakeholders were conducted to get an inside view of the current situation and to identify site-specific issues. The thesis identifies a number of factors that determine the successful implementation of measures leading towards sustainable tourism in the long-run; the most important being the lack of clear guidelines for the whole destination and no holistic planning approach within the municipality. The thesis concludes that despite the increased pressures towards establishment of sustainable tourism, the concept remains challenging to operationalize for the World Heritage Site without frameworks and tools from UNESCO.

Reading That Matters : A Literature Review on Meaningful Reading Experiences in the EFL Classroom

This thesis is a literature review on literature reading in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and the English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom, of mainly upper secondary schools. The underlying objective for this work is that meaningful reading experiences can have a positive impact on a developing young individual on his or her way into adulthood. The aim of this thesis is to explore what theories and methods are used when trying to create prerequisites for meaningful reading experiences, and how these experiences actually are realized. Qualitative methods are mainly used, except for a small section of the methodology of finding the sources, which is quantitative in nature. Since very little previous research has been done in the field, the six sources used in this review are internationally spread over five continents. They are mainly analyzed from a theoretical background of reader response and critical literacy perspectives. The main findings show that a number of theoretical approaches and methodologies can be useful in creating meaningful reading experiences. What may have proven most effective was addressing actual problems in the students’ everyday lives through applied critical literacy.

Etnisk identitet i en föränderlig värld : Upplevelser av etnisk identitet hos unga vuxna med utländsk bakgrund

Studiens syfte är att uppnå en förståelse över om och hur unga vuxna med utländsk bakgrund upplever att deras syn på sin etniska identitet har påverkats av en uppväxt i ett samhälle där de parallellt tillhör en majoritets- och minoritetsbefolkning. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om och hur deras etniska identitet har påverkat relationen till deras familj. Kvalitativa datainsamlingsmetoder har använts i form av en fokusgruppsintervju samt fyra individuella intervjuer. Materialet har analyserats utifrån sociologiska teorier om etnisk identitet. Utifrån insamlad empiri och analys av resultatet så dras slutsatsen att synen på den etniska identiteten är starkt situationsanpassad. Majoriteten av informanterna uttryckte en känsla av en "både och" identitet, där de upplevde två etniska identifikationer. Informanterna växlar mellan dessa identiteter beroende på vad som är mest passande utifrån aktuell situation. Studiens resultat visar även att familjen tycks spela en betydande roll för individernas syn på sin etniska identitet.

De anställdas outnyttjade kreativitet : En fallstudie på Ica DE Borlänge

Syftet med examensarbetet var att med utgångspunkt i ett konkret exempel, beskriva hur företag kan organisera verksamheten för att ta till vara på de anställdas outnyttjade kreativitet. Materialet i examensarbetet kan mycket väl tillämpas och användas i andra organisationer än den studerade organisationen Ica DE Borlänge. Dock bör beaktande tas till den specifika kontexten som föreligger vid implementeringen av materialet. Med stöd av den teoretiska referensramen visar resultaten av analysen ett behov av en ny organisationsstruktur med tydliga roller och nya belöningssystem. Den studerade organisationen är en lärande organisation där ett medarbetarengagemang söker främjas. Genom en ny organisationsstruktur med tydliga roller ökar detta medarbetarengagemanget och fler genomförda förbättringar genomförs snabbare, vilket bidrar till att de anställdas outnyttjade kreativitet tillvaratas på ett framgångsrikt sätt. De nya belöningssystemen flyttar fokus till medarbetarengagemanget och förbättringsarbetet, vilket främjar ett genomsyrande Lean-tänkande i organisationen. Belöningssystemen skapar även jämnare produktionsflöden som höjer arbetssäkerheten, ökar produktionskvalitén, minimerar stress samt skapar goda förutsättningar för att beräkna personalbemanningen. Kvalitativa metoder har använts för datainsamlingen. Dessa utfördes genom en förstudie och en fallstudie. Fallstudien bestod utav bakgrundsintervjuer, en intervjustudie samt en observation. Det empiriska materialet visar att organisationen arbetar med ett omfattande förbättringsarbete i alla organisatoriska nivåer. Både chefer och medarbetare har viljan och ambitionen att få till ett framgångsrikt förbättringsarbete, men trots flera års arbete med Lean efterfrågas ändå mer tid, bättre organisationsstruktur samt en sambandskoordinatör med specialistkompetens som driver förbättringsarbetet framåt. Empirin ger en viss indikation på att förbättringsverksamheten har anpassats och organiserats till den befintliga organisationsstrukturen. Förbättringsarbetet torde bli mer framgångsrikt om verksamheten anpassas och organiseras utefter de anställdas outnyttjade kreativitet istället. I summering av slutsatsen åskådliggörs två centrala variabler som kan bidra till långsiktiga framgångar i arbetet med att tillvarata de anställdas outnyttjade kreativitet. En ny organisationsstruktur med tydliga roller som fokuserar på förbättringsarbetet samt nya belöningssystem för inlämnade förbättringsförslag, skulle vara av stor betydelse för ett långsiktigt medarbetarengagemang i en framgångsrik organisation.

Elevers läsvanor : En kvalitativ studie av fyra fordonselevers läsvanor

The following study was conducted at an upper secondary school in Sweden and attempts to explore the question of what influences male pupils’ reading habits. Many quantitative international studies, including PISA, PIRLS and IEA Reading Literacy, have sought to answer this question, but only partially succeeded due to the limitations of their methods. Therefore, this study seeks to explore this question in more depth using qualitative methods, including interviews and classroom observations, but also minor tests. Two facts which the previously mentioned international studies have found is that boys and particularly immigrant boys tend to have worse reading results than their counterparts. It is therefore the aim of this study to study four male students in upper secondary school; of which two are native Swedes and the other two are unaccompanied refugee children; one from Afghanistan and the other from Morocco. The findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, necessity was found to be the single most important factor for the reading habits of these four pupils; especially the two refugees. Both refugees learnt to read under harsh circumstances in madrassas in their respective home countries. Moreover, the Moroccan pupil learnt to speak and read Spanish fluently during his seven years as a homeless child. Furthermore, in the absence of necessity, interest was found to be decisive in determining the pupils’ reading habits. In addition to this, the study theorizes that an interest in reading generally arises before the ability to read and not vice versa. However, teachers can in fact affect their pupils’ reading habits even in upper secondary school.